Chapter 2
“A geography of names”
A genre analysis of nationality-driven names for venereal disease in seventeenth-century England
We investigate discourses surrounding venereal disease in a wide body of seventeenth-century texts in the one-billion-word Early English Books Online (EEBO) corpus. By combining quantitative methods with close reading of texts within EEBO, we explore whether perceptions of sufferers and responses to the illness itself shifted as the century progressed. In order to uncover the kinds of written works in which references to venereal disease appear, we undertake a genre analysis with the help of genre categories added to the corpus. The analysis shows that at the beginning of the century, references to these diseases were most likely to appear within historical works, while the end of the century witnesses an increase in references to venereal disease in scientific and medical texts.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Material and methods
- 3.Results
- 3.1What words were used to refer to venereal disease?
- 3.2Genre distribution
- 4.Conclusion
-
Acknowledgements
-
Notes
-
References
References
Primary sources
B.E.
1699 A New Dictionary of the Canting Crew in its Several Tribes of Gypsies, Beggers, Thieves, Cheats &c. London.
Bate, George, James Shipton and William Salmon
1694 Pharmacopœia Bateana, or, Bate’s dispensatory. London.
Browne, John
1684 Adenochoiradelogia. London.
Butler, Samuel
1684 Hudibras in three parts. London.
Cavendish, William
1649 The Country Captained and the Varietie. London.
Croll, Oswald
1670 Bazilica Chymica, & Praxis Chymiatricæ. London.
Culpeper, Nicholas
1651 Semeiotica Uranica, or, An Astrological Judgment of Diseases from the Decumbiture of the Sick. London.
Culpeper, Nicholas
1652 The English Physitian. London.
Fage, Robert
1667 Cosmography or, a Description of the Whole World. London.
Fioravanti, Leonardo
1626 A Discourse vpon Chyrurgery. London.
Gayton, Edmund
1659 [
no title]. London.
Glisson, William, Anthony Gulston, William Style and Henry Applegarth
1679 The Common Law Epitomiz’d with Directions How to Prosecute and Defend Personal Actions, Very Useful for All Lawyers, Justices of Peace, and Gentlemen. London.
Harrington, James
1682 Horæ Consecratæ. London.
J.T.
1619 The Hunting of the Pox a Pleasant Discourse betweene the Authour, and Pild-Garlicke. London.
Johnson, William
1665 Agyrto-Mastix. London.
Lowe, Peter
1569 Easie, certaintie, and perfect method, to cure and preuent the Spanish sicknes. London.
Leo, Africanus
1600 A Geographical Historie of Africa. London.
Marston, John
1598 The Metamorphosis of Pigmalions Image. London.
Pechey, John
1692 A Collection of Chronical Diseases viz. the Colick, the Bilious Colick, Hysterick Diseases, the Gout, and the Bloody Urine from the Stone in the Kidnies. London.
Pechey, John
1694a The Compleat Herbal of Physical Plants Containing All Such English and Foreign Herbs, Shrubs and Trees as are Used in Physick and Surgery. London.
Pechey, John
1694b The London Dispensatory, Reduced to the Practice of the London Physicians wherein are Contain’d the Medicines, Both Galenical and Chymical, that are Now in Use. London.
Pechey, John
1697 A Plain Introduction to the Art of Physick Containing the Fundamentals, and Necessary Preliminaries to Practice. London.
Primerose, James
1640 The Antimoniall Cup Twice Cast. London.
Purchas, Samuel
1613 Purchas his Pilgrimage. London.
Purchas, Samuel
1625 Purchas his Pilgrimes In Fiue Bookes. London.
Ramesey, William
1653 Astrologia Restaurata. London.
Salmon, William
1698 Ars Chirurgica a Compendium of the Theory and Practice of Chirurgery in Seven Books. London.
Sennert, Daniel
1660 Two Treatises. London.
Sheppard, William
1662 Action upon the Case for Slander. London.
Taylor, John
1630 All the vvorkes of Iohn Taylor the water poet. London.
Taylor, John
1654 [untitled]. London.
Thomson, Thomas
1668 The English Rogue. London.
Valera, Cipriano de
1600 Two Treatises. London.
Secondary sources
Bailey-Goldschmidt, Janice, and Martin Kalfatovic
1993 “
Sex, Lies and European Hegemony: Travel Literature and Ideology.”
Journal of Popular Culture 26 (4): 141–153.
Burford, Ephraim John
1973 The Orrible Synne: A Look at London Lechery from Roman to Cromwellian Times. London: Calder and Boyars.
Churchill, Wendy
2005 “
The Medical Practice of the Sexed Body: Women, Men, and Disease in Britain, circa 1600–1740.”
Social History of Medicine 18 (1): 3–22.
Cohen, Ralph
1986 “
History and Genre.”
Neohelicon 13 (2): 87–105.
Eastaugh, Nicholas, Valentine Walsh, Tracey Chaplin and Ruth Siddall
2008 Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments. London and New York: Routledge.
Fraser, Antonia
1984 The Weaker Vessel: Woman’s Lot in Seventeenth Century England. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson.
Gowing, Laura
1993 “
Gender and the Language of Insult in Early Modern London.”
History Workshop Journal 35: 1–21.
Furdell, Elizabeth
2002 Publishing and Medicine in Early Modern England. New York: University of Rochester Press.
Green, Jonathan
2020 Green’s Dictionary of Slang. Digital Edition.
[URL]
Hamlin, William
2014 “
God-language and Scepticism in Early Modern England: An Exploratory Study Using Corpus Linguistics Analysis as a Form of Distant Reading.”
English Literature 1 (1): 17–41.
Kohn, George
(ed.) 2008 Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present. New York: Facts on File.
Lancashire, Ian
2015 Lexicons of Early Modern English. Toronto: University of Toronto Library and University of Toronto Press.
[URL]
Linane, Fergus
2003 London: The Wicked City. London: Robson.
Maurer, David
1981 Language of the Underworld. Lexington, Kentucky.
McEnery, Tony, and Helen Baker
2016 Corpus Linguistics and 17th-Century Prostitution: Computational Linguistics and History. Bloomsbury: London.
McEnery, Tony, and Helen Baker
2017a “
Language Surrounding Poverty in Early Modern England: A Corpus-Based Investigation of How People Living in the Seventeenth-Century Perceived the Criminalised Poor.” In
From Data to Evidence in English Language Research, ed. by
Carla Suhr,
Terttu Nevalainen and
Irma Taavitsainen, 225–257. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
McEnery, Tony, and Helen Baker
2017b “
The Public Representation of Homosexual Men in Seventeenth-Century England: A Corpus Based View.”
Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics 3 (2): 197–217.
Murphy, Sean
2019 “
Shakespeare and His Contemporaries: Designing a Genre Classification scheme for Early English Books Online 1560–1640.”
ICAME Journal 43: 59–82.
Orr, Leah
2011 “
Genre Labels on the Title Pages of English Fiction, 1660–1800.”
Philological Quarterly 90 (1): 65–95.
Qualtiere, Louis F. and William W. E. Slights
2003 “
Contagion and Blame in Early Modern England: The Case of the French Pox.”
Literature and Medicine 22 (1): 1–24.
Pechey, John
Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press.
Ratia, Maura
2013 “
Investigating Genre through Title-Pages: Plague Treatises of the Stuart Period in Focus.” In
Principles and Practices for the Digital Editing and Annotation of Diachronic Data, ed. by
Anneli Meurman-Solin and
Jukka Tyrkkö. Helsinki: Varieng.
[URL]
Rodgers, Bruce
1972 The Queens’ Vernacular. San Francisco, California: Straight Arrow Books.
Sharpe, James A.
1980 Defamation and Sexual Slander in Early Modern England: The Church Courts at York. York: Borthwick.
Siena, Kevin
1998 “
Pollution, Promiscuity, and the Pox: English Venereology and the Early Modern Medical Discourse on Social and Sexual Danger.”
Journal of the History of Sexuality 8 (4): 553–574.
Siena, Kevin
2001 “
The ‘Foul Disease’ and Privacy: The Effects of Venereal Disease and Patient Demand on the Medical Marketplace in Early Modern London.”
Bulletin of the History of Medicine 75 (2): 199–224.
Smitterberg, Erik, and Merja Kytö
2015 “
English Genres in Diachronic Corpus Linguistics.” In
From Clerks to Corpora: Essays on the English Language Yesterday and Today, ed. by
Philip Shaw,
Britt Erman,
Gunnel Melchers and
Peter Sundkvist, 117–133. Stockholm: Stockholm University Press.
Spates, William
2006 “
Proverbs, Pox, and the Early Modern Femme Fatale.”
Notes and Queries 53 (1): 47.
Spongberg, Mary
1997 Feminizing Venereal Disease: The Body of the Prostitute in Nineteenth-Century Medical Discourse. New York: New York University Press.
Sullivan, Ceri
2007 “
Disposable Elements? Indications of Genre in Early Modern Titles.”
The Modern Language Review 32 (2): 641–653.
Sumich, Christi
2013 Divine Doctors and Dreadful Distempers: How Practicing Medicine Became a Respectable Profession. Amsterdam and New York: Rodopi.
Szreter, Simon
2017 “
Treatment Rates for the Pox in Early Modern England: A Comparative Estimate of the Prevalence of Syphilis in the City of Chester and its Rural Vicinity in the 1770s.”
Continuity and Change 32 (2): 183–223.
Taavitsainen, Irma
2001a “
Changing Conventions of Writing: The Dynamics of Genres, Text Types, and Text Traditions.”
European Journal of English Studies 5 (2): 139–150.
Tapié, Victor
1976 “
Louis XIV’s Methods in Foreign Policy.” In
Louis XIV and Europe, ed. by
Ragnhild Marie Hatton, 3–15. London: Macmillan.
Ullman, Stephen
1957 The Principles of Semantics. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Ullman, Stephen
1962 Semantics: An Introduction to the Science of Meaning. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Vazquez, Maegan
2020 “
Trump says he’s pulling back from calling novel coronavirus the ‘China virus’”. CNN. 24 March 2020.
[URL]
Vazquez, Maegan, and Betsy Klein
2020 “
Trump again defends use of the term ‘China virus’.
CNN, 17 March 2020.
[URL]
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Gillings, Mathew, Gerlinde Mautner & Paul Baker
2023.
Corpus-Assisted Discourse Studies,
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 20 march 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.