Chapter 5
Offers, refusals and peer equality
Article outline
- 5.1Communicative act structure: Preparatory, head and supportive acts
- 5.1.1Preparatory acts and peer equality
- a.Greetings
- i.H-greeting + Familiarisation structure
- ii.H-greeting + Address form structure
- iii.H-greeting + Introduction structure
- b.Familiarisation
- c.Introduction
- 5.1.2Head acts (types) and peer equality
- a.Simple head acts: Simple offer head act = Simple refusal head act
- b.Mixed head acts: Simple offer head act = Complex refusal head act and vice versa
- i.Simple offer head act = Refusal + Thanks
- ii.Simple offer head act = Interjection + Thanks + Refusal +/ Reason
- iii.Simple offer head act = Thanks + Reason
- c.Complex head acts: Complex offer head act = Complex refusal head act
- i.H-greeting + PM + Offer = Refusal +/ Thanks (+ Reason)
- ii.Attention getter (+ Address) + Offer = Thanks +/ Interjection + Address/Refusal (+ Reason)
- 5.1.3Supportive acts and peer equality
- a.Insistence act: Offer and offer refusal insistence
- b.Explication act: Refusal questioning and refusal explication
- c.Alternative offer act: Offering something else
- d.Deferral act: Offer remains open
- e.Refusal acceptance act: Letting offeree off the hook
- f.Offer acceptance act: I accept it, thanks
- 5.2Offer utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 5.2.1Imperative strategy in offer utterances
- a.Offeree imperative or action
- b.State offerer permission
- c.Offer deictic
- d.State offeree invitation
- 5.2.2Preference strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree preference
- b.Question offeree interest
- c.Question offeree (future) action
- d.Question offeree need
- 5.2.3Declarative strategy in offer utterances
- a.State offeree invitation (passive)
- b.State offerer progressive action
- c.State offered item
- d.State offerer possession
- 5.2.3Execution strategy in offer utterances
- a.Question offeree ability
- b.Question offerer ability
- c.State offerer desire
- d.Offerer-offeree (future) action
- 5.3Offer refusal utterances: Realisation strategies and pragmatic functions
- 5.3.1Direct refusal strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 5.3.2Impediment strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 5.3.3Assurance strategy in offer refusal utterances
- 5.4Peer equality in offers and offer refusals: Postcolonial pragmatic components
- 5.4.1Address forms
- a.Camaraderie and friendship terms
- b.Names: First name and surname
- c.Endearment terms
- d.Kinship terms
- e.Attention getters
- f.Honorifics
- 5.4.2Religion
- 5.4.3Collectivist cultures and in-group bonding
- 5.4.4Peer equality and imposition
- 5.4.5Societal ills and suspicion
- 5.4.6Gender
- 5.5Summary: Peer equality between Ghana and Cameroon
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Notes