The chapter describes a virtuous circle (feedback loop) whereby sustained humor (i.e., humorous exchanges lasting more than three turns) may occur, despite the tendency of speakers to return to the unmarked, serious mode of communication. Since humor is often accompanied by cues of humorous intention/interpretation on the part of both speaker and hearer and given the tendency to mirror one’s interlocutor’s gestures, these cues may be reciprocated (e.g., smiling synchrony). However, due to the facial feedback hypothesis of embodied cognition, producing a facial gesture associated with an emotion leads the subject to experience that emotion. Hence, speakers who mimic the facial cues of humorous intention may end up experiencing the same emotion of mirth that the other speaker is experiencing and this in turn may lead them to have the intention of producing more humor, hence triggering a virtuous circle that may continue for extended periods of time.
1997 “Reversal Theory, What Is It?” Psychologist 10: 217–220.
Attardo, Salvatore
2002 “Humor and Irony in Interaction: From Mode Adoption to Failure of Detection.” In Say Not to Say: New Perspectives on Miscommunication, ed. by Luigi Anolli, Rita Ciceri & Giuseppe Riva, 159‒179. Amsterdam: IOS Press.
Attardo, Salvatore
2017 “The Virtuous Circle of Humor: Sustained Humorous Exchanges, Mirth and Humor Markers.” Paper presented at NETHRC.
Attardo, Salvatore & Lucy Pickering
2011 “Timing in the Performance of Jokes.” HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 24 (2): 233‒250.
2003 “Can We Hear the Prosody of Smile?” Speech Communication 40 (1): 87‒97.
Bavelas, Janet Beavin, Alex Black, Charles R. Lemery & Jennifer Mullett
1987 “Motor Mimicry as Primitive Empathy.” In Empathy and its Development, ed. by Nancy Eisenberg & Janet Strayer, 317‒338. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bell, Nancy
2015We are Not Amused: Failed Humor in Interaction. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Brown, Gillian, Karen L. Currie & Joanne Kenworthy
1980Questions of Intonation. Baltimore: University Park Press.
Buck, Ross
1980 “Nonverbal Behavior and the Theory of Emotion: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 38 (5): 811‒824.
Buck, Ross
1994 “Social and Emotional Functions in Facial Expression and Communication: The Readout Hypothesis.” Biological Psychology 38 (2): 95‒115.
Cashdan, Elizabeth
1998 “Smiles, Speech, and Body Posture: How Women and Men Display Sociometric Status and Power.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 22 (4): 209‒228.
Darwin, Charles
1872 [1998]The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals. New York: Oxford University Press.
Davies, Catherine Evans
1984 “Joint Joking: Improvisational Humorous Episodes in Conversation.” In Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, ed. by Claudia Brugman, Monica Macaulay, Amy Dahlstrom, Michele Emanatian, Birch Moonwomon & Catherine O’Connor, 360‒371. Berkeley: University of California.
Drew, Paul
1987 “Po-Faced Receipts of Teases.” Linguistics 25: 219‒253.
Eisterhold, Jodi, Salvatore Attardo & Diana Boxer
2006 “Reactions to Irony in Discourse: Evidence for the Least Disruption Principle.” Journal of Pragmatics 38 (8): 1239‒1256.
Ekman, Paul
(ed.)2006Darwin and Facial Expression: A Century of Research in Review. Los Altos, CA: Malor Books.
Ekman, Paul & Wallace V. Friesen
1969 “Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception.” Psychiatry 32 (1): 88‒106.
1982 “Felt, False and Miserable Smiles.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6: 238–252.
Emerson, Joan P.
1969 “Negotiating the Serious Import of Humor.” Sociometry 32 (2): 169‒181.
Émond, Caroline
2006 “Une analyse prosodique de la parole souriante: une étude préliminaire.” In Actes des XXVIe Journées d’étude sur la parole (JEP), p. 147‒150. 12–16 June 2006, Dinard, France.
Émond, Caroline
2014Les corrélats prosodiques et fonctionnels de la parole perçue souriante en français québécois spontané. PhD Dissertation. Montreal: Université du Québec à Montréal.
Émond, Caroline & Marty Laforest
2013 “Prosodic Correlates of Smiled-Speech.” Proceedings of the 21st International Congress on Acoustics (ICA), 2–7 June 2013, Montréal.
Fine, Gary A.
1984 “Humorous Interaction and the Social Construction of Meaning: Making Sense in a Jocular Vein.” Studies in Symbolic Interaction 5: 83‒101.
Fridlund, Alan J.
1991 “Sociality of Solitary Smiling: Potentiation by an Implicit Audience.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (2): 229‒240.
Fridlund, Alan J.
1994Human Facial Expression: An Evolutionary View. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Gervais, Matthew & David Sloan Wilson
2005 “The Evolution and Functions of Laughter and Humor: A Synthetic Approach.” Quarterly Review of Biology 80: 395‒430.
Gironzetti, Elisa
2017a “Prosodic and Multimodal Markers of Humor.” In The Routledge Handbook of Language and Humor, ed. by Salvatore Attardo, 400–413. London/New York: Routledge.
Gironzetti, Elisa
2017bMultimodal and Eye-Tracking Evidence in the Negotiation of Pragmatic Intentions in Dyadic Conversations: The Case of Humorous Discourse. PhD Dissertation, Texas A&M University-Commerce.
2016 “Smiling, Gaze, and Humor in Conversation.” In Metapragmatics of Humor: Current Research Trends, ed. by Leonor Ruiz-Gurillo, 235‒254. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
2016 “Smiling Synchronicity and Gaze Patterns in Dyadic Humorous Conversations.” Humor: International Journal of Humor Research 29 (2): 301‒324.
Goffman, Erving
1974Frame Analysis. An Essay on the Organization of Experience. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Harker, LeeAnne & Dacher Keltner
2001 “Expressions of Positive Emotion in Women’s College Yearbook Pictures and Their Relationship to Personality and Life Outcomes across Adulthood.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (1): 112–124.
Harris, Christine R. & Nancy Alvarado
2005 “Facial Expressions, Smile Types, and Self Report during Humour, Tickle, and Pain.” Cognition & Emotion 19: 655–669.
Haspelmath, Martin
2006 “Against Markedness (and What to Replace It with).” Journal of Linguistics 42 (1): 25‒70.
Hatfield, Elaine, John T. Cacioppo & Richard L. Rapson
1992 “Primitive Emotional Contagion.” Review of Psychology: Emotion and Social Behavior 14: 25‒59.
Hay, Jennifer
2001 “The Pragmatics of Humor Support.” HUMOR: International Journal of Humor Research 14 (1): 55‒82.
Heerey, Erin A. & Helen M. Crossley
2013 “Predictive and Reactive Mechanisms in Smile Reciprocity.” Psychological Science 24 (8): 1446‒1455.
Heerey, Erin A. & Ann M. Kring
2007 “Interpersonal Consequences of Social Anxiety.” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 116 (1): 125‒134.
Hymes, Dell
1967 “Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Setting.” Journal of Social Issues 23 (2): 8‒28.
Hymes, Dell
1972 “Models of the Interaction of Language and Social Life.” In Directions in Sociolinguistics: The Ethnography of Communication, ed. by John J. Gumperz & Dell Hymes, 35‒71. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston.
Jakobson, Roman
1932 [1971] “Zur Struktur des russischen Verbums.” In Charisteria Gulielmo Mathesio oblata, 74‒84. Prague: Pražský Linguistický Kroužek. Reprinted in Selected writings, Volume II, 3‒15. The Hague: Mouton.
Jefferson, Gail
1972 “Side Sequences.” In Studies in Social Interaction, ed. by David Sudnow, 294‒338. New York/London: Free Press-Collier-Macmillan.
Jefferson, Gail
1979 “A Technique for Inviting Laughter and its Subsequent Acceptance Declination.” In Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology, ed. by George Psathas, 79‒96. New York: Irvington.
Jefferson, Gail
1985 “An Exercise in the Transcription and Analysis of Laughter.” In Handbook of Discourse Analysis, ed. by Teun A. van Dijk, Volume 3: 25‒34. London: Academic.
Jefferson, Gail, Harvey Sacks & Emanuel A. Schegloff
1977 “Preliminary Notes on the Sequential Organization of Laughter.” Pragmatics Microfiche. Available at [URL].
Kleinke, Chris L. & Janice H. Walton
1982 “Influence of Reinforced Smiling on Affective Responses in an Interview.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 42 (3): 557‒565.
Kotthoff, Helga
2009 “Joint Construction of Humorous Fictions in Conversation.” Journal of Literary Theory 32: 195–218.
Krumhuber, Eva G. & Antony S. R. Manstead
2009 “Can Duchenne Smiles Be Feigned? New Evidence on Felt and False Smiles.” Emotion 9 (6): 807‒820.
Lasarcyk, Eva & Jürgen Trouvain
2008 “Spread Lips + Raised Larynx + Higher f0 = Smiled Speech? An Articulatory Synthesis Approach.” Proceedings of ISSP, 43‒48.
Martin, Rod A.
2007The Psychology of Humor: An Integrative Approach. Boston, MA: Elsevier Academic Press.
McIntosh, Daniel N.
1996 “Facial Feedback Hypotheses: Evidence, Implications, and Directions.” Motivation and Emotion 20 (2): 121‒147.
Mehu, Mark & Robin I. M. Dunbar
2008 “Naturalistic Observations of Smiling and Laughter in Human Group Interactions.” Behaviour 145 (12): 1747‒1780.
Mehu, Mark, Karl Grammer & Robin I. M. Dunbar
2007 “Smiles When Sharing.” Evolution and Human Behavior 28 (6): 415‒422.
Moncelet, Christian
2006Les mots du comique et de l’humour. Paris: Belin.
Mulkay, Michael
1988On Humour: Its Nature and Place in Modern Society. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Ohala, John J.
1980 “The Acoustic Origin of the Smile.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 68 (S1): S33.
Ohala, John J.
1996 “Ethological Theory and the Expression of Emotion in the Voice.” In ICSLP 96: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Spoken Language. Volume 3, 1812‒1815.
Papa, Anthony & George A. Bonanno
2008 “Smiling in the Face of Adversity: The Interpersonal and Intrapersonal Functions of Smiling.” Emotion 8: 1–12.
2009 “Prosodic Markers of Saliency in Humorous Narratives.” Discourse Processes 46: 517‒540.
Quené, Hugo, Gün R. Semin & Francesco Foroni
2012 “Audible Smiles and Frowns Affect Speech Comprehension.” Speech Communication 54 (7): 917‒922.
Radcliffe-Brown, Alfred R.
1940 “On Joking Relationships.” Africa 13 (3): 195–210.
Rees, Charlotte E. & Lynn V. Monrouxe
2010 “ ‘I should be lucky ha ha ha ha’: The Construction of Power, Identity and Gender through Laughter within Medical Workplace Learning Encounters.” Journal of Pragmatics 42: 3384–3399.
Robson, Julie & Janet MackenzieBeck
1999 “Hearing Smiles: Perceptual, Acoustic and Production Aspects of Labial Spreading.” In Proceedings of the XIVth International Congress of Phonetic Sciences, Volume 1, 219‒222.
Ruch, Willibald
1993 “Exhilaration and Humor.” In The Handbook of Emotion, ed. by Jeannette M. Haviland & Michael Lewis, 605‒616. New York: Guilford Publications.
1998 “Can We Hear Smile?” Presentation to Fifth International Conference on Spoken Language Processing.
Schmidt, Karen L., Zara Ambadar, Jeffrey F. Cohn & L. Ian Reed
2006 “Movement Differences between Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Expressions: Zygomaticus Major Action in Smiling.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 30 (1): 37‒52.
2009 “Comparison of Deliberate and Spontaneous Facial Movement in Smiles and Eyebrow Raises.” Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 33: 35–45.
Soussignan, Robert
2002 “Duchenne Smile, Emotional Experience, and Autonomic Reactivity: A Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis.” Emotion 2 (1): 52‒74.
Strack, Fritz, Leonard L. Martin & Sabine Stepper
1988 “Inhibiting and Facilitating Conditions of the Human Smile: A Non-Obtrusive Test of the Facial Feedback Hypothesis.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54: 768–777.
Tartter, Vivien C.
1980 “Happy Talk: Perceptual and Acoustic Effects of Smiling on Speech.” Perception & Psychophysics 27 (1): 24–27.
Tartter, Vivien C. & David Braun
1994 “Hearing Smiles and Frowns in Normal and Whisper Registers.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 96 (4): 2101–2107.
Tomkins, Silvan S.
1962Affect, Imagery and Consciousness: The Positive Affects. New York: Springer.
Van Hoof, Jan A. R. A. M.
1972 “A Comparative Approach to the Phylogeny of Laughter and Smiling.” In Non-Verbal Communication, ed. by Robert A. Hinde, 209–237. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Whalen, Juanita M. & Penny M. Pexman
2010 “How Do Children Respond to Verbal Irony in Face-to-Face Communication? The Development of Mode Adoption across Middle Childhood.” Discourse Processes 47: 363‒387.
Wilson, Robert A. & Lucia Foglia
2017 “Embodied Cognition.” In The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Spring 2017 Edition, ed. by Edward N. Zalta. [URL].
Zhang, Ying & Salvatore Attardo
2015 “Sustained Humor in Chinese Dyadic Conversation.” Paper presented at the ISHS conference. Oakland, California, 29 June to 3 July 2015.
Bredikhin, Sergey, Vladislav Babayants, Iuliia Pelevina, D. Rudoy, A. Olshevskaya & N. Ugrekhelidze
2021. A comprehensive cognitive-perceptual model of analysis for contextually determined components of a conceptualized term. E3S Web of Conferences 273 ► pp. 11038 ff.
Ladilova, Anna & Ulrike Schröder
2022. Humor in intercultural interaction: A source for misunderstanding or a common ground builder? A multimodal analysis. Intercultural Pragmatics 19:1 ► pp. 71 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 22 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.