Chapter 1.Variational pragmatics
1
1.1Pragmatics and sociolinguistics
4
1.2Present aims
8
Chapter 2.Pragmatics and variation
11
2.1Linguistic and pragmatic variables
11
2.2Variable and discourse context
17
2.3Approaches to variation
20
2.3.1Variationist-sociolinguistic, discourse-pragmatic variation
21
2.3.2Variational pragmatics
23
2.4Comparability in variational pragmatics
30
2.5Discussion
31
Chapter 3.The Los Angeles restaurant study
33
3.1Methods
33
3.2Status, style and borrowed prestige
38
3.3Service encounters
40
3.4The Los Angeles Restaurant Corpus
44
3.4.1Data collection
44
3.4.2The restaurants
46
3.4.3Servers and guests
52
3.5Discussion
55
Chapter 4.Shared characteristics of service encounter discourse
57
4.1Shared characteristics of service encounter discourse
57
4.2Sequencing of service encounters
61
4.3Discourse context
64
4.3.1Social context in LARC
65
4.3.2Linguistic context in LARC
66
4.3.3Cognitive context in LARC
67
4.4Activity types and communicative tasks
68
4.5Defining communicative activities and tasks in LARC
72
4.6Discussion
84
Chapter 5.Restaurant service encounter offers
87
5.1Defining offers in restaurant service encounters
90
5.1.1Function
90
5.1.2Propositional content
93
5.1.3Form
95
5.1.4Sequencing
96
5.2The effect of sequence on form in LARC
104
5.2.1Initial offers, with pre-offers
104
5.2.2Initial offers, without pre-offers
109
5.2.3Reoffers – offers for additional items
112
5.3Communicative activities and form
114
5.3.1Level of directness
116
5.3.2Speaker and hearer orientation
119
5.4Discussion
120
Chapter 6.You’re very welcome, you got it, yeah absolutely: Thanks responses in three socioeconomic settings
123
6.1Thanks responses
125
6.1.1Defining function and position
125
6.1.2Variation in strategies and types
126
6.2Analyzing thanks responses in LARC
129
6.2.1Distribution of thanks responses in LARC
129
6.2.2Effect of favor on thanks response form
136
6.2.3Communicative activities and thanks response strategies
142
6.3Discussion
146
Chapter 7.Address Forms in LARC
147
7.1Function, form and position
148
7.2Social markers
152
7.3Address in LARC
158
7.3.1Free address forms in LARC
160
7.3.2Bound address forms
166
7.3.3Contextual variation
170
7.4Discussion
176
Chapter 8.Conclusion
179
8.1Defining variables in pragmatics
180
8.2Offers, thanks responses and terms of address
181
8.3Variational pragmatics
186