You Know
A discourse-functional approach
The basic function the expression you know serves in conversational discourse is said to be that of a pragmatic particle used when the speaker wants the addressee to accept as mutual knowledge (or at least be cooperative with respect to) the propositional content of his utterance. The fact that you know is even used when the addressee is assumed not to know what the speaker is talking about, suggests that it functions at the deference level of politeness, as a striving towards attaining a camaraderie relationship between speaker and hearer. You know is found to be more often used by women than by men in spontaneous conversation, and the manner in which it is used is significantly different from male usage. Ontogenetically, the age of four seems to be crucial for initial steps to use and master pragmatic particles including you know. Data for the study were derived from tape-recorded conversations and interviews.
[Pragmatics & Beyond, II:7] 1981. ix, 91 pp.
Publishing status: Available
© John Benjamins Publishing Company
Table of Contents
|
Preface
|
v
|
|
0. Aim
|
1
|
|
1. Introduction
|
3
|
|
1.1. Pragmatics
|
3
|
|
1.2. Face-Saving and Politeness
|
4
|
|
1.3. Implicit Anchorage
|
5
|
|
1.4. Cooperation and Grammar
|
7
|
|
1.5. Planning and Indirectness
|
8
|
|
1.6. Semantics and Pragmatics
|
10
|
|
2. The Present Study
|
13
|
|
2.1. Issues to be Covered
|
13
|
|
2.2. Methodology
|
13
|
|
2.3. Data
|
14
|
|
3. The Meaning and Functions of You know
|
15
|
|
3.1. Preamble
|
15
|
|
3.2. The General Meaning of You know
|
16
|
|
3.3. You know and Stylistic Strategies
|
19
|
|
3.4. Sub-Functions of You know: “as you know” & “don't you know”
|
21
|
|
3.5. You know as a Turn-Switching Marker
|
24
|
|
3.6. Pauses and You know
|
28
|
|
3.7. You know and Some Other Pragmatic Particles
|
32
|
|
3.8. On the Linguistic Representation of Pragmatic Expressions: The Level Analysis
|
37
|
|
3.9. The Particle Contour
|
41
|
|
3.10. Other Languages
|
43
|
|
4. The Acquisition of You know
|
45
|
|
4.1. Pragmatic Expressions and Child Language Acquisition
|
45
|
|
4.2. Egocentricity vs. Sociocentricity
|
46
|
|
4.3. The Segment Know in Early Child Language Acquisition
|
47
|
|
4.4. Speaker-Oriented Know
|
48
|
|
4.5. Listener-Oriented Know
|
49
|
|
4.6. The Acquisition of You know: Summary
|
55
|
|
4.7. On the Acquisition of Some Other Pragmatic Particles
|
56
|
|
4.8. Child Acquisition and Level Analysis
|
64
|
|
5. Socio-Psychological Aspects of You know: Male and Female Usage
|
67
|
|
5.1. General Remarks
|
67
|
|
5.2. Social Dialects and You know
|
67
|
|
5.3. Women's Language
|
70
|
|
5.4. Sex Differences in the Use of You know
|
70
|
|
6. Concluding Remark
|
79
|
|
Notes
|
81
|
|
References
|
87
|
Cited by
Cited by other publications
No author info given
2017.
In Involvement and Attitude in Japanese Discourse [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 272],
No author info given
2019.
In A Humanizing Literary Pragmatics [FILLM Studies in Languages and Literatures, 10],
No author info given
2020. Practices of indexing discrepant assumptions with German ich dachte (‘I thought’) in talk-in-interaction.
Functions of Language
Aarsand, Pål
2011. Parenting and Digital Games.
Journal of Children and Media 5:3 ► pp. 318 ff.
Aijmer, Karin & Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen
2009.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Casteele, An Vande & Kim Collewaert
2013. The Use of Discourse Markers in Spanish Language Learners’ Written Compositions.
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 95 ► pp. 550 ff.
Chang, Miao-Hsia & Shu-Kai Hsieh
2017. A corpus-based study of the recurrent lexical bundle ka li kong ‘let (me) tell you’ in Taiwanese Southern Min conversations.
Chinese Language and Discourse 8:2 ► pp. 174 ff.
Chodorowska-Pilch, Marianna
1999. On the polite use ofvamosin Peninsular Spanish.
Pragmatics 9:3 ► pp. 343 ff.
Darics, Erika
2020. E-Leadership or “How to Be Boss in Instant Messaging?” The Role of Nonverbal Communication.
International Journal of Business Communication 57:1 ► pp. 3 ff.
Dubois, Betty Lou
1989. Pseudoquotation in current English communication: “Hey, she didn't really say it”.
Language in Society 18:3 ► pp. 343 ff.
Eide, Kristin Melum & Arnstein Hjelde
2015.
In Germanic Heritage Languages in North America [Studies in Language Variation, 18],
► pp. 256 ff.
Erman, Britt
1992. Female and male usage of pragmatic expressions in same-sex and mixed-sex interaction.
Language Variation and Change 4:2 ► pp. 217 ff.
Eskildsen, Søren W. & Numa Markee
2018.
In Speaking in a Second Language [AILA Applied Linguistics Series, 17],
► pp. 69 ff.
Foolen, Ad
1997.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Fox Tree, Jean E.
2010. Discourse Markers across Speakers and Settings.
Language and Linguistics Compass 4:5 ► pp. 269 ff.
Fuller, Janet M.
2001. The principle of pragmatic detachability in borrowing: English-origin discourse markers in Pennsylvania German.
Linguistics 39:2
Fuller, Janet M.
2003. Discourse marker use across speech contexts: A comparison of native and non-native speaker performance.
Multilingua - Journal of Cross-Cultural and Interlanguage Communication 22:2 ► pp. 185 ff.
Furrow, David & Chris Moore
1990. Gender differences in differentiating terms expressing certainty.
Journal of Psycholinguistic Research 19:6 ► pp. 375 ff.
Gao, Yanmei & Guoyan Lyu
2020. Marked themes in spoken Chinese: a discourse semantics perspective.
Journal of World Languages ► pp. 1 ff.
Heine, Bernd & Tania Kuteva
2005.
In Language Contact and Grammatical Change,
Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa
2003.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Helasvuo, Marja-Liisa
2014. Searching for motivations for grammatical patternings.
Pragmatics 24:3 ► pp. 453 ff.
Hiss, Florian
2015. Engagement in Sámi language revitalization: Responsibility management in a research interview.
Pragmatics and Society 6:1 ► pp. 22 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1986. Functions of you know in women's and men's speech.
Language in Society 15:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1988. Of course:A pragmatic particle in New Zealand women's and men's speech∗.
Australian Journal of Linguistics 8:1 ► pp. 49 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1988. SORT OFIN NEW ZEALAND WOMEN'S AND MEN'S SPEECH.
Studia Linguistica 42:2 ► pp. 85 ff.
Holmes, Janet
1991. Language and gender.
Language Teaching 24:4 ► pp. 207 ff.
House, Juliane
2014. English as a global lingua franca: A threat to multilingual communication and translation?.
Language Teaching 47:3 ► pp. 363 ff.
HOUSE, Juliane
2018.
In Intercultural Communication in Asia: Education, Language and Values [Multilingual Education, 24],
► pp. 97 ff.
Hudson, Mutsuko Endo
2018.
In Pragmatics of Japanese [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 285],
► pp. 197 ff.
Kim, Hye Ri Stephanie
2013. Retroactive Indexing of Relevance: The Use ofWellin Third Position.
Research on Language & Social Interaction 46:2 ► pp. 125 ff.
Kloetzl, Svitlana
2013. English with the “married” name: The case of linguistic hybridity in ELF couple talk.
Discourse and Interaction 6:2 ► pp. 29 ff.
Kot, Aneta
2015.
In Issues in Teaching, Learning and Testing Speaking in a Second Language [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ],
► pp. 45 ff.
Lee-Wong, Song Mei
1998. Face support – Chinese particles as mitigators.
Pragmatics 8:3 ► pp. 387 ff.
Lenk, Uta
1999.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Lin, Yen-Liang
2013.
In Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics 2013 [Yearbook of Corpus Linguistics and Pragmatics, 1],
► pp. 105 ff.
Lin, Yen-Liang
2016. Discourse marking in spoken intercultural communication between British and Taiwanese adolescent learners.
Pragmatics 26:2 ► pp. 221 ff.
Lindström, Jan K.
2006.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
Macaulay, Ronald
2002. You know, it depends.
Journal of Pragmatics 34:6 ► pp. 749 ff.
Magnifico, Cédric & Bart Defrancq
2017. Hedges in conference interpreting.
Interpreting 19:1 ► pp. 21 ff.
Marra, Meredith & Janet Holmes
2016.
In Indirect Reports and Pragmatics [Perspectives in Pragmatics, Philosophy & Psychology, 5],
► pp. 151 ff.
Maschler, Yael
1994. Metalanguaging and discourse markers in bilingual conversation.
Language in Society 23:3 ► pp. 325 ff.
Maschler, Yael
2002. The Role of Discourse Markers in the Construction of Multivocality in Israeli Hebrew Talk in Interaction.
Research on Language & Social Interaction 35:1 ► pp. 1 ff.
Maschler, Yael & Deborah Schiffrin
2015.
In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis,
► pp. 189 ff.
Mauranen, Anna
2006.
In Spoken English, Tesol and Applied Linguistics,
► pp. 143 ff.
Meyerhoff, Miriam
1994. Sounds pretty ethnic, eh?: A pragmatic particle in New Zealand English.
Language in Society 23:3 ► pp. 367 ff.
Mulder, Jean, Cara Penry Williams & Erin Moore
2019. Sort of in Australian English.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 29:1 ► pp. 9 ff.
Nikula, Tarja
2002. Teacher talk reflecting pragmatic awareness.
Pragmatics 12:4 ► pp. 447 ff.
Ono, Tsuyoshi & Sandra A. Thompson
1996.
In Computational and Conversational Discourse [NATO ASI Series, 151],
► pp. 67 ff.
Overstreet, Maryann
2014. The role of pragmatic function in the grammaticalization of English general extenders.
Pragmatics 24:1 ► pp. 105 ff.
Palma-Fahey, María
2015.
In Pragmatic Markers in Irish English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 258],
► pp. 348 ff.
Parvaresh, Vahid & Grace Zhang
2019. ‘Sort of’ across languages of the Asia and Oceania regions.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 29:1 ► pp. 2 ff.
Pettersson-Traba, Daniela
2018. Revisiting you know and I mean: some notes on the functions of the two pragmatic markers in contemporary spoken American English.
Research in Corpus Linguistics ► pp. 67 ff.
Pietrandrea, Paola, Sylvain Kahane, Anne Lacheret-Dujour & Frédéric Sabio
2014.
In Spoken Corpora and Linguistic Studies [Studies in Corpus Linguistics, 61],
► pp. 331 ff.
Pęzik, Piotr
2015. Using n-gram independence to identify discourse-functional lexical units in spoken learner corpus data.
International Journal of Learner Corpus Research 1:2 ► pp. 242 ff.
Ranger, Graham
2018.
In Discourse Markers,
► pp. 1 ff.
Rendle-Short, Johanna
2004. Showing structure.
Pragmatics 14:4 ► pp. 479 ff.
Roth-Gordon, Jennifer
2007. Youth, slang, and pragmatic expressions: Examples from Brazilian Portuguese.
Journal of Sociolinguistics 11:3 ► pp. 322 ff.
Sabet, Peyman G. P.
2019. On the functions of sort of in New Zealand TV programs.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 29:1 ► pp. 33 ff.
Said-Mohand, Aixa
2008. Aproximación sociolingüística al uso de entonces en el habla de jóvenes bilingües estadounidenses.
Sociolinguistic Studies 2:1
Sakita, Tomoko I.
2017. Stance management in oral narrative.
Functions of Language 24:1 ► pp. 65 ff.
Schiffrin, Deborah
2005.
In The Handbook of Discourse Analysis,
► pp. 54 ff.
SCHLEEF, ERIK
2008. Gender and academic discourse: Global restrictions and local possibilities.
Language in Society 37:4 ► pp. 515 ff.
Soltic, Jorie
2015. Parenthetical “I say (you)” in Late Medieval Greek vernacular: A message-structuring discourse marker rather than a message-conveying verb.
Journal of Historical Pragmatics 16:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
Szczyrbak, Magdalena
2014.
In Language Use and Linguistic Structure,
► pp. 255 ff.
Thøgersen, Jacob
2013.
In Language Alternation, Language Choice and Language Encounter in International Tertiary Education [Multilingual Education, 5],
► pp. 181 ff.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs & Richard B. Dasher
2001.
In Regularity in Semantic Change,
Tree, Jean E. Fox
2006. Placing like in telling stories.
Discourse Studies 8:6 ► pp. 723 ff.
Tsai, Pei-Shu & Wo-Hsin Chu
2015. The Use of Discourse Markers among Mandarin Chinese Teachers, and Chinese as a Second Language and Chinese as a Foreign Language Learners.
Applied Linguistics ► pp. amv057 ff.
Vine, Bernadette
2016.
In Talking at Work,
► pp. 1 ff.
Wang, Ying
2017. Lexical bundles in spoken academic ELF.
International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 22:2 ► pp. 187 ff.
Wee, Lionel
2003. The birth of a particle: know in Colloquial Singapore English.
World Englishes 22:1 ► pp. 5 ff.
Wilson, John & Heather Walker
2015.
In Pragmatic Markers in Irish English [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series, 258],
► pp. 248 ff.
Zhang, Grace
2019. The pragmatic use of ‘sort of’ in TV forums.
Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 29:1 ► pp. 62 ff.
Zheng, Qun
2015.
In Researching Sociopragmatic Variability,
► pp. 94 ff.
Östman, Jan-Ola & Tuija Virtanen
1995.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 239 ff.
Östman, Jan-Ola & Tuija Virtanen
2012.
In Handbook of Pragmatics,
► pp. 1 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 may 2020. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.
Subjects
BIC Subject: CF – Linguistics
BISAC Subject: LAN009000 – LANGUAGE ARTS & DISCIPLINES / Linguistics / General
U.S. Library of Congress Control Number: 82204236