This chapter examines Irish English in the perspective of world Englishes, taking
the word actually as a discourse marker for case study. The initial discussion
focuses on variation in the structural positioning of actually, and on
the possible differentiation between actually as an adverb and as a discourse
marker. Analysis proceeds on the working assumption that all uses of actually
in contemporary English share potential as discourse markers, though clausemarginal
position is taken to illustrate an advanced structural position for this
function. Material from ICE-Ireland is used to illustrate a wide range of structural
positions and discourse-marking functions for actually, while comparisons
with other ICE corpora suggest Ireland to be in a conservative position relative
to possible change in progress.
Algeo, John. 2006. British or American English? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Anthony, Laurence. 2012. AntConc version 3.3.5m. Computer software. Tokyo: Waseda University. Available at [URL].
Biber, Douglas, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad, and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman.
Carter, Ronald, and Michael McCarthy. 2006. Cambridge Grammar of English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Gray, Mark. 2012. “On the Interchangeability of Actually and Really in Spoken English: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence from Corpora.” English Language and Linguistics 16: 151–170.
Greenbaum, Sidney (ed.). 1996. Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
ICE Website. ICE – International Corpus of English. [URL]. Last accessed 13 November 2013.
ICE-GB. 1998. The International Corpus of English: The British Component. CD-ROM. London: Survey of English Usage.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk. 2007. “ICE-Ireland: Local Variations on Global Standards.” In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Vol. 1: Synchronic Databases, ed. by Joan C. Beal, Karen P. Corrigan, and Hermann L. Moisl, 121–162. London: Palgrave.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk. 2008. ICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk. 2012. SPICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Rooney, and Margaret Mannion. 2011a. International Corpus of English: Ireland Component. The ICE-Ireland Corpus. Version 1.2.2. CD-ROM. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin.
Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Rooney, and Margaret Mannion. 2011b. The SPICE-Ireland Corpus: Systems of Pragmatic Annotation for the Spoken Component of ICE-Ireland. Version 1.2.2. CD-ROM. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin.
Oh, Sun-Young. 2000. “Actually and In Fact in American English: A Data-based Analysis.” English Language and Linguistics 4: 243–268.
Palmer, F.R. 1974. The English Verb. 2nd edn. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.
Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taglicht, Josef. 2001. “Actually, There’s More to It Than Meets the Eye.” English Language and Linguistics 5: 1–16.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Waters, Cathleen. 2008. “Actually, It’s More than Pragmatics, It’s Really Grammaticalization.” Unpublished generals paper, University of Toronto. Available at [URL].
Waters, Cathleen. 2013. “Transatlantic Variation in English Adverb Placement.” Language Variation and Change 25: 179–200.
Cited by (6)
Cited by six other publications
O’Keeffe, Anne
2023. Irish English Corpus Linguistics. In The Oxford Handbook of Irish English, ► pp. 243 ff.
Aijmer, Karin
2022. “Well He’s Sick Anyway Like”: Anyway in Irish English. Corpus Pragmatics 6:2 ► pp. 101 ff.
Aijmer, Karin
2023. Corpus Pragmatics. In The Cambridge Handbook of Language in Context, ► pp. 289 ff.
Ní Mhurchú, Aoife
2018. What’s Left to Say About Irish English Progressives? “I’m Not Going Having Any Conversation with You”. Corpus Pragmatics 2:3 ► pp. 289 ff.
2017. Developments in the spoken component of ICE corpora. World Englishes 36:3 ► pp. 371 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 23 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.