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Part of
Offers and Offer Refusals: A postcolonial pragmatics perspective on World Englishes
Eric A. Anchimbe
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 298] 2018
► pp. 313–315

Subject index

A

  • address form 2, 8, 12–13, 16, 18, 23, 39, 46, 63–64, 69, 77, 85, 89, 91–92, 98, 108, 110–111, 113, 116, 120, 127, 129, 130–131, 133, 137, 142, 147–152, 170–173, 175, 178–179, 184, 186–187, 191, 195, 197, 199, 210, 223–225, 231, 233, 237–239, 245, 247–248, 256, 270, 277–278, 280–281 ; see also address patterns
  • address patterns 88, 128, 149 ; see also address form
  • African societies 3, 8, 12, 102, 227
  • age 2, 5, 8, 15, 26–29, 36, 46–48, 50, 58, 65, 72–73, 75–78, 86, 93–95, 102–103, 127–130, 136–139, 141, 143–144, 147, 152–158, 161, 163–165, 171, 175, 178, 181–182, 184, 186, 189–193, 195–197, 204, 212, 214, 234, 236, 238, 249–250, 267–271, 275–277
    • age asymmetry 137–138, 158, 171, 175, 178, 186, 196
    • age-based power 150
    • age-based asymmetrical relationships 137, 175, 186
  • Akan 11, 18, 45, 56, 202, 280

B

  • British colonisation 55 ; See also British colonialism
  • British English 13, 38
  • British colonialism 59, 259 ; See also British colonisation
  • British-ruled Cameroon 59
  • British Cameroons 252
  • British Gold Coast 59
  • bystander effect 2, 157 ; see also onlooker response see also third-party effect

C

  • Cameroon 2–3, 10–19, 22, 25–26, 38–40, 53–62, 69–76, 80–81, 84, 92–93, 108–109, 116–123, 126–127, 129–131, 134–136, 144–145, 158, 160–163, 169, 172–173, 187, 191–193, 198, 200, 209, 211–212, 225–233, 238–239, 247–249, 259–262, 269, 271, 275–281
  • Cameroon English 6, 12–13, 15–16, 19, 22, 38–39, 141, 235, 248, 269, 276
  • Cameroon French 12–13, 15, 38–39
  • Cameroon Pidgin English 12, 15, 39
  • code-switching 43, 182, 191, 250, 254–255, 281
  • collectivist society 2, 101, 162–163, 189–190, 226, 231, 245, 260, 277, 280
    • collectivist culture 3, 29, 48, 51, 135, 139, 182, 189, 193, 199, 212, 237, 242–243
    • collectivist cultural norm 27–28, 189, 264
  • colonial languages 11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251, 272, 275, 282–283
  • colonialism 32, 36, 38–39, 41, 44–46, 48, 51, 54, 56–59, 61, 151, 193, 242, 251, 259 ; see also colonisation
  • colonisation 6, 39, 55–56, 59–60, 62, 251 ; see also colonialism
  • commissive speech act 1, 10, 102, 108
    • commissive act 117
    • commissive intent 232
  • communicative act 5, 15, 19, 22–24, 25–26, 28, 34, 39, 43–44, 63–64, 66, 76–77, 79–80, 91–92, 99–100, 103, 105–106, 108, 124, 136–138, 156, 165–167, 186, 193, 196, 218–219, 221, 275–276, 280, 282
  • Cross-cultural pragmatics 8, 29, 33, 35, 282

E

  • ethnicity 19, 27, 29, 44, 48–49, 153, 160, 249, 251, 255, 258–260, 262, 265
    • ethnic boundaries 254, 261
    • ethnic group 1, 15–19, 27, 45, 48–50, 53, 56, 64, 70–71, 125, 135, 148, 189–190, 199–200, 215, 252–254, 258–262, 264–266, 270
    • ethnic identity 48, 53, 151, 196, 257–259
    • ethnic language 11, 39, 199, 250–251, 253–254, 256–258, 271
    • ethnic stereotypes 15, 50, 265
  • ex-colonial language 11–12, 39, 56, 133, 251–252, 272, 275
  • external modification 15, 23–24, 64, 79, 137–138, 196
  • ezigbo omume 11, 14, 32, 135

F

  • face 1, 3–4, 9, 11–15, 18–19, 29, 32, 42–43, 47–48, 52–54, 70–72, 86, 93, 96, 101, 133–135, 148, 161, 196, 209, 215–216, 233, 244–246, 248, 257–259, 261, 268, 275, 277
    • face needs 70, 135, 258, 275
    • face threat 9, 14, 134, 196, 245–246, 248
    • face threatening act 14, 133, 215
    • face threatening question 4, 70, 72
    • face wants 3, 9, 42, 54
    • group face 1, 53, 161
    • individual face 3, 9, 42, 47, 54, 70, 135, 214, 245, 275
    • individual face needs 70, 135, 275
    • individual face rights 47
    • individual face wants 3, 9, 42, 54
    • public face 48, 101, 148, 245
  • French colonisation 55

G

  • gender 15, 19, 26–29, 38, 44, 54–55, 63–67, 70, 84, 86–87, 92, 96, 101–105, 125–126, 128, 130–133, 136, 147–149, 152, 156, 158, 169, 176–177, 182, 189, 191, 197, 204, 207, 215–216, 218, 221–223, 232, 239–241, 249, 268, 272, 275
    • gender conceptualisations 54–55
    • gender differentiation 54, 67, 131, 133
    • gender discourses 55, 130–131, 133
    • gender equality 54
    • gender expectations 55
    • gender roles 55, 247, 272
    • gender stereotypes 131–132
    • gender-based expectations 272
    • gendered identity 53
  • German colonisation 56
  • Ghana 3, 9, 14, 18–19, 45–46, 48–49, 59, 61–62, 68–76, 78, 80–81, 84, 86–89, 93, 96, 99, 101–106, 116–120, 122–123, 129–131, 134, 136, 144–145, 149, 156, 158, 161, 163, 169, 175–177, 181, 183, 185, 187, 191, 202–203, 214–219, 222–223, 235, 251–254, 264–266, 277–281
  • Ghanaian English 6, 12, 15, 19, 22, 111, 173, 203, 223, 229, 240, 276

H

  • head act 5, 15, 23–24, 28, 63–65, 75–76, 78–81, 84–92, 94, 100, 105, 108, 110, 112–113, 115–116, 119, 137–139, 147–150, 152, 165–166, 172, 181, 186, 190, 195, 204–205, 207–211, 218, 229, 241, 276
  • Historical pragmatics 29, 33, 37–38, 43, 282
  • hlonipha 9, 11, 14, 32, 135
  • hybridism 7, 32, 34, 41, 45, 56, 130, 160, 164–165, 188, 222, 242, 249, 255, 263, 267, 272–273
    • hybrid varieties 39
    • linguistic hybridism 249

I

  • Identity 17, 27, 36–37, 42, 44, 48–50, 53–54, 70, 73, 98–99, 142, 151, 190, 199, 247, 250–253, 257–259, 272–273
    • hybrid identities 40
    • identity opportunism 43, 53, 247, 250, 253, 256–257, 285
    • indigenous ethnic identity 257
    • language identity 251, 253, 257–258
    • linguistic identity 19, 53, 249, 250–252
  • Igbo 9, 11, 14–15, 18, 32, 254, 293, 295
    • Igbo language 11
  • indigenous African cultures 12, 15
  • indigenous African languages 11, 15
  • indigenous African religions 266
    • indigenous religion 272
    • indigenous religious experience 267
  • indigenous codes of conduct 188
  • indigenous cultures 3, 46, 270
    • indigenous cultural norms 229, 265, 268
    • indigenous social norms 242
    • indigenous social systems 41, 60
  • indigenous language 7–8, 12, 16, 19–20, 24, 27, 51, 55, 58, 72, 249–250, 252–253, 256, 280–281,
  • indigenous languages 6–8, 11–12, 39, 45, 56, 58, 60, 191, 251–252, 271, 282
  • indigenous lingua franca 45, 56, 254
  • indigenous pragmatic practices 43
  • Intercultural pragmatics 35–36
  • Interlanguage pragmatics 29, 33–34
  • internal modification 5, 23–24, 63, 79–80, 84–85, 88, 108, 110, 122, 143–144, 166, 172, 195, 203–204, 208, 210, 221, 223, 225, 228, 233–234, 237, 241

K

  • kinship 2–3, 8, 16, 27–28, 39–41, 47, 50–51, 69, 98, 111, 125–127, 129–130, 135, 148–149, 154, 169–171, 175–176, 180, 182–187, 199, 223, 238–239, 241, 245, 252–253, 268–270, 275, 277, 280–281
    • kinship relation 2, 51, 268
    • kinship relationship 2, 16, 28, 41, 47, 178, 241, 245, 277
    • kinship role 269
    • kinship space 40, 50, 154, 269
    • kinship term 16, 40–41, 50, 69, 111, 125–126, 129–130 , 142, 148, 154, 169–170, 175, 180, 182–185, 186–187, 223, 238–239, 241, 275, 277, 280

L

  • language policy 46, 56–57, 59, 283
    • official language 19, 44–45, 51, 56–57, 130, 249, 251–252, 254, 257–258, 271, 275, 282
  • linguistic victimisation 43, 250, 256

M

  • multilingualism 35, 41, 254

N

  • native language 33, 184–185, 192, 253, 255, 258

O

  • offer 1–5, 14, 18–20, 23–28, 31, 37, 40–42, 44, 46–47, 49, 52–53, 62–70, 90–91, 101–103, 113, 116, 127–130, 132–140, 142, 156, 162–164, 186, 188–191, 193, 195–197, 200–201, 204, 207, 211, 213–217, 224, 226, 237, 239, 241–249, 251–254, 256–257, 260–270, 272, 275–281
    • polite offers 196, 281
    • routine offer 3, 108, 229
    • third-party imperative offer 82, 90–91, 98, 103, 112–114, 116, 170
    • third-party imperative strategy 90, 112
  • offer refusal 1, 5, 14, 18–19, 23–24, 26, 28, 62–65, 75, 79–80, 87–89, 91–92, 98–99, 119–124, 136–138, 143–144, 147–148, 150, 152–153, 156, 172, 176–181, 189, 195, 203–204, 208–209, 211, 213, 233–237, 245, 277
  • offer refusal utterance 1, 5, 19, 26, 28, 62, 89, 120–124, 136, 144, 147, 150, 176–178, 181, 233–236
    • acceptance strategy 177, 181
    • assurance strategy 176–177, 179–180, 236–237
    • direct refusal strategy 122, 124, 177, 179–180, 234
    • impediment strategy 121–122, 177, 181, 234–235
    • inability strategy 123
    • postponement strategy 120, 124
    • return offer strategy 180
  • offer utterance 3–5, 28, 62, 65, 70, 84–85, 88, 108–109, 114, 116, 119–120, 122, 132, 136,147, 149–150, 169–170, 172, 174, 180, 203, 207–208, 221–223, 225, 228, 231
    • declarative strategy 108, 119, 221–223, 228, 230
    • execution strategy 116–117, 119, 174–175, 221–222, 231–232
    • imperative strategy 90, 112–113, 116, 166, 169–170, 172, 174, 221–223, 225, 228
    • preference strategy 109–113, 121, 123, 166, 172–173, 177–178, 221–222, 225, 227
  • onlooker response 46, 50, 138, 157, 160–162, 189, 258, 270 ; see also bystander effect see also third-party effect

P

  • peer equality 195–196, 207–208, 224–225, 234, 239, 245, 248, 269, 277, 280
  • Pidgin 6, 12, 18–20, 39, 44, 51, 56–60, 72–73, 97, 130, 185–186, 249–251, 254–255, 257, 280–281
    • Pidgin English 12, 15, 19–20, 39, 57–59, 72–73, 97, 130, 185, 244, 251, 280–281
  • politeness 1, 3, 7–14, 29, 31–32, 43, 52, 63, 74, 79, 86–88, 97, 101–102, 112–113, 124, 140, 147, 149–150, 159, 169, 171–172, 186, 195, 203, 210, 215, 223–224, 236, 241, 248, 272, 276
    • politeness strategy 7, 8, 14
  • postcolonial African cultures 98
  • postcolonial communities 6, 10, 13–14, 17–19, 35–36, 43, 48, 56–57, 59, 65, 70, 91, 121, 125, 132, 134, 144, 164, 169, 182, 221, 249, 256, 273
    • postcolonial citizens 217, 263
    • postcolonial contexts 3, 6, 14–15, 20, 32–35, 41, 48, 51, 58, 60, 109, 127–128, 130, 134–135, 140, 164, 170, 211, 246, 259, 269, 272
    • postcolonial discourse 188, 282
    • postcolonial era 37, 127, 275
    • postcolonial heritage 136, 176, 207
    • postcolonial multilingual societies 1, 5, 28–29, 34, 249
    • postcolonial society 7–10, 12, 14–15, 17, 27, 29–30, 32, 34, 44–46, 48, 52–55, 63, 69, 76, 127, 133, 139, 142, 153, 184–186, 195, 214, 227, 235, 241–242, 248–250, 254–260, 267–272, 275–278, 282–283
  • Postcolonial Englishes 6–7
    • Postcolonial English 13
    • postcolonial varieties of English 6
  • postcolonial pragmatics 7, 9–10, 13, 15, 19–20, 23, 25, 27–30, 32–33, 36–39, 41–42, 44, 50–51, 55–57, 59–62, 136, 143, 154, 159, 164, 188, 235, 262, 268, 271, 275–276, 282
    • postcolonial pragmatic components 3, 27–28, 44, 48, 55, 64, 99, 124–127, 134, 136–137, 182, 193, 195, 237, 263
  • power 16, 20, 28, 36–37, 45, 60, 63, 65, 72, 77–78, 88–90, 92–93, 95, 101, 109, 118, 124–125, 127, 129, 133, 139, 141–142, 144, 150, 160–161, 178, 180–181, 197, 201, 214, 226, 251, 258, 267, 277, 282
    • asymmetrical power relationship 63, 80, 95, 127, 195, 277
    • colonial power 60, 251
    • power asymmetrical situations 195
    • power asymmetry 95, 129
    • power imbalance 20, 88, 157
    • power structure 36, 109
    • social power 69, 109, 124, 156, 161, 180, 201
  • pre-colonial cultures 39–40
  • preparatory act 23–24, 63–71, 73–78, 84, 88–89, 105, 139–142, 165–166, 196–203, 218, 221, 240, 278–279

R

  • religion 4, 16, 26–28, 40–41, 44, 52–53, 57–59, 61, 63–64, 96–97, 99, 102, 121, 125, 134–135, 143, 154, 157, 161, 163, 180, 182, 188–189, 193, 207, 209–211, 213, 215, 234–237, 242–243, 263–267, 272, 275–276
    • religious belonging 28, 249, 263
    • religious doctrine 157, 188, 263, 265
    • religious identity 52–53
  • respect 2–3, 7–11, 25, 32, 34, 46, 68–69, 86, 101, 124–125, 133–134, 137, 140–144, 157–160, 163–164, 169–170, 177–178, 186–190, 195–196, 209, 224–225, 231, 241, 248–250, 268–269, 272, 281
    • respect address form 122, 142
    • respect norms 19, 249
    • respect system 2, 10, 14, 25, 68

S

  • social cohesion 2, 11, 16, 84, 88–89, 92, 94, 105, 132, 139, 159, 182, 187, 211, 216, 233 ; see also societal cohesion
  • social interaction 6–8, 12–13, 19, 27, 32–34, 39–42, 57, 113, 122, 136–137, 142, 164, 188, 249, 272, 275–276, 282
    • social norms 2, 9, 25, 27–28, 48, 52, 68, 72, 80, 85, 89, 91–92, 117, 134–135, 152–155, 157, 160, 164, 174, 188, 246, 256, 258–259, 269–271, 275–277, 281
    • social relationships 1, 10, 32, 77, 105, 108, 172, 191, 212, 270, 277
    • social roles 1, 11, 28, 43, 46, 50, 103, 127, 133, 142, 189, 211, 243, 249, 255, 268, 270, 275–276
    • social status 8, 16, 28–29, 53–54, 62–65, 78, 101, 128, 133, 189, 197, 234, 256, 268, 276, 281
    • social structure 28, 30–32, 37, 72, 100, 122, 125, 127, 212, 216, 268
  • societal cohesion 3, 11, 16, 50, 78, 96, 182, 217, 276–277, 279 see also social cohesion
    • societal norms 3, 5, 28, 62, 139, 143–144, 148, 152, 174, 249, 277
  • speech act 1, 5, 10–15, 22–23, 30, 35, 38–39, 43, 64, 77, 94, 102, 108, 113, 169–170, 180, 196, 203, 207, 215, 217, 223, 228, 275–276, 276, 282
  • supportive act 5, 15, 23–24, 28, 68, 73, 79–80, 85–86, 91–93, 95–96, 98–104, 121–122, 137–139, 148, 152–154, 156, 158–161, 163–165, 177, 195–196, 202, 211–212, 214–218, 235, 276, 279, 281

T

  • theory of communicative acts 15, 20, 22–23, 65
  • third-party effect 46, 50, 138, 160, 189, 217, 258, 270 ; see also bystander effect see also onlooker response
  • Twi 45, 56, 68–69, 72, 75, 132, 151, 160, 169, 184–185, 202, 212, 214, 242, 254–256
    • Twi language 185

U

  • ubuntu 11, 14, 32, 135

V

  • Variational pragmatics 13, 29, 33, 38–39, 43, 276, 282

W

  • wakimae 32
  • Western 1–2, 7–15, 29–33, 42–43, 54–55, 76, 109, 112, 122, 133, 170, 240, 261–262, 272, 282
    • Western concepts 54
    • Western context 9, 47, 76, 109, 170
    • Western frameworks 29, 42
    • Western societies 8, 12, 30, 52, 269
    • Western theories 8–9, 11, 14–15, 32
  • Western pragmatics 30, 43
    • Western pragmatic theories 12, 30, 282
  • World Englishes 6, 10, 19–22, 38, 276, 282
    • World Englishes paradigm 19–22, 282

Z

  • Zulu 9, 11, 14, 18, 32, 39
    • Zulu language 288