Cover not available
Part of
Multimodal Im/politeness: Signed, spoken, written
Edited by Andreas H. Jucker, Iris Hübscher and Lucien Brown
[Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 333] 2023
► pp. 185–211

Chapter 7
Within-speaker accommodation behavior in apology-centered interactions

The role of socio-pragmatic factors

ORCID logo | Saarland University
ORCID logo | University of Zurich | Zurich University of Applied Sciences
The present study explores the extent to which vocal accommodation in conflicting situations can be explained by socio-pragmatic factors such as interpersonal relationships (i.e., politeness) and pragmatic events occurring in apology-centered interactions. A total of 28 dyadic conversations where 14 target speakers (8 males and 6 females) interacted in apology-centered role-plays with a status superior and a friend interlocutor were annotated phonetically, orthographically, pragmatically and analyzed separately. Accommodation was measured with the difference-in-distance paradigm comparing the first and last 30% of the conversations. The main results indicate that the conversations with a status superior are characterized by more divergent behavior than the conversations with a friend. These findings suggest that interpersonal power dynamics between interlocutors could serve as a predictor for accommodation behavior.
Keywords: vocal accommodation, F0 variability, interpersonal relationships, apology-centered interactions
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Background
    • 2.1Vocal accommodation behavior
    • 2.2Function of accommodation behavior
    • 2.3Factors affecting accommodation behavior
    • 2.4Accommodation effects
  • 3.Methods
    • 3.1Participants
    • 3.2Stimuli
    • 3.3Annotation
    • 3.4Measuring accommodation
    • 3.5Statistical analysis
  • 4.Results
    • 4.1F0 variation depending on social distance between the interlocutors
    • 4.2F0 accommodation behavior as a function of social distance
    • 4.3F0 accommodation behavior as a function of speaker gender
    • 4.4Within-speaker analysis of accommodation
  • 5.Discussion and conclusion
  • Acknowledgments
  • References
Published online: 21 February 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/pbns.333.07ibr
References (99)
References
Aijmer, Karin. 2019. “‘Ooh whoops I’m sorry!’ Teenagers’ Use of English Apology Expressions.” Journal of Pragmatics 142: 258–269. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Babel, Molly. 2012. “Evidence for Phonetic and Social Selectivity in Spontaneous Phonetic Imitation.” Journal of Phonetics 40 (1): 177–189. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Babel, Molly, and Dasha Bulatov. 2012. “The Role of Fundamental Frequency in Phonetic Accommodation.” Language and Speech 55 (2): 231–248. DOI logo PMID: 22783633Google Scholar
Babel, Molly, Grant McGuire, Sophia Walters, and Alice Nicholls. 2014. “Novelty and Social Preference in Phonetic Accommodation.” Laboratory Phonology 5 (1): 123–150. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bailly, Gerard, and Amelie Martin. 2014. “Assessing Objective Characterizations of Phonetic Convergence.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, Singapore, 2011–2015. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bane, Max, Peter Graff, and Morgan Sonderegger. 2012. “Longitudinal Phonetic Variation in a Closed System.” The 46th Chicago Linguistics Society.Google Scholar
Bates, Douglas, Martin Mächler, Ben Bolker, and Steve Walker. 2015. “Fitting Linear Mixed-Effects Models Using lme4.” Journal of Statistical Software 67 (1): 1–48. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bell, Linda, Johan Boye, Joakim Gustafson, and Mats Wirén. 2000. “Modality Convergence in a Multimodal Dialogue System.” In Proceedings of Gtalog 2000, Fourth Workshop on the Semantics and Pragmatics of Dialogue, 29–34.Google Scholar
Bell, Linda, Joakim Gustafson, and Mattias Heldner. 2003. “Prosodic Adaptation in Human-Computer Interaction.” In Proceedings of ICPHS’03, 833–836.Google Scholar
Beňuš, Štefan, Agustín Gravano, Rivka Levitan, Sarah Ita Levitan, Laura Willson, and Julia Hirschberg. 2014. “Entrainment, Dominance and Alliance in Supreme Court Hearings.” Knowledge Based System 7: 3–14. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bishop, Jason, and Patricia Keating. 2012. “Perception of Pitch Location within a Speaker’s Range: Fundamental Frequency, Voice Quality and Speaker Sex.” The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 132 (2): 1100–1112. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana, and Elite Olshtain. 1984. “Requests and Apologies: A Cross-cultural Study of Speech Act Realization Patterns (CCSARP).” Applied Linguistics 5 (3): 196–213. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Boersma, Paul, and David Weenink. 2020. “Praat: Doing Phonetics by Computer [Computer Program].” Version 6.1.08, from [URL]
Bourhis, Richard Y. 1977. “The Language of Intergroup Distinctiveness.” In Language, Ethnicity, and Intergroup Relations, ed. by Howard Giles, 119–135. London: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Branigan, Holly P., Martin J. Pickering, and Alexandra A. Cleland. 2000. “Syntactic Coordination in Dialogue.” Cognition 75 (2): B13–B25. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brennan, Susan E. 1991. “Conversation with and through Computers.” User Modeling and User-adapted Interaction 1 (1): 67–86. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brennan, Susan E., and Herbert H. Clark. 1996. “Conceptual Pacts and Lexical Choice in Conversation.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 22 (6): 1482–1493.Google Scholar
Brown, Lucien. 2011. Korean Honorifics and Politeness in Second Language Learning. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, Lucien, Hyunji Kim, Iris Hübscher, and Bodo Winter. (Forthcoming). “Gestures are Modulated by Social Context: A Study of Multimodal Politeness across two Cultures.” Gesture.
Caballero, Jonathan, Nikos Vergis, Xiaoming Jiang, and Marc Pell. 2018. “The Sound of Im/politeness.” Speech Communication 10: 39–53. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cohen Priva, Uriel, and Chelsea Sanker. 2018. “Distinct Behaviors in Convergence across Measures.” In Proceedings of the 40th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society, 1515–1520.Google Scholar
. 2019. “Limitations of Difference-in-difference for Measuring Convergence.” Laboratory Phonology: Journal of the Association for Laboratory Phonology 10 (1), 15: 1–29. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coles-Harris, Evan Hugh. 2017. “Perspectives on the Motivations for Phonetic Convergence.” Language and Linguistics Compass 11 (12): e12268. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cooke, Martin, Simon King, Maëva Garnier, and Vincent Aubanel. 2014. “The Listening Talker: A Review of Human and Algorithmic Context-induced Modifications of Speech.” Computer Speech and Language 28 (2): 543–571. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Coulston, Rachel, Sharon Oviatt, and Courtney Darves. 2002. “Amplitude Convergence in Children’s Conversational Speech with Animated Personas.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, 2689–2692.Google Scholar
Danescu-Niculescu-Mizil, Cristian, Michael Gamon, and Susan Dumais. 2011. “‘Mark my words!’ Linguistic Style Accommodation in Social Media.” In Proceedings of WWW, 745–754. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
De Looze, Celine, and Daniel Hirst. 2014. “Theome (Octave-median) Scale: A Natural Scale for Speech Melody.” In Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Speech Prosody, Dublin, 910–914.Google Scholar
De Looze, Céline, Stefan Scherer, Brian Vaughan, and Nick Campbell. 2014. “Investigating Automatic Measurements of Prosodic Accommodation and its Dynamics in Social Interaction.” Speech Communication 58: 11–34. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Delvaux, Véronique, and Alain Soquet. 2007. “The Influence of Ambient Speech on Adult Speech Productions through Unintentional Imitation.” Phonetica 64 (2–3): 145–173. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Deutschmann, Mats. 2003. Apologising in British English. PhD diss., Umeå Universitet. Sweden.
Drager, Katie, Jen Hay, and Abby Walker. 2010. “Pronounced Rivalries: Attitudes and Speech Production.” Te Reo 53: 27–53.Google Scholar
Edlund, Jens, Mattias Heldner, and Julia Hirschberg. 2009. “Pause and Gap Length in Face-to-face Interaction.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, Brighton, 2779–2782. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gessinger, Iona, Eran Raveh, Ingmar Steiner, and Bernd Möbius. 2021. “Phonetic Accommodation to Natural and Synthetic Voices: Behavior of Groups and Individuals in Speech Shadowing.” Speech Communication 127: 43–63. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Giles, Howard, Nikolas Coupland, and Justine Coupland. 1991. “Accommodation Theory: Communication, Context, and Consequence.” In Contexts of Accommodation: Developments in Applied Sociolinguistics, ed. by Howard Giles, Justine Coupland, and Nikolas Coupland, 1–68. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grainger, Karen, and Sandra Harris. 2007. “Special Issue: Apologies: Introduction.” Journal of Politeness Research 3 (1): 1–9. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Grawunder, Sven, Marianne Oertel, and Cordula Schwarze. 2014. “Politeness, Culture, and Speaking Task: Paralinguistic Prosodic Behavior of Speakers from Austria and Germany.” In Proceedings of Speech Prosody, Dublin, Ireland, 159–163. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gregory, Stanford W., and Stephen Webster. 1996. “A Nonverbal Signal in Voices of Interview Partners Effectively Predicts Communication Accommodation and Social Status Perceptions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 70 (6): 1231–1240. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Harris, Sandra, Karen Grainger, and Louise Mullany. 2006. “The Pragmatics of Political Apologies.” Discourse & Society 17 (6): 715–737. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heath, Jevon. 2017. “How Automatic is Phonetic Convergence? Evidence from Working Memory.” In Proceedings of the Linguistic Society of America, 35.Google Scholar
Holmes, Janet. 1998. “Apologies in New Zealand English.” In The Sociolinguistics Reader: Gender and Discourse, ed. by Jenny Cheshire, and Peter Trudgill. 201–239. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Honorof, Douglas N., and D. H. Whalen. 2005. “Perception of Pitch Location within a Speaker’s F0 Range.” Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 117: 2193–2200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hübscher, Iris, Joan Borràs-Comes, and Pilar Prieto. 2017. “Prosodic Mitigation Characterizes Catalan Formal Speech: The Frequency Code Reassessed.” Journal of Phonetics 65: 145–159. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ibrahim, Omnia, Gabriel Skantze, Sabine Stoll, and Volker Dellwo. 2019. “Fundamental Frequency Accommodation in Multi-party Human-robot Game Interactions: The Effect of Winning or Losing.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, 3980–3984. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jucker, Andreas H. 2018. “Apologies in the History of English: Evidence from the Corpus of Historical American English (COHA).” Corpus Pragmatics 2 (4): 375–398. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Karpiński, Maciej, Katarzyna Klessa, and Agnieszka Czoska. 2014. “Local and Global Convergence in the Temporal Domain in Polish Task-oriented Dialogue.” In Proceedings of Speech Prosody, 743–747. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kasanga, Luanga A., and Joy-Christine Lwanga-Lumu. 2007. “Cross-cultural Linguistic Realization of Politeness: A Study of Apologies in English and Setswana.” Journal of Politeness Research 3 (1): 65–92. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kisler, Thomas, Uwe Reichel, and Florian Schiel. 2017. “Multilingual Processing of Speech via Web Services.” Computer Speech & Language 45: 326–347. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kurtić, Emina, and Jan Gorisch. 2018. “F0 Accommodation and Turn Competition in Overlapping Talk.” Journal of Phonetics 71: 376–394. ISSN 0095-4470. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Per B. Brockhoff, and Rune H. B. Christensen. 2017. “lmertest Package: Tests in Linear Mixed Effects Models.” Journal of Statistical Software 82 (13): 1–26. [URL], DOI logo
Lee, Chi-Chun, Matthew Black, Athanasios Katsamanis, Adam Lammert, Brian Baucom, Andrew Christensen, Panayiotis G. Georgiou, and Shrikanth Narayanan. 2010. “Quantification of Prosodic Entrainment in Affective Spontaneous Spoken Interactions of Married Couples.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, 793–796. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lee, Chi-Chun, Athanasios Katsamanis, Matthew P. Black, Brian R. Baucom, Andrew Christensen, Panayiotis G. Georgiou, and Shrikanth S. Narayanan. 2014. “Computing Vocal Entrainment: A Signal-derived PCA-based Quantification Scheme with Application to Affect Analysis in Married Couple Interactions.” Computer, Speech and Language 28 (2): 518–539. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lehnert-LeHouillier, Heike, Susana Terrazas, Steven Sandoval, and Rachel Boren. 2020. “The Relationship between Prosodic Ability and Conversational Prosodic Entrainment.” In Proceedings of Speech Prosody, 769–773. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leongómez, Juan David, Katarzyna Pisanski, David Reby, Disa Sauter, Nadine Lavan, Marcus Perlman, and Jaroslava Varella Valentova. 2021. “Voice Modulation: From Origin and Mechanism to Social Impact.” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376 (1840). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levitan, Rivka, Štefan Beňuš, Agustín Gravano, and Julia Hirschberg. 2015a. “Entrainment and Turn-taking in Human-human Dialogue.” In AAAI 2015 Spring Symposium on Turn-taking and Coordination in Human-Machine Interaction, 44–51.Google Scholar
. 2015b. “Acoustic-prosodic Entrainment in Slovak, Spanish, English and Chinese: A Cross- linguistic Comparison.” In Annual Meeting of the Special Interest Group on Discourse and Dialogue (SIGdial), 325–334. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Levitan, Rivka, Agustín Gravano, Laura Willson, Štefan Beňuš, Julia Hirschberg, and Ani Nenkova. 2012. “Acoustic-prosodic Entrainment and Social Behavior.” In Proceedings of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics Conference: Human Language Technologies, Stroudsburg, PA, USA, 11–19.Google Scholar
Levitan, Rivka, and Julia Hirschberg. 2011. “Measuring Acoustic-prosodic Entrainment with Respect to Multiple Levels and Dimensions.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, 3081–3084. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lewandowski, Natalie. 2012. “Automaticity and Consciousness in Phonetic Convergence.” The Listening Talker conference, Edinburgh, 70–71.Google Scholar
Loveday, Leo. 1981. “Pitch, Politeness and Sexual Role: An Exploratory Investigation into the Pitch Correlates of English and Japanese Politeness Formulae.” Language and Speech 24: 71–89. ( DOI logo)Google Scholar
Manson, Joseph H., Gregory A. Bryant, Matthew M. Gervais, and Michelle A. Kline. 2013. “Convergence of Speech Rate in Conversation Predicts Cooperation.” Evolution of Human Behavior 34 (6): 419–426. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Michalsky, Jan, and Heike Schoormann. 2017. “Pitch Convergence as an Effect of Perceived Attractiveness and Likability.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, Stockholm, 2253–2256. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mikeev, Y. V. 1971. “Statistical Distribution of the Periods of the Fundamental Tone of Russian Speech.” Soviet Physics-Acoustics 16: 474–477.Google Scholar
Miles, Lynden K., Louise K. Nind, and C. Neil Macrae. 2009. “The Rhythm of Rapport: Interpersonal Synchrony and Social Perception.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 45: 585. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Natale, Michael. 1975. “Convergence of Mean Vocal Intensity in Dyadic Communication as a Function of Social Desirability.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 32 (5): 790–804. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Niederhoffer, Kate G., and James W. Pennebaker. 2002. “Linguistic Style Matching in Social Interaction.” Journal of Language and Social Psychology 21 (4): 337–360. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Oh, Eunhae, and Mao Cui. 2020. “The Acquisition of Acoustic Correlates of Politeness by Native Chinese Speakers.” Linguistic Research 37: 113–134.Google Scholar
Ohala, John J. 1984. “An Ethological Perspective on Common Cross-language Utilization of F0 of Voice.” Phonetica 41: 1–16. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Olshtain, Elite, and Andrew Cohen. 1983. “Apology: A Speech Act Set.” In Sociolinguistics and Language Acquisition, ed. by Nessa Wolfson, and Elliott Judd, 18–36. Rowley, MA: Newbury House.Google Scholar
Orozco, Leonor. 2008. “Peticiones corteses y factores prosódicos.” In Fonología Instrumental, ed. by Esther Herrera Zendejas, and Pedro Martin Butragueno, 335–355. Mexico City, México: El Colegio de México.Google Scholar
Pardo, Jennifer S. 2006. “On Phonetic Convergence During Conversational Interaction.” Journal of American Acoustic Society 119: 2382–2393. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pardo, Jennifer S., Rachel Gibbons, Alexandra Suppes, and Robert M. Krauss. 2012. “Phonetic Convergence in College Roommates.” Journal of Phonetics 40: 190–197. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pardo, Jennifer S., Kelly Jordan, Mallar Rollienei, Caitlin Scanlon, and Eva Lewandowski. 2013. “Phonetic Convergence in Shadowed Speech: The Relation Between Acoustic and Perceptual Measures.” Journal of Memory and Language 69 (3): 183–195. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pardo, Jennifer S., Adelya Urmanche, Sherilyn Wilman, and Jaclyn Wiener. 2016. Phonetic Convergence across Multiple Measures and Model Talkers. Attention, Perception and Psychophysics 79: 637–659. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pardo, Jennifer S., Adelya Urmanche, Sherilyn Wilman, Jaclyn Wiener, Nicholas Mason, Keagan Francis, and Melanie Ward. 2018. “A Comparison of Phonetic Convergence in Conversational Interaction and Speech Shadowing.” Journal of Phonetics 69: 1–11. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pickering, Martin J., and Simon Garrod. 2004. “Toward a Mechanistic Psychology of Dialogue.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 27 (2): 169–190. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2013. “An Integrated Theory of Language Production and Comprehension.” Behavioral and Brain Sciences 36 (4): 329–347. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
. 2021. Understanding Dialogue: Language Use and Social Interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pierrehumbert, Janet B. 2001. “Exemplar Dynamics: Word Frequency, Lenition, and Contrast.” In Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure, ed. by Joan Bybee, and Paul Hopper, 137–157. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
R Core Team. 2018. “R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.” Vienna, Austria, [URL]
Rappaport, Werner. 1958. “Über Messungen der Tonhöhen Verteilung in der deutschen Sprache.” Acustica 8: 220–225.Google Scholar
Rasenberg, Marlou, Asli Özyürek, and Mark Dingemanse. 2020. “Alignment in Multimodal Interaction: An Integrative Framework.” Cognitive Science 44 (11): e12911. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reichel, Uwe D., Štefan Beňuš, and Katalin Mády. 2018. “Entrainment Profiles: Comparison by Gender, Role, and Feature Set.” Speech Communication 100: 46–57. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reis, Harry. 2007. “Similarity-attraction Effect.” In Encyclopedia of Social Psychology, ed. by Roy F. Baumeister, and Kathleen D. Vohs, 876–876. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Reitter, David, Johanna D. Moore, and Frank Keller. 2006. “Priming of Syntactic Rules in Task-oriented Dialogue and Spontaneous Conversation.” In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), 685–690.Google Scholar
Sagi, Eyal, and Daniel Diermeier. 2017. “Language Use and Coalition Formation in Multiparty Negotiations.” In Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society (CogSci), 259–271. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Savino, Michelina, Loredana Lapertosa, Alessandro Caffò, and Mario Refice. 2016. “Measuring Prosodic Entrainment in Italian Collaborative Game-based Dialogues.” In SPECOM, vol. 9811 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 476–483. Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Scholz, Fritz, and Angie Zhu. 2017. “kSamples: K-Sample Rank Tests and their Combinations.” r package version 1.2–7. [Online]. Available: [URL]
Schweitzer, Antje, and Natalie Lewandowski. 2014. “Social Factors in Convergence of F1 and F2 in Spontaneous Speech.” In The International Seminar on Speech Production. Cologne.Google Scholar
Schweitzer, Katrin, Michael Walsh, and Antje Schweitzer. 2017. “To See or Not to See: Interlocutor Visibility and Likeability Influence Convergence in Intonation.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, Stockholm, 919–923. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shepard, C. A., Howard Giles, and B. A. Le Poire. 2001. “Communication Accommodation Theory.” In The New Handbook of Language and Social Psychology, ed. by Peter W. Robinson, and Howard Giles, 33–56. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sherr-Ziarko, Ethan. 2019. “Prosodic Properties of Formality in Conversational Japanese.” Journal of the International Phonetic Association 49 (3): 331–352. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Simpson, Adrian P. 2009. “Phonetic Differences Between Male and Female Speech.” Language and Linguistics Compass 3 (2): 621–640. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Thomason, Jesse, Hui V. Nguyen, and Diane Litman. 2013. “Prosodic Entrainment and Tutoring Dialogue Success.” In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education, 750–753. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Traunmüller, Hartmut, and Anders Eriksson. 1995. “The Frequency Range of the Voice Fundamental in the Speech of Male and Female Adults.” Manuscript, Department of Linguistics, University of Stockholm.Google Scholar
Weise, Andreas, Sarah Ita Levitan, Julia Hirschberg, and Rivka Levitan. 2019. “Individual Differences in Acoustic-prosodic Entrainment in Spoken Dialogue.” Speech Communication 115: 78–87. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winter, Bodo, and Sven Grawunder. 2012. “The Phonetic Profile of Korean Formal and Informal Speech Registers.” Journal of Phonetics 40 (6): 808–815. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Winter, Bodo, Grace Eunhae Oh, Iris Hübscher, Kaori Idemaru, Lucien Brown, Pilar Prieto, and Sven Grawunder. 2021. “Rethinking the Frequency Code: A Meta Analytic Review of the Role of Acoustic Body Size in Communicative Phenomena.” Philosophical Transactions B. B 376: 20200400. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zellers, Margaret, and Antje Schweitzer. 2017. “An Investigation of Pitch Matching Across Adjacent Turns in a Corpus of Spontaneous German.” In Proceedings of Interspeech, 2336–2340. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Hang. 2001. “Culture and Apology: The Hainan Island Incident.” World Englishes 20 (3): 383–391. DOI logoGoogle Scholar