Subject index
A
- address form
2, 8, 12–13, 16, 18, 23, 39, 46, 63–64, 69, 77, 85, 89, 91–92, 98, 108, 110–111, 113, 116, 120, 127, 129, 130–131, 133, 137, 142, 147–152, 170–173, 175, 178–179, 184, 186–187, 191, 195, 197, 199, 210, 223–225, 231, 233, 237–239, 245, 247–248, 256, 270, 277–278, 280–281
;
see also address patterns
- address patterns
88, 128, 149
;
see also address form
- African societies
3, 8, 12, 102, 227
- age
2, 5, 8, 15, 26–29, 36, 46–48, 50, 58, 65, 72–73, 75–78, 86, 93–95, 102–103, 127–130, 136–139, 141, 143–144, 147, 152–158, 161, 163–165, 171, 175, 178, 181–182, 184, 186, 189–193, 195–197, 204, 212, 214, 234, 236, 238, 249–250, 267–271, 275–277
- age asymmetry
137–138, 158, 171, 175, 178, 186, 196
- age-based asymmetrical relationships
137, 175, 186
- Akan
11, 18, 45, 56, 202, 280
B
- British colonisation
55
;
See also British colonialism
- British colonialism
59, 259
;
See also British colonisation
- British-ruled Cameroon
59
- bystander effect
2, 157
;
see also onlooker response
see also third-party effect
C
- Cameroon
2–3, 10–19, 22, 25–26, 38–40, 53–62, 69–76, 80–81, 84, 92–93, 108–109, 116–123, 126–127, 129–131, 134–136, 144–145, 158, 160–163, 169, 172–173, 187, 191–193, 198, 200, 209, 211–212, 225–233, 238–239, 247–249, 259–262, 269, 271, 275–281
- Cameroon English
6, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22, 38–39, 141, 235, 248, 269, 276
- Cameroon French
12–13, 15, 38–39
- Cameroon Pidgin English
12, 15, 39
- code-switching
43, 182, 191, 250, 254–255, 281
- collectivist society
2, 101, 162–163, 189–190, 226, 231, 245, 260, 277, 280
- collectivist culture
3, 29, 48, 51, 135, 139, 182, 189, 193, 199, 212, 237, 242–243
- collectivist cultural norm
27–28, 189, 264
- colonial languages
11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251, 272, 275, 282–283
- colonialism
32, 36, 38–39, 41, 44–46, 48, 51, 54, 56–59, 61, 151, 193, 242, 251, 259
;
see also colonisation
- colonisation
6, 39, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 251
;
see also colonialism
- commissive speech act
1, 10, 102, 108
- communicative act
5, 15, 19, 22–24, 25–26, 28, 34, 39, 43–44, 63–64, 66, 76–77, 79–80, 91–92, 99–100, 103, 105–106, 108, 124, 136–138, 156, 165–167, 186, 193, 196, 218–219, 221, 275–276, 280, 282
- Cross-cultural pragmatics
8, 29, 33, 35, 282
E
- ethnicity
19, 27, 29, 44, 48–49, 153, 160, 249, 251, 255, 258–260, 262, 265
- ethnic boundaries
254, 261
- ethnic group
1, 15–19, 27, 45, 48–50, 53, 56, 64, 70–71, 125, 135, 148, 189–190, 199–200, 215, 252–254, 258–262, 264–266, 270
- ethnic identity
48, 53, 151, 196, 257–259
- ethnic language
11, 39, 199, 250–251, 253–254, 256–258, 271
- ethnic stereotypes
15, 50, 265
- ex-colonial language
11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251–252, 272, 275
- external modification
15, 23–24, 64, 79, 137–138, 196
-
ezigbo omume
11, 14, 32, 135
F
- face
1, 3–4, 9, 11–15, 18–19, 29, 32, 42–43, 47–48, 52–54, 70–72, 86, 93, 96, 101, 133–135, 148, 161, 196, 209, 215–216, 233, 244–246, 248, 257–259, 261, 268, 275, 277
- face needs
70, 135, 258, 275
- face threat
9, 14, 134, 196, 245–246, 248
- face threatening act
14, 133, 215
- face threatening question
4, 70, 72
- individual face
3, 9, 42, 47, 54, 70, 135, 214, 245, 275
- individual face needs
70, 135, 275
- individual face rights
47
- individual face wants
3, 9, 42, 54
- public face
48, 101, 148, 245
G
- gender
15, 19, 26–29, 38, 44, 54–55, 63–67, 70, 84, 86–87, 92, 96, 101–105, 125–126, 128, 130–133, 136, 147–149, 152, 156, 158, 169, 176–177, 182, 189, 191, 197, 204, 207, 215–216, 218, 221–223, 232, 239–241, 249, 268, 272, 275
- gender conceptualisations
54–55
- gender differentiation
54, 67, 131, 133
- gender discourses
55, 130–131, 133
- gender roles
55, 247, 272
- gender stereotypes
131–132
- gender-based expectations
272
- Ghana
3, 9, 14, 18–19, 45–46, 48–49, 59, 61–62, 68–76, 78, 80–81, 84, 86–89, 93, 96, 99, 101–106, 116–120, 122–123, 129–131, 134, 136, 144–145, 149, 156, 158, 161, 163, 169, 175–177, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 202–203, 214–219, 222–223, 235, 251–254, 264–266, 277–281
- Ghanaian English
6, 12, 15, 19, 22, 111, 173, 203, 223, 229, 240, 276
H
- head act
5, 15, 23–24, 28, 63–65, 75–76, 78–81, 84–92, 94, 100, 105, 108, 110, 112–113, 115–116, 119, 137–139, 147–150, 152, 165–166, 172, 181, 186, 190, 195, 204–205, 207–211, 218, 229, 241, 276
- Historical pragmatics
29, 33, 37–38, 43, 282
-
hlonipha
9, 11, 14, 32, 135
- hybridism
7, 32, 34, 41, 45, 56, 130, 160, 164–165, 188, 222, 242, 249, 255, 263, 267, 272–273
I
- Identity
17, 27, 36–37, 42, 44, 48–50, 53–54, 70, 73, 98–99, 142, 151, 190, 199, 247, 250–253, 257–259, 272–273
- identity opportunism
43, 53, 247, 250, 253, 256–257, 285
- indigenous ethnic identity
257
- language identity
251, 253, 257–258
- linguistic identity
19, 53, 249, 250–252
- Igbo
9, 11, 14–15, 18, 32, 254, 293, 295
- indigenous African cultures
12, 15
- indigenous African languages
11, 15
- indigenous African religions
266
- indigenous religious experience
267
- indigenous codes of conduct
188
- indigenous cultures
3, 46, 270
- indigenous cultural norms
229, 265, 268
- indigenous social norms
242
- indigenous social systems
41, 60
- indigenous language
7–8, 12, 16, 19–20, 24, 27, 51, 55, 58, 72, 249–250, 252–253, 256, 280–281,
- indigenous languages
6–8, 11–12, 39, 45, 56, 58, 60, 191, 251–252, 271, 282
- indigenous lingua franca
45, 56, 254
- indigenous pragmatic practices
43
- Intercultural pragmatics
35–36
- Interlanguage pragmatics
29, 33–34
- internal modification
5, 23–24, 63, 79–80, 84–85, 88, 108, 110, 122, 143–144, 166, 172, 195, 203–204, 208, 210, 221, 223, 225, 228, 233–234, 237, 241
K
- kinship
2–3, 8, 16, 27–28, 39–41, 47, 50–51, 69, 98, 111, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 148–149, 154, 169–171, 175–176, 180, 182–187, 199, 223, 238–239, 241, 245, 252–253, 268–270, 275, 277, 280–281
- kinship relation
2, 51, 268
- kinship relationship
2, 16, 28, 41, 47, 178, 241, 245, 277
- kinship space
40, 50, 154, 269
- kinship term
16, 40–41, 50, 69, 111, 125–126, 129–130 , 142, 148, 154, 169–170, 175, 180, 182–185, 186–187, 223, 238–239, 241, 275, 277, 280
L
- language policy
46, 56–57, 59, 283
- official language
19, 44–45, 51, 56–57, 130, 249, 251–252, 254, 257–258, 271, 275, 282
- linguistic victimisation
43, 250, 256
M
- multilingualism
35, 41, 254
N
- native language
33, 184–185, 192, 253, 255, 258
O
- offer
1–5, 14, 18–20, 23–28, 31, 37, 40–42, 44, 46–47, 49, 52–53, 62–70, 90–91, 101–103, 113, 116, 127–130, 132–140, 142, 156, 162–164, 186, 188–191, 193, 195–197, 200–201, 204, 207, 211, 213–217, 224, 226, 237, 239, 241–249, 251–254, 256–257, 260–270, 272, 275–281
- routine offer
3, 108, 229
- third-party imperative offer
82, 90–91, 98, 103, 112–114, 116, 170
- third-party imperative strategy
90, 112
- offer refusal
1, 5, 14, 18–19, 23–24, 26, 28, 62–65, 75, 79–80, 87–89, 91–92, 98–99, 119–124, 136–138, 143–144, 147–148, 150, 152–153, 156, 172, 176–181, 189, 195, 203–204, 208–209, 211, 213, 233–237, 245, 277
- offer refusal utterance
1, 5, 19, 26, 28, 62, 89, 120–124, 136, 144, 147, 150, 176–178, 181, 233–236
- acceptance strategy
177, 181
- assurance strategy
176–177, 179–180, 236–237
- direct refusal strategy
122, 124, 177, 179–180, 234
- impediment strategy
121–122, 177, 181, 234–235
- postponement strategy
120, 124
- return offer strategy
180
- offer utterance
3–5, 28, 62, 65, 70, 84–85, 88, 108–109, 114, 116, 119–120, 122, 132, 136,147, 149–150, 169–170, 172, 174, 180, 203, 207–208, 221–223, 225, 228, 231
- declarative strategy
108, 119, 221–223, 228, 230
- execution strategy
116–117, 119, 174–175, 221–222, 231–232
- imperative strategy
90, 112–113, 116, 166, 169–170, 172, 174, 221–223, 225, 228
- preference strategy
109–113, 121, 123, 166, 172–173, 177–178, 221–222, 225, 227
- onlooker response
46, 50, 138, 157, 160–162, 189, 258, 270
;
see also bystander effect
see also third-party effect
P
- peer equality
195–196, 207–208, 224–225, 234, 239, 245, 248, 269, 277, 280
- Pidgin
6, 12, 18–20, 39, 44, 51, 56–60, 72–73, 97, 130, 185–186, 249–251, 254–255, 257, 280–281
- Pidgin English
12, 15, 19–20, 39, 57–59, 72–73, 97, 130, 185, 244, 251, 280–281
- politeness
1, 3, 7–14, 29, 31–32, 43, 52, 63, 74, 79, 86–88, 97, 101–102, 112–113, 124, 140, 147, 149–150, 159, 169, 171–172, 186, 195, 203, 210, 215, 223–224, 236, 241, 248, 272, 276
- politeness strategy
7, 8, 14
- postcolonial African cultures
98
- postcolonial communities
6, 10, 13–14, 17–19, 35–36, 43, 48, 56–57, 59, 65, 70, 91, 121, 125, 132, 134, 144, 164, 169, 182, 221, 249, 256, 273
- postcolonial citizens
217, 263
- postcolonial contexts
3, 6, 14–15, 20, 32–35, 41, 48, 51, 58, 60, 109, 127–128, 130, 134–135, 140, 164, 170, 211, 246, 259, 269, 272
- postcolonial discourse
188, 282
- postcolonial era
37, 127, 275
- postcolonial heritage
136, 176, 207
- postcolonial multilingual societies
1, 5, 28–29, 34, 249
- postcolonial society
7–10, 12, 14–15, 17, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 44–46, 48, 52–55, 63, 69, 76, 127, 133, 139, 142, 153, 184–186, 195, 214, 227, 235, 241–242, 248–250, 254–260, 267–272, 275–278, 282–283
- Postcolonial Englishes
6–7
- postcolonial varieties of English
6
- postcolonial pragmatics
7, 9–10, 13, 15, 19–20, 23, 25, 27–30, 32–33, 36–39, 41–42, 44, 50–51, 55–57, 59–62, 136, 143, 154, 159, 164, 188, 235, 262, 268, 271, 275–276, 282
- postcolonial pragmatic components
3, 27–28, 44, 48, 55, 64, 99, 124–127, 134, 136–137, 182, 193, 195, 237, 263
- power
16, 20, 28, 36–37, 45, 60, 63, 65, 72, 77–78, 88–90, 92–93, 95, 101, 109, 118, 124–125, 127, 129, 133, 139, 141–142, 144, 150, 160–161, 178, 180–181, 197, 201, 214, 226, 251, 258, 267, 277, 282
- asymmetrical power relationship
63, 80, 95, 127, 195, 277
- power asymmetrical situations
195
- power imbalance
20, 88, 157
- social power
69, 109, 124, 156, 161, 180, 201
- pre-colonial cultures
39–40
- preparatory act
23–24, 63–71, 73–78, 84, 88–89, 105, 139–142, 165–166, 196–203, 218, 221, 240, 278–279
R
- religion
4, 16, 26–28, 40–41, 44, 52–53, 57–59, 61, 63–64, 96–97, 99, 102, 121, 125, 134–135, 143, 154, 157, 161, 163, 180, 182, 188–189, 193, 207, 209–211, 213, 215, 234–237, 242–243, 263–267, 272, 275–276
- religious belonging
28, 249, 263
- religious doctrine
157, 188, 263, 265
- respect
2–3, 7–11, 25, 32, 34, 46, 68–69, 86, 101, 124–125, 133–134, 137, 140–144, 157–160, 163–164, 169–170, 177–178, 186–190, 195–196, 209, 224–225, 231, 241, 248–250, 268–269, 272, 281
- respect address form
122, 142
- respect system
2, 10, 14, 25, 68
S
- social cohesion
2, 11, 16, 84, 88–89, 92, 94, 105, 132, 139, 159, 182, 187, 211, 216, 233
;
see also societal cohesion
- social interaction
6–8, 12–13, 19, 27, 32–34, 39–42, 57, 113, 122, 136–137, 142, 164, 188, 249, 272, 275–276, 282
- social norms
2, 9, 25, 27–28, 48, 52, 68, 72, 80, 85, 89, 91–92, 117, 134–135, 152–155, 157, 160, 164, 174, 188, 246, 256, 258–259, 269–271, 275–277, 281
- social relationships
1, 10, 32, 77, 105, 108, 172, 191, 212, 270, 277
- social roles
1, 11, 28, 43, 46, 50, 103, 127, 133, 142, 189, 211, 243, 249, 255, 268, 270, 275–276
- social status
8, 16, 28–29, 53–54, 62–65, 78, 101, 128, 133, 189, 197, 234, 256, 268, 276, 281
- social structure
28, 30–32, 37, 72, 100, 122, 125, 127, 212, 216, 268
- societal cohesion
3, 11, 16, 50, 78, 96, 182, 217, 276–277, 279
see also social cohesion
- societal norms
3, 5, 28, 62, 139, 143–144, 148, 152, 174, 249, 277
- speech act
1, 5, 10–15, 22–23, 30, 35, 38–39, 43, 64, 77, 94, 102, 108, 113, 169–170, 180, 196, 203, 207, 215, 217, 223, 228, 275–276, 276, 282
- supportive act
5, 15, 23–24, 28, 68, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 91–93, 95–96, 98–104, 121–122, 137–139, 148, 152–154, 156, 158–161, 163–165, 177, 195–196, 202, 211–212, 214–218, 235, 276, 279, 281
T
- theory of communicative acts
15, 20, 22–23, 65
- third-party effect
46, 50, 138, 160, 189, 217, 258, 270
;
see also bystander effect
see also onlooker response
- Twi
45, 56, 68–69, 72, 75, 132, 151, 160, 169, 184–185, 202, 212, 214, 242, 254–256
V
- Variational pragmatics
13, 29, 33, 38–39, 43, 276, 282
W
- Western
1–2, 7–15, 29–33, 42–43, 54–55, 76, 109, 112, 122, 133, 170, 240, 261–262, 272, 282
- Western context
9, 47, 76, 109, 170
- Western frameworks
29, 42
- Western societies
8, 12, 30, 52, 269
- Western theories
8–9, 11, 14–15, 32
- Western pragmatics
30, 43
- Western pragmatic theories
12, 30, 282
- World Englishes
6, 10, 19–22, 38, 276, 282
- World Englishes paradigm
19–22, 282
Z
- Zulu
9, 11, 14, 18, 32, 39