Chapter 4
Offers, refusals and age
Article outline
- 4.1Communicative act structure: Preparatory, head and supportive acts
- 4.1.1Preparatory acts and age
- a.Greetings
- i.G-greeting + Address structure
- ii.Address/PM + W-greeting structure
- 4.1.2Head acts (types) and age
- a.Simple head acts: Simple offer head act = Simple refusal head act
- b.Mixed head acts: Simple offer head act = Complex refusal head act and vice versa
- i.Simple offer head act = Refusal + Thanks (+Reason/Preference)
- ii.Address/G-greeting + PM + Offer = Simple refusal
- iii.Simple offer head act = Compliment + Preference
- c.Complex head acts: Complex offer head act = Complex refusal head act
- i.Address + Offer or Offer + Address = Refusal + Address/+Thanks + Preference/Reason or Thanks + Address/+Reason/Preference
- ii.PM + Offer or Offer + PM = Refusal/+Thanks + Address/+Reason/+Preference or Interjection + Assurance
- iii.Address + PM + Offer = Refusal/Thanks + Address (+Compliment + Preference/Assurance) or Thanks (+Interjection) + Address + Preference
- 4.1.3Supportive acts and age
- a.Insistence act: Offer and offer refusal insistence
- b.Justification act: Justifying offers and offer refusals
- c.Explication act: Refusal questioning and refusal explication
- d.Deferral act: Offer remains open
- e.Solidarity act: If you don’t, then I won’t too
- f.Refusal acceptance act: Letting offeree off the hook
- g.Offer acceptance act: I accept it, thanks
- h.Compliment act: You are so respectful
- 4.2Offer utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 4.2.1Imperative strategy in offer utterances
- a.Offeree imperative or action
- b.State offerer permission
- c.Offer deictic
- 4.2.2Preference strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree preference
- b.Question offeree (future) action
- 4.2.3Execution strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree ability
- b.Question offerer ability
- c.State offerer tolerance
- 4.3Offer refusal utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 4.3.1Preference strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.3.2Assurance strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.3.3Direct refusal strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.3.4Return offer strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.3.5Impediment strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.3.6Acceptance strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 4.4Age in offers and offer refusals: Postcolonial pragmatic components
- 4.4.1Address forms
- a.Kinship terms
- b.Honorifics
- c.Endearment terms
- d.Attention getters
- 4.4.2Religion
- 4.4.3Collectivist cultures and social norms
- 4.4.4Gender
- 4.4.5Code-switching
- 4.5Summary: Age and social and linguistic behaviour between Ghana and Cameroon
-
Notes