This chapter examines Irish English in the perspective of world Englishes, taking
the word actually as a discourse marker for case study. The initial discussion
focuses on variation in the structural positioning of actually, and on
the possible differentiation between actually as an adverb and as a discourse
marker. Analysis proceeds on the working assumption that all uses of actually
in contemporary English share potential as discourse markers, though clausemarginal
position is taken to illustrate an advanced structural position for this
function. Material from ICE-Ireland is used to illustrate a wide range of structural
positions and discourse-marking functions for actually, while comparisons
with other ICE corpora suggest Ireland to be in a conservative position relative
to possible change in progress.
2012 “On the Interchangeability of Actually and Really in Spoken English: Quantitative and Qualitative Evidence from Corpora.” English Language and Linguistics 16: 151–170.
Greenbaum, Sidney
(ed.)1996Comparing English Worldwide: The International Corpus of English. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
ICE Website
ICE – International Corpus of English. [URL]. Last accessed 13 November 2013.
ICE-GB
1998The International Corpus of English: The British Component. CD-ROM. London: Survey of English Usage.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk
2007 “ICE-Ireland: Local Variations on Global Standards.” In Creating and Digitizing Language Corpora, Vol. 1: Synchronic Databases, ed. by Joan C. Beal, Karen P. Corrigan, and Hermann L. Moisl, 121–162. London: Palgrave.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk
2008ICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kallen, Jeffrey L., and John M. Kirk
2012SPICE-Ireland: A User’s Guide. Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona.
Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Rooney, and Margaret Mannion
2011aInternational Corpus of English: Ireland Component. The ICE-Ireland Corpus. Version 1.2.2. CD-ROM. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin.
Kirk, John M., Jeffrey L. Kallen, Orla Lowry, Anne Rooney, and Margaret Mannion
2011bThe SPICE-Ireland Corpus: Systems of Pragmatic Annotation for the Spoken Component of ICE-Ireland. Version 1.2.2. CD-ROM. Belfast: Queen’s University Belfast and Dublin: Trinity College Dublin.
Oh, Sun-Young
2000 “Actually and In Fact in American English: A Data-based Analysis.” English Language and Linguistics 4: 243–268.
Palmer, F.R
1974The English Verb. 2nd edn. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik
1972A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.
Schiffrin, Deborah
1987Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Taglicht, Josef
2001 “Actually, There’s More to It Than Meets the Eye.” English Language and Linguistics 5: 1–16.
Traugott, Elizabeth Closs, and Richard B. Dasher
2002Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Waters, Cathleen
2008 “Actually, It’s More than Pragmatics, It’s Really Grammaticalization.” Unpublished generals paper, University of Toronto. Available at [URL].
Waters, Cathleen
2013 “Transatlantic Variation in English Adverb Placement.” Language Variation and Change 25: 179–200.
Cited by
Cited by 4 other publications
Aijmer, Karin
2022. “Well He’s Sick Anyway Like”: Anyway in Irish English. Corpus Pragmatics 6:2 ► pp. 101 ff.
2017. Developments in the spoken component of ICE corpora. World Englishes 36:3 ► pp. 371 ff.
Ní Mhurchú, Aoife
2018. What’s Left to Say About Irish English Progressives? “I’m Not Going Having Any Conversation with You”. Corpus Pragmatics 2:3 ► pp. 289 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 september 2023. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.