“Strong churlish purging Pills”
Multi-adjectival premodification in early modern medical writing in English
This article looks at the frequency and use of sequences of two or more attributive adjectives in early modern medical writing in English. Taking as a starting point the observation that long sequences of premodifiers are one of the many linguistic features that add complexity to present-day academic writing, I examine the situation diachronically and pragmatically during the period when the scholastic style of thought gave way to empiricism. The study will argue that while a modest increase in multi-adjectival premodifiers can be observed over the timeline, the observation can be largely attributed to pragmatic contexts which arose from the practice of early modern medicine and which, by and large, cannot be considered a predictor of present-day scientific style.
References (52)
References
Ädel, Annelie, and Britt Erman. 2012. “Recurrent Word Combinations in Academic Writing by Native and Non-native Speakers of English: A Lexical Bundles Approach.”
English for Specific Purposes
31 (2): 81–92.
Atkinson, Dwight. 1999.
Scientific Discourse in Sociohistorical Context: The Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London , 1675–1975. New York: Routledge.
Bache, Carl. 1978.
The Order of Premodifying Adjectives in Present-day English
. Odense: Odense University Press.
Bauer, Laurie. 1998. “When Is a Sequence of Two Nouns a Compound in English?”
English Language and Linguistics
2 (1): 65–86.
Bhatia, Vijay K. 1993.
Analysing Genre: Language Use in Professional Settings
. London: Longman.
Biber, Douglas. 1988.
Variation across Speech and Writing
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Biber, Douglas. 2012. “Register as a Predictor of Linguistic Variation.”
Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory
8 (1): 9–37.
Biber, Douglas, and Edward Finegan. 1989. “Styles of Stance in English: Lexical and Grammatical Marking of Evidentiality and Affect.”
Text
9 (1): 93–124.
Biber, Douglas, and Bethany Gray. 2010. “Challenging Stereotypes about Academic Writing: Complexity, Elaboration, Explicitness.”
Journal of English for Academic Purposes
9 (1): 2–20.
Biber, Douglas, and Bethany Gray. 2011. “Grammatical Change in the Noun Phrase: The Influence of Written Language Use.”
English Language and Linguistics
15 (2): 223–250.
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999.
Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English
. New York: Pearson Education.
BNC =
The British National Corpus
(version 3, BNC XML Edition). 2007. Distributed by Oxford University Computing Services on behalf of the BNC Consortium. Online: [URL]
.
Cabredo Hofherr, Patricia. 2010. “Adjectives: An Introduction.” In
Adjectives: Formal Analyses in Syntax and Semantics
, ed. by Patricia Cabredo Hofherr, and Ora Matushansky, 1–26. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Chalmers, Alexander. 1814.
The General Biographical Dictionary
, vol. 17. London: J. Nichols and Son et al.
Chen, Yu-Hua, and Paul Baker. 2010. “Lexical Bundles in L1 and L2 Academic Writing.”
Language Learning and Technology
14 (2): 30–49.
Dixon, Robert M.W. 1982. “Where Have All the Adjectives Gone?” In
Where Have All the Adjectives Gone? and Other Essays in Semantics and Syntax
, ed. by Robert W.M. Dixon, 1–62. Berlin/NewYork/Amsterdam: Mouton.
Dixon, Robert M.W. 2004. “Adjective Classes in Typological Perspective.” In
Adjective Classes: A Cross-linguistic Typology
, ed. by Robert M.W. Dixon, and Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald, 1–49. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
EMEMT =
Early Modern English Medical Texts
. 2010. Compiled by Irma Taavitsainen, Päivi Pahta, Martti Mäkinen, Ville Marttila, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr, and Jukka Tyrkkö, with the assistance of Alpo Honkapohja, Anu Lehto, and Raisa Oinonen. Published on CD-ROM in Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Fang, Alex Chengyu, and Jing Cao. 2009. “Adjective Density as a Text Formality Characteristic for Automatic Text Classification: A Study Based on the British National Corpus.” In
PACLIC 23: Proceedings of the 23rd Pacific Asia Conference on Language, Information and Computation
, vol. 1, ed. by Olivia Kwong, 130–139. Hong Kong: City University of Hong Kong.
Feist, Jim. 2011.
Premodifiers in English: Their Structure and Significance
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
French, Roger. 2003.
Medicine before Science: The Rational and Learned Doctor from the Middle Ages to the Enlightenment
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gil-Salom, Luz, and Carmen Soler-Monreal. 2010. “Appraisal Resources in Academic Research Article Discussions.” In
Linguistic and Translation Studies in Scientific Communication
, ed. by Maria-Lluisa Gea-Valor, Isabel García-Izquierdo, and Maria-José Esteve, 69–91. Bern: Peter Lang.
Gray, Bethany, Douglas Biber, and Turo Hiltunen. 2011. “The Expression of Stance in Early (1665–1712) Publications of the Philosophical Transactions and Other Contemporary Medical Prose: Innovations in a Pioneering Discourse.” In
Medical Writing in Early Modern English
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta, 221–247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hiltunen, Turo, and Jukka Tyrkkö. 2011. “Verbs of Knowing: Discursive Practices in Early Modern Vernacular Medicine.” In
Medical Writing in Early Modern English
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta, 44–73. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Huddleston, Rodney, and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002.
The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hyland, Ken. 1994. “Hedging in Academic Writing and EAP Textbooks.”
English for Specific Purposes
13 (3): 239–256.
Hyland, Ken. 2006.
English for Academic Purposes
. New York: Routledge.
Kennedy, Christopher. 2008.
Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse
. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Kopaczyk, Joanna. 2012. “Applications of the Lexical Bundles Method in Historical Corpus Research.” In
Corpus Data across Languages and Disciplines
, ed. by Piotr Pezik, 83–96. Bern: Peter Lang.
Lakoff, George. 1972. “Hedges: A Study in Meaning Criteria and the Logic of Fuzzy Concepts.” In
Papers from the Eighth Regional Meeting, Chicago Linguistic Society
, ed. by Paul M. Peranteau, Judith N. Levi, and Gloria C. Phares, 183–228. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.
Moskowich, Isabel. 2009. “‘Of Medicine? Sedatyue?’: Some Notes on Adjective Position and Oral Register in Middle English Medical Texts.”
Studia Anglica Posnaniensia
45 (1): 57–68.
Moskowich, Isabel, and Begoña Crespo García. 2002. “Adjectival Forms in Middle English: Syntactic and Semantic Implications.”
Studia Neophilologica
74 (2): 161–170.
Pahta, Päivi. 2006. “Ful Holsum and Profetable for the Bodi: A Corpus Study of Amplifiers in Medieval English Medical Texts.” In
Diachronic Perspectives on Domain-specific English
, ed. by Marina Dossena, and Irma Taavitsainen, 207–228. Bern: Peter Lang.
Pahta, Päivi, and Irma Taavitsainen. 2010. “Scientific Discourse.” In
Historical Pragmatics
, ed. by Andreas H. Jucker, and Irma Taavitsainen, 549–586. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1985.
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language
. London: Longman.
Rush, Susan. 1998. “The Noun Phrase in Advertising English.”
Journal of Pragmatics
29 (2): 155–171.
Soler, Viviana. 2002. “Analysing Adjectives in Scientific Discourse: An Exploratory Study with Educational Applications for Spanish Speakers at Advanced University Level.”
English for Specific Purposes
21 (2): 145–165.
Suhr, Carla. 2010. “Category 4: Regimens and Health Guides.” In
Early Modern English Medical Texts: Corpus Description and Studies
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta, 111–118. Amsterdam/Philadelphia, PA: John Benjamins.
Swales, John M., and Amy Burke. 2003. “‘It’s really fascinating work’: Differences in Evaluative Adjectives across Academic Registers.” In
Corpus Analysis: Language Structure and Language Use
, ed. by Pepi Leistyna, and Charles F. Meyer, 1–18. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi.
Taavitsainen, Irma. 1994. “On the Evolution of Scientific Writings from 1375 to 1675: Repertoire of Emotive Features.” In
English Historical Linguistics 1992: Papers from the 7th International Conference on English Historical Linguistics
, Valencia, 22–26 September 1992, ed. by Francisco Fernández, Miguel Fuster, and Juan José Calvo, 329–342. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Taavitsainen, Irma. 2011. “Dissemination and Appropriation of Medical Knowledge: Humoral Theory in Early Modern English Medical Writing and Lay Texts.” In
Medical Writing in Early Modern English
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta, 94–114. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taavitsainen, Irma, Peter Murray Jones, Päivi Pahta, Turo Hiltunen, Ville Marttila, Maura Ratia, Carla Suhr, and Jukka Tyrkkö. 2011. “Medical Texts in 1500–1700 and the Corpus of Early Modern English Medical Texts.” In
Medical Writing in Early Modern English
, ed. by Irma Taavitsainen, and Päivi Pahta, 9–29. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tyrkkö, Jukka. 2013. “‘My intent is onelie to further those that be willing to learne’: The Lexicon of Mid-sixteenth Century Surgical Books in Context.” In
Selected Proceedings of New Approaches in English Historical Lexis 3 (HEL-LEX 3)
, ed. by R.W. McConchie, Teo Juvonen, Mark Kaunisto, Minna Nevala, and Jukka Tyrkkö, 177–188. Somerville: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
Tyrkkö, Jukka, and Turo Hiltunen. 2009. “Frequency of Nominalization in Early Modern English Medical Writing.” In
Corpora: Pragmatics and Discourse: Papers from the 29th International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora (ICAME 29)
, Ascona, 14–18 May 2008, ed. by Andreas H. Jucker, Daniel Schreier, and Marianne Hundt, 297–320. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi.
Wear, Andrew. 2000.
Knowledge and Practice in English Medicine, 1550–1680
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Sylwanowicz, Marta
2017.
Noun Phrase Modification in Early Modern English Recipes.
Anglica. An International Journal of English Studies :26/2
► pp. 37 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.