pronominal forms
29, 150, 151, 152, 154, 157, 158–159 150, 151, 157, 158–159
; see also diminutivessee also vocativessee alsobro, sir, madame, you guys, you-pl., you + nominative
adjacency pairs
15
; see also first pair partsee also second pair part
age variation
21, 23, 35
; see also variation
Anglo-American view of pragmatics
4–5
; see also component viewsee also Continental-European view of pragmatics
attention getters
160–161, 176
audience design
51
B
be-like
22
; see also quotatives
borrowed prestige
38, 44,
bottom-up approach
5, 8, 13, 46, 54, 62–64
; see also top-down approach
bound address forms(see address forms)
bro
160, 161–162, 165, 180, 184, 187–188
C
CCSARP cross cultural speech act research project
7,
closings
2, 16, 42, 58–59, 63
; see also openingssee also sequences
contrastivity(see principles of variational pragmatics)
convention of forms
15, 127
convention of means
15, 28, 127
conventional indirect offers
78, 85, 87, 95, 96, 101–102, 104–106, 109–110, 112–121, 182, 187
; see also direct offerssee also non-conventional indirect offerssee also offers
hearer focused offers
104–106, 108–110, 114–115, 119–121, 182, 187
; see also offerssee also speaker focused offers
hearer uptake
16, 85
horizontal distance
31, 49, 124, 166
; see also vertical distance
hospitable offers
87, 91
; see also offerssee also offers of assistancesee also restaurant service offers
I
illocution
18, 48
illocutionary act
15
illocutionary domain
63
illocutionary force
10, 12, 15–16, 85, 100
; see also pragmatic force
income
52
initial offers
92, 96, 102–105, 108, 109, 116, 180, 182
; see also offerssee also offer sequencessee also reoffers
instrumental talk
42–43
; see also non-transactional relational/ interpersonal talksee also non-instrumental, non-essential talk
42
; see also small talksee also transactional talk
intensifiers
21–22, 124, 128
interactional-discourse approach
10
interactionally negotiated offers
1, 35
interactive goals
31, 47, 49
internal modification
26, 28
; see also modifierssee also external modification
intra-lingual variation
2, 26
; see also variationsee also national variation
introspection
7
imbalance reducer after thanks IRAT
124
; see also thanks responsessee also thanks modifiers
J
joint action
12, 57, 69
joint activity
41, 57, 69–70
L
Labov’s department store study
37–39
; see also rapid anonymous observation
language change
6, 21
left periphery
156, 161, 163–164
; see also pre-positionedsee also right periphery
156, 162, 167, 177
linguistic context(see context)
Los Angeles Restaurant Corpus (LARC)
9, 44–46, 50–54
Los Angeles Restaurant Study
3, 9, 37,
M
macro social factors
3, 7, 36, 87
; see also social factorssee also social classsee also regionsee also agesee also gendersee also ethnicity
madame
157–159, 184, 187
; see also address forms
micro social factors
7, 36, 87
; see also social factors
modification
131–133
N
national variation
3, 21, 23–24, 26–27, 128
; see also variation
non-conventional indirect offers
75, 78–79, 81, 83, 95–96, 104, 106–108, 109–110, 116–119, 180, 182
; see also offerssee also conventional indirect offers
non-instrumental, non-essential talk
42
; see also instrumental talksee also non-transactional relational/ interpersonal talksee also small talksee also transactional talk
non-transactional relational/interpersonal talk
59, 79
; see also instrumental talksee also non-instrumental, non-essential talksee also small talksee also transactional talk
questionnaires
34, 147
; see also discourse completions taskssee also experimental methods
R
rapid anonymous observation
37
; see also Labov’s department store study
re-offers(see offers)
recommendations
80–81, 84
; see also offer sequencessee also pre-offers
referential meaning
11–13, 88
regional variation
21, 23, 26–27, 148
; see also national variation
register variation
36, 48
; see also variation
relational work
16, 116, 171, 174, 176
; see also politeness
requests
15, 26–29, 63, 91
; see also speech acts
S
saliency
11, 17
second pair parts
89, 98–99, 101, 102–103, 185, 187
; see also first pair partssee also adjacency pairs
semantic sameness
12, 14, 31
sequential accountability
9, 16, 20, 71, 77
; see also distributional accountability
servers
39, 45, 46–47, 49
service encounters
40–44, 47, 57–61
sir
149, 151, 152, 157, 159, 160, 167, 187
; see also address forms
situation of use
31, 47–49
situational variation
25–26, 48, 157
; see also variation
small talk
24, 35
; see also non-transactional relational/ interpersonal talksee also non-instrumental, non-essential talksee also instrumental talk
socioeconomic, social class
3–5, 20, 37–39
socioeconomic context(see context)
social context(see context)
social factors
3, 7–8, 20–21, 36, 38, 54
; see also macro social factorssee also micro social factors
social markers
152–154, 155
social stratification
37, 37
sociolinguistics
1, 4–5, 8, 21–22, 38
sociopragmatic variation
125, 146, 186–187
; see also pragmalinguistic variation
solidarity
138, 153–155, 177
; see also deference
speaker focus
104–105, 110, 113–115, 119–121
; see also hearer focus
speech acts
6, 15–16, 18–19, 29, 36, 67, 88, 90, 95, 146, 180–181, 185
; see also complimentssee also offerssee also requestssee also thankssee also thanks responses
speech event
5, 37, 46, 54
strategies
15, 42, 70,
offer strategies(see offers)
thanks response strategies(see thanks response)
style shifting
39
stylistic
level
16, 27, 29, 59
variables
16
suggestory formulae
87, 95–96, 109, 116–117
; see also offers
support moves
93, 96
T
terms of address(see address forms)
text type variation
35–36
thanks
123, 124, 125, 130
thanks minimizers
3, 25
; see also thanks responses
thanks receiving favors
183–186
thanks response
3, 123–125, 129–146, 183, 185,
function and position
125–126
strategies and types
124, 126–129, 131–132, 142, 144, 146
tips
52, 143
top-down approach
59, 61, 63
; see also bottom-up approach
topic level
14, 47, 65
; see also formal levelsee also functional levelsee also interactional levelsee also organizational levelsee also functional level
transactional talk
42, 59
; see also instrumental talksee also non-transactional relational/ interpersonal talksee also small talksee also non-instrumental, non-essential talk