Chapter 6
Free speech, hate speech, and hate beards
Language ideologies of Dutch populism
This paper explores the discourse and verbal strategies of the Dutch ‘Freedom Party’ (PVV), an islamophobic populist party that emerged in the first decade of the twenty-first century. In particular, it focuses on the linguistic ideologies implicit in PVV discourse, arguing that PVV spokespersons systematically construe their own utterances as mere words, and hence as deserving state protection; and the utterances of others as acts, and more specifically as acts of violence, deserving repression or prosecution. This asymmetric linguistic ideology may help us to explore empirical and normative questions concerning violence in language. In particular, the question of violence and responsibility is discussed on the basis of Norwegian Anders Breivik’s 2011 murderous assault on Norwegian social democrats, which explicitly appealed to PVV leader Wilders and his views on Islam.
Article outline
- Introduction
- 1.Genealogy of Dutch populism
- 2.The ideology of the Freedom Party
- 3.The language of the Freedom Party
- 4.The hate speech trial and the Breivik assaults
- 5.Speech acts and violence
- Conclusions
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
References
References (20)
References
Ayse. 2003. Scheherazades Tochter: Von meinen eigenen Eltern zum Tode verurteilt
[Sheherazades Daughter: Condemned to Death by my Own Parents
]. Berlin: Ullstein. (Dutch translation Ayse: Op de vlucht voor eerwraak [Fleeing Honor Killing]. Amsterdam: Lunsingh Sijthoff, 2005).
Berman, Paul. 2009. The Flight of the Intellectuals. New York: Melville House Publishing.
Bosma, Martin. 2011. De schijn-élite van de valse munters: Drees, extreem rechts, nuttige idioten, Groep Wilders en ik [The Fake Elite of Counterfeiters: Drees, the Extreme Right, Useful Idiots, the Group-Wilders and Me]. Amsterdam: Prometheus.
Breivik, Anders. 2011. 2083: A European Declaration of Independence. Manifesto. 
Bruijn, Hans de. 2010. Geert Wilders in debat: over de framing en reframing van een politieke boodschap [Geert Wilders in Debate: On the Framing and Reframing of a Political Message]. Den Haag: LEMMA.
Buruma, Ian. 2006. Murder in Amsterdam. Harmondsworth: Penguin Press.
Butler, Judith. 1997. Excitable Speech: A Politics of the Performative. London: Routledge.
Harrison, Tony. 2007. Collected Film Poetry. London: Faber & Faber.
Kuitenbrouwer, Jan. 2010. De woorden van Wilders en hoe ze werken [Wilders’s Words and How They Work]. Amsterdam: De Bezige Bij.
Lakoff, George. 2004. Don’t Think of an Elephant! Know your Values and Frame the Debate. White River Junction: Chelsea Green Publishing.
Leezenberg, Michiel. 2008. “Verschwörungstheorie ‘Eurabia’ [Conspiracy Theory ‘Eurabia’].” INAMO: Berichte und Analysen zu Politik und Gesellschaft des Nahen und Mittleren Ostens 53: 67.
Leezenberg, Michiel. 2013. “Power in Speech Actions.” In Pragmatics of Speech Actions, ed. by Marina Sbisà and Ken Turner, 279–281. Berlin: De Gruyter. 

Mulder, Eildert. 2012. Anders Breivik is niet alleen [Anders Breivik is not alone]. Zoetermeer: Meinema.
Searle, John. 2010. Making the Social World: The Structure of Human Civilization. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 

Van Dijk, Teun. 2008. “Elite discourse and institutional racism.” In Transnational Perspective on Culture, Policy and Education. Redirecting Cultural Studies in Neoliberal Times, ed. by Cameron McCarthy and Cathryn Teasley, 93–111. New York: Lang.
Veraart, Wouter. 2010. “Beledigen kan alleen in context: Kanttekeningen bij het ‘beledigen islam arrest’ van 10 maart 2009 [Offending can only be done in Context: Notes on the ‘Offending Islam’ Judgment].” Nederlands Juristenblad, 85 (12): 724–730.
Woltering, Robbert, and Michiel Leezenberg. 2010. De Koran voor beginners [The Quran for Beginners]. Amsterdam: Prometheus.
Ye’or, Bat. 1985. The Dhimmi: Christians and Jews under Islam. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Ye’or, Bat 2005. Eurabia: The Euro-Arab Axis. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
French, Brigittine M.
2020.
Maledictive Language: Arguments and Conflict. In
The International Encyclopedia of Linguistic Anthropology,
► pp. 1 ff.

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 25 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.