Absalom, Matthew, and Mariolina Pais Marden
2004 “Email Communication and Language Learning at University – An Australian Case Study.” Computer Assisted Language Learning 17 (3–4): 403–440. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Achiba, Machiko
2003Learning to Request in a Second Language: A Study of Child Interlanguage Pragmatics. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.Google Scholar
Aktuna, Seran, and Sibel Kamişli
1997 “Pragmatic Transfer in Interlanguage Development: A Case Study of Advanced EFL Learners.” ITL: Review of Applied Linguistics 117–118: 151–173. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Al-Issa, Ahmad
1998 “Sociopragmatic Transfer in the Performance of Refusals by Jordanian EFL Learners: Evidence and Motivating Factors.” PhD diss., Indiana University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
2003 “Sociocultural Transfer in L2 Speech Behaviors: Evidence and Motivating Factors.” International Journal of Intercultural Relations 27 (5): 581–601. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Allami, Hamid, and Amin Naeimi
2011 “A Cross-linguistic Study of Refusals: An Analysis of Pragmatic Competence Development in Iranian EFL Learners.” Journal of Pragmatics 43: 385–406. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Austin, John L.
1962How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bachman, Lyle F.
1990Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen
1996 “Pragmatics and Language Teaching: Bringing Pragmatics and Pedagogy Together.” In Pragmatics and Language Learning (Vol. 7), ed. by Lawrence F. Bouton, 21–39. Urbana-Champaign, IL: Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
1999a “Exploring the Interlanguage of Interlanguage Pragmatics: A Research Agenda for Acquisitional Pragmatics.” Language Learning 49(4): 677–713. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1999b “Researching Method”. In Pragmatics and Language Learning (Vol. 9), ed. by Lawrence F. Bouton, 237–264. Urbana-Champaign, IL: Division of English as an International Language, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
2001 “Evaluating the Empirical Evidence: Grounds for Instruction in Pragmatics?” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, ed. by Kenneth R. Rose, and Gabriele Kasper, 13–32. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, and Robert Griffin
2005 “ L2 Pragmatic Awareness: Evidence from the ESL Classroom.” System 33 (3): 401–415. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, and Beverly S. Hartford
1993a “Learning the Rules of Academic Talk: A Longitudinal Study of Pragmatic Development.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 15: 279–304. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1993b “Natural Conversations, Institutional Talk, and Interlanguage Pragmatics.” Unpublished manuscript. Bloomington: Indiana University.Google Scholar
1996 “Input in Institutional Setting.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18: 171–188. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bardovi-Harlig, Kathleen, Beverly S. Hartford, Rebecca Mahan-Taylor, Mary J. Morgan, and Dudley W. Reynolds
1991 “Developing Pragmatic Awareness: Closing the Conversation.” ELT Journal 45: 4–15. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Barnlund, Dean C., and Shoko Araki
1985 “Intercultural Encounters: The Management of Compliments by Japanese and Americans.” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 16(1): 9–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Baron, Naomi S.
1998 “Letters by Phone or Speech by Other Means: The Linguistics of Email.” Language and Communication 18(2): 133–170. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2002 “Who Sets E-Mail Style? Prescriptivism, Coping Strategies, and Democratizing Communication Access.” The Information Society 18 (5): 403–413. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 “ ‘Ah No Honestly We’re Okay’: Learning to Upgrade in a Study Abroad Context.” Intercultural Pragmatics 4(2): 129–166. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Beckers, Astrid M.
1999 “How to Say ‘No’ without Saying ‘No’: A Study of the Refusal Strategies of Americans and Germans.” PhD diss., University of Mississippi.Google Scholar
Beebe, Leslie M., and Martha Clark Cummings
1996 “Natural Speech Act Data Versus Written Questionnaire Data: How Data Collection Method Affects Speech Act Performance.” In Speech Acts across Cultures: Challenges to Communication in a Second Language, ed. by Susan M. Gass, and Joyce Neu, 65–86. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Beebe, Leslie M., Tomoko Takahashi, and Robin Uliss-Weltz
1990 “Pragmatic Transfer in ESL Refusals”. In Developing Communicative Competence in a Second Language, ed. by Robin C. Scarcella, Elaine S. Andersen, and Stephen Krashen, 55–73. New York: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Bella, Spyridoula
2011 “Mitigation and Politeness in Greek Invitation Refusals: Effects of Length of Residence in the Target Community and Intensity of Interaction on Non-Native Speakers’ Performance.” Journal of Pragmatics 43: 1718–1740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Pragmatic Development in a Foreign Language: A Study of Greek FL Requests.” Journal of Pragmatic 44: 1917–1947. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2014 “Developing the Ability to Refuse: A Cross-Sectional Study of Greek FL Refusals.” Journal of Pragmatics 61: 35–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bergman, Marc L., and Gabriele Kasper
1993 “Perception and Performance in Native and Nonnative Apology.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 82–107. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bialystok, Ellen
1993 “Symbolic Representation and Attentional Control in Pragmatic Competence.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 43–59. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Biesenbach-Lucas, Sigrun
2005 “Communication Topics and Strategies in E-Mail Consultation: Comparison between American and International University Students.” Language Learning and Technology 9(2): 24–46.Google Scholar
2007 “Students Writing Emails to Faculty: An Examination of E-Politeness among Native and Non-Native Speakers of English.” Language Learning and Technology 11(2): 59–81.Google Scholar
Biesenbach-Lucas, Sigrun, and Donald Weasenforth
Could We Talk? Pragmatic Variation in Student-Professor Negotiations.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, Vancouver, BC, March 2000.
Bjørge, Anne
2007 “Power Distance in English Lingua Franca E-Mail Communication.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 17(1): 60–80. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
1982 “Learning to Say What You Mean in a Second Language: A Study of the Speech Act Performance of Learners of Hebrew as a Second Language.” Applied Linguistics 3 (1): 29–59. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1987 “Indirectness and Politeness in Requests: Same or Different?Journal of Pragmatics 11 (2): 131–146. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1989 “Playing it Safe: The Role of Conventionality in Indirectness.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 37–70. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Juliane House
1989 “Investigating Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: An Introductory Overview.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 123–154. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper
(eds) 1989Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Elite Olshtain
1984 “Requests and Apologies: A Cross-Cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP).” Applied Linguistics 5(3): 196–213. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1986 “Too Many Words: Length of Utterance and Pragmatic Failure.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 8(2): 165–180. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bou-Franch, Patricia
2011 “Openings and Closings in Spanish E-Mail Conversations”. Journal of Pragmatics 43: 1772–1785. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bou-Franch, Patricia, and Nuria Lorenzo-Dus
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen C. Levinson
1987Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Byon, Andrew Sangpil
2004 “Sociopragmatic Analysis of Korean Requests: Pedagogical Settings”. Journal of Pragmatics 36: 1673–1704. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Canale, Michael
1983 “From Communicative Competence to Communicative Language Pedagogy.” In Language and Communication, ed. by Jack C. Richards, and Richard W. Schmidt, 2–27. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Canale, Michael, and Merrill Swain
1980 “Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Teaching and Testing.” Applied Linguistics 1: 1–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chang, Yuh-Fang
2009 “How to Say No: An Analysis of Cross-Cultural Difference and Pragmatic Transfer.” Language Sciences 31(4): 477–493. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011a “Interlanguage Pragmatic Development: The Relation between Pragmalinguistic Competence and Sociopragmatic Competence.” Language Sciences 33: 786–798. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011b “Refusing in a Foreign Language: An Investigation of Problems Encountered by Chinese Learners of English.” Multilingual 30: 71–98. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chang, Yu-Ying, and Yi-Ping Hsu
1998 “Requests on E-mail: A Cross-cultural Comparison.” RELC Journal 29: 121–151. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chapman, David
1997 “A Comparison of Oral and E-Mail Discourse in Japanese as a Second Language.” On-Call 11: 31–39.Google Scholar
Chejnová, Pavla
2014 “Expressing Politeness in the Institutional E-Mail Communications of University Students in the Czech Republic.” Journal of Pragmatics 60: 175–192. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chen, Chi-Fen Emily
Making E-Mail Requests to Professors: Taiwanese vs. American Students.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association for Applied Linguistics, St. Louis, MO, February 2001.
2006 “The Development of E-Mail Literacy: From Writing to Peers to Writing to Authority Figures.” Language Learning and Technology 10(2): 35–55.Google Scholar
Chen, Hongyin
1996 “Cross-Cultural Comparison of English and Chinese Metapragmatics in Refusal.” PhD diss., Indiana University.Google Scholar
Chen, Rong
1993 “Responding to Compliments: A Contrastive Study of Politeness Strategies between American English and Chinese Speakers.” Journal of Pragmatics 20 (1): 49–75. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chen, Xing, Lei Ye, and Yanyin Zhang
1995 “Refusing in Chinese”. In Pragmatics of Chinese as Native and Target Language, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, 119–163. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Chen, Yuan-shan
2015 “Developing Chinese EFL Learners’ Email Literacy through Requests to Faculty.” Journal of Pragmatics 75: 131–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, Noam
1965Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Chun, Dorothy M.
1994 “Using Computer Networking to Facilitate the Acquisition of Interactive Competence.” System 22(1): 17–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen, Andrew D.
1996 “Speech Acts.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Teaching, ed. by Sandra Lee Mckay, and Nancy H. Hornberger, 383–420. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, Andrew D., and Elite Olshtain
1981 “Developing a Measure of Sociocultural Competence: The Case of Apology.” Language Learning 31(1): 113–134. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Crystal, David
2006Language and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
DeCapua, Andrea
1998 “The Transfer of Native Language Speech Behaviour into a Second Language: A Basis for Cultural Stereotype?Issues in Applied Linguistics 9(1): 21–35.Google Scholar
Economidou-Kogetsidis, Maria
2008 “Internal and External Mitigation in Interlanguage Request Production: The Case of Greek Learners of English.” Journal of Politeness Research 4: 111–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Cross-Cultural and Situational Variation in Requesting Behaviour: Perceptions of Social Situations and Strategic Usage of Request Patterns.” Journal of Pragmatics 42 (8): 2262–2281. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 “ ‘Please Answer Me as Soon as Possible’: Pragmatic Failure in Non-Native Speakers’ Email Requests to Faculty.” Journal of Pragmatics 43: 3193–3215. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Modifying Oral Requests in a Foreign Language: The Case of Greek Cypriot Learners of English.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 163–202. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eisenstein, Miriam, and Jean Bodman
1986 “ ‘I Very Appreciate’: Expressions of Gratitude by Native and Non-Native Speakers of American English.” Applied Linguistics 7 (2): 167–185. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1993 “Expressing Gratitude in American English.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 64–81. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, Rod
1992 “Learning to Communicate in the Classroom: A Study of Two Language Learners’ Requests.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 14(1): 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994The study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eslami, Zohreh R.
2005 “Invitations in Persian and English: Ostensible or Genuine?Intercultural Pragmatics 2(4): 453–480. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Faerch, Claus, and Gabriele Kasper
1989 “Internal and External Modification in Interlanguage Request Realization.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 221–247. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Félix-Brasdefer, J. César
2003 “Declining an Invitation: A Cross-Cultural Study of Pragmatic Strategies in American English and Latin American Spanish.” Multilingua 22 (3): 225–255. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 “Interlanguage Refusals: Linguistic Politeness and Length of Residence in the Target Community.” Language Learning 54 (4): 587–653. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 “Pragmatic Development in the Spanish as a FL Classroom: A Cross-Sectional Study of Learner Requests. Intercultural Pragmatics 4(2): 253–286. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Email Requests to Faculty: E-Politeness and Internal Modification.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 87–118. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ferrara, Kathleen, Hans Brunner, and Greg Whittemore
1991 “Interactive Written Discourse as an Emergent Register.” Written Communication 8(1): 8–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fraser, Bruce
1990 “Perspectives on Politeness.” Journal of Pragmatics 14 (2): 219–236. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fukushima, Saeko
1996 “Request Strategies in British English and Japanese.” Language Science 18(3/4): 671–688. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000Requests and Culture: Politeness in British English and Japanese. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Gains, Jonathan
1999 “Electronic Mail – A New Style of Communication or Just a New Medium?: An Investigation into the Text Features of E-Mail.” English for Specific Purposes 18(1): 81–101. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
García, Carmen
1989 “Apologizing in English: Politeness Strategies Used by Native and Non-Native Speakers.” Multilingua 8(1): 3–20. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1992 “Refusing an Invitation: A Case Study of Peruvian Style.” Hispanic Linguistics 5: 207–243.Google Scholar
1999 “The Three Stages of Venezuelan Invitations and Responses.” Multilingua 18(4): 391–433. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gass, Susan M., and Noel Houck
1999Interlanguage Refusals: A Cross-Cultural Study of Japanese-English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Goffman, Erving
1967Interaction Ritual: Essays in Face to Face Behavior. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Göy, Elif, Deniz Zeyrek, and Bahar Otcu
2012 “Developmental Patterns in Internal Modification of Requests: A Quantitative Study on Turkish Learners of English.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 51–86. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gray, Robert, and Glenn Stockwell
1998 “Using Computer Mediated Communication for Language and Culture Acquisition.” On-Call 12(3): 2–9.Google Scholar
Green, Georgia
1975 “How to Get People to Do Things with Words.” In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry L. Morgan, 107–141. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Grice, Paul
1975 “Logic and Conversation.” In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry L. Morgan, 41–58. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Gu, Yueguo
1990 “Politeness Phenomena in Modern China.” Journal of Pragmatics 14: 237–257. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hartford, Beverly S., and Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig
1992 “Experimental and Observational Data in the Study of Interlanguage Pragmatics.” In Pragmatics and Language Learning (Vol. 3), ed. by Lawrence F. Bouton and Yamuna Kachru, 33–52. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of English as an International Language.Google Scholar
1996 “At Your Earliest Convenience: A Study of Written Student Requests to Faculty.” In Pragmatics and Language Learning (Vol. 7), ed. by Lawrence F. Bouton, 55–71. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Division of English as an International Language.Google Scholar
Hassall, Tim
2001 “Modifying Requests in a Second Language.” International Review of Applied Linguistics 39: 259–283. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2003 “Requests by Australian Learners of Indonesian.” Journal of Pragmatics 35: 1903–1928. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2012 “Request Modification by Australian Learners of Indonesian.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 203–242. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Haugh, Michael
2005 “The Importance of ‘Place’ in Japanese Politeness: Implications for Cross-Cultural and Intercultural Analyses.” Intercultural Pragmatics 2(1): 41–68. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hendriks, Berna
2010 “An Experimental Study of Native Speaker Perceptions of Non-Native Request Modification in Emails in English.” Intercultural Pragmatics 7(2): 221–255. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Henstock, Mariko Itoh
2003 “Refusals: A Language and Cultural Barrier between Americans and Japanese.” PhD diss., Purdue University.Google Scholar
Hill, Beverly, Sachiko Ide, Shoko Ikuta, Akiko Kawasaki, and Tsunao Ogino
1986 “Universals of Linguistic Politeness: Quantitative Evidence from Japanese and American English.” Journal of Pragmatics 10: 347–471. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hill, Thomas
1997 “The Development of Pragmatic Competence in an EFL Context.” PhD diss., Temple University.Google Scholar
Hinkel, Eli
1997 “Appropriateness of Advice: DCT and Multiple Choice Data.” Applied Linguistics 18(1): 1–26. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ho, David Yau-Fai
1976 “On the Concept of Face.” American Journal of Sociology 81 (4): 867–884. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hofstede, Geert
1980Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work-Related Values. London: Sage.Google Scholar
1983 “Dimensions of National Cultures in Fifty Countries and Three Regions.” In Expiscations in Cross-Cultural Psychology, ed. by J. B. Derȩgowski, S. Dziurawiec, and R. C. Annis, 335–355. Lisse: Swets and Zeitlinger.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet, and Dorothy F. Brown
1987 “Teachers and Students Learning about Compliments.” TESOL Quarterly 21(3): 523–546. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hong, Wei
2011 “Refusals in Chinese: How Do L1 and L2 Differ?Foreign Language Annals 44(1): 122–136. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
House, Juliane
1989 “Politeness in English and German: The Functions of Please and Bitte .” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 96–119. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
1996 “Developing Pragmatic Fluency in English as a Foreign Language: Routines and Metapragmatic Awareness.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18(2): 225–252. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
House, Juliane, and Gabriele Kasper
1981 “Politeness Markers in English and German.” In Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, ed. by Florian Coulmas, 157–185. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
1987 “Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requesting in a Foreign Language.” In Perspectives on Language in Performance, ed. by Wolfgang Lörscher, and Rainer Schulze, 1250–1288. Tübingen: Gunter Narr.Google Scholar
Hu, Hsien Chin
1944 “The Chinese Concept of ‘Face’”. American Anthropologist 46 (1): 45–64. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hymes, Dell
1972 “On Communicative Competence.” In Sociolinguistics: Selected Readings, ed. by J. Pride, and Janet Holmes, 269–293. London: Penguin.Google Scholar
Ide, Sachiko
1989 “Formal Forms and Discernment: Two Neglected Aspects of Universals of Linguistic Politeness.” Multilingua 8 (2/3): 223–248. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ikoma, Tomoko, and Akihiko Shimura
1994 “Pragmatic Transfer in the Speech Act of Refusal in Japanese as a Second Language.” Journal of Asian Pacific Communication 5(1): 105–129.Google Scholar
Ishihara, Noriko, and Andrew D. Cohen
2010Teaching and Learning Pragmatics: Where Language and Culture Meet. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Itakura, Hiroko
2004 “Changing Cultural Stereotypes through E-Mail Assisted Foreign Language Learning.” System 32 (1): 37–51. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jogan, M. Karen, Heredia H. Ana, and Aguilera M. Gladys
2001 “Cross-Cultural E-Mail: Providing Cultural Input for the Advanced Foreign Language Student.” Foreign Language Annals 34(4): 341–346. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jung, Euen Hyuk
2004 “Interlanguage Pragmatics: Apology Speech Acts.” In Discourse across Languages and Cultures, ed. by Carol Lynn Moder, and Aida Martinovic-Zic, 99–116. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kabata, Kaori, and Yasuyo Edasawa
2011 “Tandem Language Learning through a Cross-Cultural Keypal Project.” Language Learning & Technology 15(1): 104–121.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele
1981Pragmatische Aspekte in der Interimsprache. Tübingen: Narr.Google Scholar
1982 “Teaching-Induced Aspects of Interlanguage Discourse.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 4(2): 99–113. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1992 “Pragmatic Transfer.” Second Language Research 8(3): 203–231. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994 “Politeness.” In The Encyclopaedia of Language and Linguistics, ed. by R. E. Asher, and J. M. Simpson, 3206–3211. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
1997 “Can Pragmatic Competence Be Taught?[URL].
1998 “Interlanguage Pragmatics.” In Learning Foreign and Second languages: Perspectives in Research and Scholarship, ed. by Heidi Byrnes, 183–208. New York: The Modern Language Association of America.Google Scholar
2000 “Data Collection in Pragmatics Research.” In Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport through Talk across Cultures, ed. by Helen Spencer-Oatey, 316–341. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka
1993 “Interlanguage Pragmatics: An Introduction.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 3–17. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele, and Merete Dahl
1991 “Research Methods in Interlanguage Pragmatics.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 13(2): 215–247. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele, and Kenneth Rose
2002Pragmatic Development in a Second Language. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kasper, Gabriele, and Richard Schmidt
1996 “Developmental Issues in Interlanguage Pragmatics.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18(2): 149–169. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kern, Richard G.
1995 “Restructuring Classroom Interaction with Networked Computers: Effects on Quantity and Characteristics of Language Production.” The Modern Language Journal 79(4): 457–476. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Keshavarz, Mohammad Hossein, Zohreh R. Eslami, and Vahid Ghahraman
2006 “Pragmatic Transfer and Iranian EFL Refusals: A Cross-Cultural Perspective of Persian and English.” In Pragmatics and Language Learning (Vol. 11), ed. by Kathleen Bardovi-Harlig, César Félix-Brasdefer, and Alwiya Omar, 359–402. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Kim, Heesoo
2008 “The Semantic and Pragmatic Analysis of South Korean and Australian English Apologetic Speech Acts.” Journal of Pragmatics 40(2): 257–278. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kinjo, Hiromi
1987 “Oral Refusals of Invitations and Requests in English and Japanese.” Journal of Asian Culture 11, 83–106.Google Scholar
Kirkpatrick, Andy
1991 “Information Sequencing in Mandarin Letters of Request”. Anthropological Linguistics 33(2): 183–203.Google Scholar
1993 “Information Sequencing in Modern Standard Chinese.” Australian Review of Applied Linguistics 16(2): 27–60. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kwon, Jihyun
2003 “Pragmatic Transfer and Proficiency in Refusals of Korean EFL Learners.” PhD diss., Boston University.Google Scholar
2004 “Expressing Refusals in Korean and in American English.” Multilingua 23(4): 339–364. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lakoff, Robin
1973 “The Logic of Politeness; Or Minding Your P’s and Q’s.” In Papers from the Ninth Regional Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society, ed. by Claudia Corum, T. Cedric Smith-Stark, and Ann Weiser, 292–305. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.Google Scholar
Lapp, Susanne
2000 “Using Email Dialogue to Generate Communication in English as a Second Language Classroom.” Australian Journal of Language and Literacy 23: 50–60.Google Scholar
Lee, Cynthia
2011 “Strategy and Linguistic Preference of Requests by Cantonese Learners of English: An Interlanguage and Crosscultural Comparison.” Multilingua 30(1): 99–129. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2016 “Understanding Refusal Style and Pragmatic Competence of Teenage Cantonese English Learners in Refusals: An Exploratory Study.” Intercultural Pragmatics 13(2): 257–282. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leech, Geoffrey N.
1983Principles of Pragmatics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Lee-Wong, Song Mei
2000Politeness and Face in Chinese Culture. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Li, Yili
2000 “Linguistic Characteristics of ESL Writing in Task-Based E-Mail Activities.” System 28(2): 229–245. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liao, Chao Chih, and Mary I. Bresnahan
1996 “A Contrastive Pragmatic Study on American English and Mandarin Refusal Strategies.” Language Sciences 18(3): 703–727. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liaw, Meei-Ling
1998 “Using Electronic Mail for English as a Foreign Language Instruction.” System 26(3): 335–351. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liaw, Meei-Ling, and Robert J. Johnson
2001 “Email Writing as a Cross-Cultural Learning Experience.” System 29(2): 235–251. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A.
2004Power and Politeness in Action: Disagreements in Oral Communication. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Locher, Miriam A., and Richard J. Watts
2005 “Politeness Theory and Relational Work.” Journal of Politeness Research 1: 9–33. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lyuh, Inook
1992 “The Art of Refusal: Comparison of Korean and American Cultures.” PhD diss., Indiana University.Google Scholar
Maeshiba, Naoko, Naoko Yoshinaga, Gabriele Kasper, and Steven Ross
1996 “Transfer and Proficiency in Interlanguage Apologizing.” In Speech Acts across Cultures: Challenges to Communication in a Second Language, ed. by Susan M. Gass, and Joyce Neu, 155–187. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Maíz-Arévalo, Carmen
2012 “ ‘Was That a Compliment?’ Implicit Compliments in English and Spanish.” Journal of Pragmatics 44(8): 980–996. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Manes, Joan, and Nessa Wolfson
1981 “The Compliment Formula.” In Conversational Routine: Explorations in Standardized Communication Situations and Prepatterned Speech, ed. by Florian Coulmas, 115–132. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Mao, Luming
1994 “Beyond Politeness Theory: ‘Face’ Revisited and Reviewed.” Journal of Pragmatics 21(5): 451–486. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Márquez Reiter, Rosina
2000Linguistic Politeness in Britain and Uruguay. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Matsumoto, Yoshiko
1988 “Reexamination of the Universality of Face: Politeness Phenomena in Japanese.” Journal of Pragmatics 12(4): 403–426. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1989 “Politeness and Conversational Universals: Observations from Japanese.” Multilingua 8(2): 207–221. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Merrison, Andrew John, Jack J. Wilson, Bethan L. Davies, and Michael Haugh
2012 “Getting Stuff Done: Comparing E-Mail Requests from students in Higher Education in Britain and Australia.” Journal of Pragmatics 44(9): 1077–1098. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Morkus, Nader
2014 “Refusals in Egyptian Arabic and American English.” Journal of Pragmatics 70: 86–107. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Murray, Denise E.
1988 “The Context of Oral and Written Language: A Framework for Mode and Medium Switching.” Language in Society 17(3): 351–373. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1995Knowledge Machines: Language and Information in a Technological Society. New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Nelson, Gaylel, Joan Carson, Mahmoud Al Batal, and Waguida El Bakary
2002 “Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Strategy Use in Egyptian Arabic and American English Refusals.” Applied Linguistics 23(2): 163–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nguyen, Thi Thuy Minh
2008 “Modifying L2 Criticisms: How Learners Do It?Journal of Pragmatics 40 (4): 768–791. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oliver, Robert Tarbell
1971Communication and Culture in Ancient India and China. New York: Syracuse University Press.Google Scholar
Olshtain, Elite
1983 “Sociocultural Competence and Language Transfer: The Case of Apology.” In Language Transfer in Language Learning, ed. by Susan M. Gass, and Larry Selinker, 232–249. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
1989 “Apologies across Cultures.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 155–173. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
1993 “Language in Society.” In Research in Language Learning: Principles, Processes, and Prospects, ed. by Alice Omaggio Hadley, 47–65. Lincolnwood: National Textbook Company.Google Scholar
Olshtain, Elite, and Andrew D. Cohen
1989 “Speech Act Behaviour across Languages.” In Transfer in Language Production, ed. by Hans. W. Dechert, and Manfred Raupach, 53–67. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Pan, Ping
2012 “Interlanguage Requests in Institutional E-Mail Discourse: A Study in Hong Kong.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 119–162. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pan, Yuling
2000Politeness in Chinese Face-to-Face Interaction. Stamford, CT: Ablex.Google Scholar
Rinnert, Carol, and Hiroe Kobayashi
1999 “Requestive Hints in Japanese and English.” Journal of Pragmatics 31(9): 1173–1201. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rintell, Ellen M., and Candace J. Mitchell
1989 “Studying Requests and Apologies: An Inquiry into Method.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 248–272. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Robinson, Mary Ann
1992 “Introspective Methodology in Interlanguage Pragmatics Research.” In Pragmatics of Japanese as Native and Target Language (Technical Report No. 3), ed. by Gabriele Kasper, 27–82. Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Roed, Jannie
2003 “Language Learner Behaviour in a Virtual Environment.” Computer Assisted Language Learning 16(2–3): 155–172. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rose, Kenneth R.
1992 “Speech Acts and Questionnaires: The Effect of Hearer Response.” Journal of Pragmatics 17(1), 49–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1997 “Pragmatics in Teacher Education for Nonnative-Speaking Teachers: A Consciousness-Raising Approach.” Language, Culture and Curriculum 10: 125–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2000 “An Exploratory Cross-Sectional Study of Interlanguage Pragmatic Development.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 22(1): 27–67. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2005 “On the Effects of Instruction in Second Language Pragmatics.” System 33(3): 385–399. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2009 “Interlanguage Development in Hong Kong, Phase 2.” Journal of Pragmatics 41(11): 2345–2364. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rose, Kenneth R., and Connie Ng
2001 “Inductive and Deductive Teaching of Compliments and Compliment Responses.” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, ed. by Kenneth R. Rose, and Gabriele Kasper, 145–170. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Rose, Kenneth R., and Reiko Ono
1995 “Eliciting Speech Act Data in Japanese: The Effect of Questionnaire Type.” Language Learning 45(2): 191–223. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saeki, Mimako, and Barbara O’Keefe
1994 “Refusals and Rejections: Designing Messages to Serve Multiple Goals.” Human Communication Research 21: 67–102. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Saito, Hidetoshi, and Masako Beecken
1997 “An Approach to Instruction of Pragmatic Aspects: Implications of Pragmatic Transfer by American Learners of Japanese.” The Modern Language Journal 81(3): 363–377. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sasaki, Miyuki
1998 “Investigating EFL Students’ Production of Speech Acts: A Comparison of Production Questionnaires and Role Plays”. Journal of Pragmatics 30: 457–484. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Savić, Milica
2015 “ ‘Can I Very Please Borrow It?’: Request Development in Young Norwegian EFL Learners.” Intercultural Pragmatics 12(4): 443–480. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scarcella, Robin, and Joanna Brunak
1981 “On Speaking Politely in a Second Language.” International Journal of the Sociology of Language 27: 59–75.Google Scholar
Schmidt, Richard
1983 “Interaction, Acculturation, and the Acquisition of Communicative Competence: A Case Study of One Adult.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, ed. by Nessa Wolfson, and Elliot Judd, 137–174. New York: Newbury House.Google Scholar
1993 “Consciousness, Learning and Interlanguage Pragmatics.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 21–42. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scollon, Ron, and Suzanne Wong Scollon
1991 “Topic Confusion in English-Asian Discourse.” World Englishes 10(2): 113–125. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Searle, John R.
1969Speech Acts: An Essay in the Philosophy of Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1975 “Indirect Speech Acts.” In Syntax and Semantics, Vol. 3: Speech Acts, ed. by Peter Cole, and Jerry J. Morgan, 59–82. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Searle, John
1976 “A Classification of Illocutionary Acts.” Language in Society 5(1): 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sifianou, Maria
1992Politeness Phenomenon in England and Greece: A Cross-Cultural Perspective. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Singelis, Theodore M., Harry C. Triandis, Dharm P. S. Bhawuk, and Michele J. Gelfand
1995 “Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement.” Cross-Cultural Research 29(3): 240–275. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Soler, Eva Alcón
2013 “Mitigating E-Mail Requests in Teenagers’ First and Second Language Academic Cyber-Consultation.” Multilingua 32(6): 779–799.Google Scholar
Spencer-Oatey, Helen
1996 “Reconsidering Power and Distance.” Journal of Pragmatics 26 (1): 1–24. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Suszczyńska, Malgorzata
1999 “Apologizing in English, Polish and Hungarian: Different Languages, Different Strategies.” Journal of Pragmatics 31(8): 1053–1065. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, Satomi
1996 “Pragmatic Transferability.” Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18(2): 189–223. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2001 “The Role of Input Enhancement in Developing Pragmatic Competence.” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, ed. by Kenneth R. Rose, and Gabriele Kasper, 171–199. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, Satomi, and Margaret A. DuFon
1989 “Cross-Linguistic Influence in Indirectness: The Case of English Directives Performed by Native Japanese Speakers.” Unpublished manuscript, Honolulu: University of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Takahashi, Tomoko, and Leslie M. Beebe
1987 “The Development of Pragmatic Competence by Japanese Learners of English.” JALT Journal 8: 131–155.Google Scholar
1993 “Cross-Linguistic Influence in the Speech Act of Correction.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 138–157. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tateyama, Yumiko
2001 “Explicit and Implicit Teaching of Pragmatic Routines: Japanese Sumimasen .” In Pragmatics in Language Teaching, ed. by Kenneth R. Rose, and Gabriele Kasper, 200–222. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taylor, Barry P.
1975 “The Use of Overgeneralization and Transfer Learning Strategies by Elementary and Intermediate Students of ESL .” Language Learning 25: 73–108. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomas, Jenny
1983 “Cross-Cultural Pragmatic Failure.” Applied Linguistics 4(2): 91–112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1995Meaning in Interaction: An Introduction to Pragmatics. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Triandis, Harry C.
1995Individualism and Collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.Google Scholar
Trosborg, Anna
1987 “Apology Strategies in Natives/Non-Natives.” Journal of Pragmatics 11(2): 147–167. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1995Interlanguage Pragmatics: Requests, Complaints, and Apologies. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vinagre, Margarita
2005 “Fostering Language Learning via Email: An English-Spanish Exchange.” Computer Assisted Language Learning 18(5): 369–388. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, Vincent X.
2011Making Requests by Chinese EFL Learners. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Warschauer, Mark
1996 “Comparing Face-to-Face and Electronic Discussion in Second Language Classroom.” CALICO Journal 13(2): 7–26.Google Scholar
Watts, Richard J.
2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Weizman, Elda
1993 “Interlanguage Request Hints.” In Interlanguage Pragmatics, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, and Shoshana Blum-Kulka, 123–137. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wierzbicka, Anna
1985 “Different Cultures, Different Languages, Different Speech Acts.” Journal of Pragmatics 9: 145–178. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1991Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: The Semantics of Human Interaction. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa
1981 “Compliments in Cross-Cultural Perspective.” TESOL Quarterly 15(2): 117–124. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1988 “The Bulge: A Theory of Speech Behavior and Social Distance.” In Second Language Discourse: A Textbook of Current Research, ed. by Jonathan Fine, 21–38. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
1989aPerspectives: Sociolinguistics and TESOL. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
1989b “The Social Dynamics of Native and Nonnative Variation in Complimenting Behavior.” In The Dynamic Interlanguage: Empirical Studies in Second Language Variation, ed. by Miriam R. Eisenstein, 219–236. New York: Plenum. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolfson, Nessa, Thomas Marmor, and Steve Jones
1989 “Problems in the Comparison of Speech Acts across Cultures.” In Cross-Cultural Pragmatics: Requests and Apologies, ed. by Shoshana Blum-Kulka, Juliane House, and Gabriele Kasper, 174–196. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Google Scholar
Woodfield, Helen
2012 “ ‘I Think Maybe I Want to Lend the Notes from You’: Development of Request Modification in Graduate Learners.” In Interlanguage Request Modification, ed. by Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis, and Helen Woodfield, 9–49. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Woodfield, Helen, and Maria Economidou-Kogetsidis
2010 “ ‘I Just Need More Time’: A Study of Native and Non-Native Students’ Requests to Faculty for an Extension.” Multilingua 29(1): 77–118. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhan, Kaidi
1992The Strategies of Politeness in the Chinese Language. California: Institute of East Asian Studies, University of California.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yanyin
1995a “Indirectness in Chinese Requesting.” In Pragmatics of Chinese as a Native and Target Language, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, 69–118. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
1995b “Strategies in Chinese Requesting.” In Pragmatics of Chinese as a Native and Target Language, ed. by Gabriele Kasper, 23–68. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar