List of tables
Table 1.
Email request situations in the present study
68
Table 2.
Email refusal situations in the present study
68
Table 3.
Total frequency of directness levels and strategy types in all request situations
92
Table 4.
Total frequency of downgraders in all request situations
94
Table 5.
Total frequency of external modifiers in all request situations
97
Table 6.
Frequency of directness levels and strategy types in each request situation
100
Table 7.
Frequency of syntactic downgraders in each request situation
103
Table 8.
Frequency of lexical/phrasal downgraders in each request situation
105
Table 9.
Frequency of external modifiers in the openings of the four email requests
108
Table 10.
Frequency of external modifiers in the closings of the four email requests
109
Table 11.
Frequency of external modifiers in the brochure situation
112
Table 12.
Frequency of external modifiers in the questionnaire situation
113
Table 13.
Frequency of external modifiers in the reading list situation
115
Table 14.
Frequency of external modifiers in the recommendation situation
116
Table 15.
Total means of internal modifiers used in all request situations
118
Table 16.
Means of internal modifiers used by each group in each request situation
119
Table 17.
Means of syntactic downgraders used by each group in each request situation
120
Table 18.
Total means of external modifiers used in all request situations
121
Table 19.
Means of external modifiers used by each group in each request situation
122
Table 20.
Frequency of internal and external modifiers in small-imposition situations
132
Table 21.
Frequency of internal and external modifiers in big-imposition situations
133
Table 22.
Frequency of internal and external modifiers in equal status situations
142
Table 23.
Occurrences of pragmalinguistic transfer in all request situations by the two EFL groups
145
Table 24.
Occurrences of sociopragmatic transfer in all request situations by the two EFL groups
150
Table 25.
Total frequency of external modifiers in all refusal situations
154
Table 26.
Frequency of directness levels and strategy types in each refusal situation
158
Table 27.
Frequency of hedges in each refusal situation
159
Table 28.
Frequency of external modifiers in the openings of the four email refusals
160
Table 29.
Frequency of external modifiers in the closings of the four email refusals
161
Table 30.
Frequency of external modifiers in the birthday situation
163
Table 31.
Frequency of external modifiers in the dinner situation
165
Table 32.
Frequency of external modifiers in the survey situation
167
Table 33.
Frequency of external modifiers in the presentation situation
169
Table 34.
Total means of external modifiers used in all refusal situations
171
Table 35.
Means of external modifiers used by each group in each refusal situation
171
Table 36.
Frequency of refusal strategies and external modifiers in refusals of invitations
177
Table 37.
Frequency of refusal strategies and external modifiers in refusals of requests
178
Table 38.
Occurrences of pragmalinguistic transfer in all refusal situations by the two EFL groups
186
Table 39.
Occurrences of sociopragmatic transfer in all refusal situations by the two EFL groups
189
Table 40.
Number of occurrences of pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic transfer by the two EFL groups
214