Cover not available
Article published In:
Pragmatics
Vol. 28:2 (2018) ► pp.271–302

Nationalism and gender in the representation of non-Japanese characters’ speech in contemporary Japanese novels

| Macalester University, United States

This study demonstrates that two types of language ideologies (linguistic nationalism and feminine language normativity) influence how Japanese contemporary novels represent non-Japanese characters’ speech. It investigates the role of gender and observes that novelists only infrequently assign highly gendered utterance-final forms to non-Japanese characters when they speak in Japanese. This tendency is more salient among the representations of male non-Japanese characters. Masculine expressions seem to belong to a set of linguistic resources that are considered available only to the Japanese. This exclusivism, i.e., linguistic nationalism, might explain the lack of highly masculine forms among non-Japanese characters in novels. As for the relatively frequent assignment of gendered language for female characters, the normativity of feminine language makes it part of the basic language of all female speakers including non-Japanese individuals. In addition, feminine expressions are not as strongly associated with authenticity as masculine expressions.

Keywords: language ideologies, linguistic nationalism, normativity, representation, gender, femininity, masculinity, Japanese
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
    • 1.1Language ideologies
    • 1.2Why study representations?
    • 1.3Why study the speech of non-Japanese characters?
  • 2.Previous scholarship
  • 3.Data
  • 4.Gender and non-Japanese characters’ speech
  • 5.Linguistic nationalism and the lack of gendered forms in male non-Japanese characters’ speech in Japanese
  • 6.The norm of feminine language and non-Japanese characters
  • 7.Concluding remarks
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • Data references (The novels mentioned in the text are marked with an asterisk)
  • References
Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial (CC BY-NC) 4.0 license.
Published online: 7 May 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/prag.00008.suz
References

Data references (The novels mentioned in the text are marked with an asterisk)

Aoki, Jungo
2011 Watashi no inai kookoo. Tokyo: Koodansha.Google Scholar
*Ekuni, Kaori 1999 Reisei to joonetsu no aida – Rosso. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Ekuni, Kaori 2013 Mahiru nanoni kurai heya. Tokyo: Koodansha.Google Scholar
*Fukui, Harutoshi 2002 Bookoku no iijisu – Ge. Tokyo: Koodansha.Google Scholar
*Isaka, Kootaroo 2008 Maoo. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
2009 Ahiru to kamo no koinrokkaa. Tokyo: Sogensha.Google Scholar
*Ishida, Ira 2001 Ikebukuro uesuto geeto paaku. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjuu.Google Scholar
*Kakine, Ryoosuke 2009 Yurikago de nemure – Joo. Tokyo: Chuuoo Kooron Shinsha.Google Scholar
*Kawataki, Kaori 1993 Kokusai ren’ai zukan. Tokyo: Koosaidoo.Google Scholar
*Kondo, Fumie 2010 Eden. Tokyo: Shinchoosha.Google Scholar
Makita, Mitsuharu
2002 Trick Gekijoo ban. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Miyamoto, Teru 1998 Suisei monogatari. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjuu.Google Scholar
Miura, Shion
2006 Kaze ga tsuyoku fuiteiru. Tokyo: Shinchoosha.Google Scholar
*Mori, Eto 2009 Kaze ni maiagaru biniiru shiito. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjuu.Google Scholar
Murakami, Haruki
2004 Dansu, dansu, dansu – Ge. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
Murakami, Ryuu
1997 In za miso suupu. Tokyo: Yomiuri Shinbunsha.Google Scholar
*Murayama, Yuka 2000 Ao no ferumaata. Tokyo: Shuueisha.Google Scholar
*Murayama, Yuka 2012 Haruka naru mizu no oto. Tokyo: Shuueisha.Google Scholar
*Nakajima, Kyoko 2012 Noronoro aruke. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjuu.Google Scholar
Nashiki, Kaho
2001 Nishi no majo ga shinda. Tokyo: Shinchoosha.Google Scholar
Okuda, Hideo
2002 Saiaku. Tokyo: Koodansha.Google Scholar
Shoji, Yukiya
2008 Tokyo bando wagon. Tokyo: Shuueisha.Google Scholar
*Tsuji, Hitonari 1999 Reisei to joonetsu no aida – Blue. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Tsuji, Hitonari 2002 Sayonara itsuka. Tokyo: Gentoosha.Google Scholar
Yamada, Eimi
1993 Chuuingamu. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Yanagi, Kooji 2008 Jookaa geemu. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Yanagi, Kooji 2012 Paradaisu rosuto. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten.Google Scholar
*Yata, Hiroo 2006 Ore ga kinjo no kooen de rifuting shiteitara. Tokyo: Shoogakkan.Google Scholar
*Yonezawa, Honobu 2004 Sayonara yoosei. Tokyo: Tokyo Sogensha.Google Scholar
*Yoshida, Shuuichi 2012 Ruu. Tokyo: Bungei Shunjuu.Google Scholar
*Yoshinaga, Nao 2011 Rantan tomoru madobe de. Tokyo: Tokyo Soogensha.Google Scholar
Abe, Hideko
2010 Queer Japanese: Gender and Sexual Identities through Linguistic Practices. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Abe, Kiyoshi
2001 Samayoeru nashonarizumu: Orientarizumu, Japan, grōbarizēshon [Wandering nationalism: Orientalism, Japan, globalization]. Tokyo: Sekai Shisōsha.Google Scholar
Agha, Asif
2004 “Registers of Language.” In A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, ed. by Alessandro Duranti, 23–45. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Befu, Harumi
1993 “Nationalism and Nihonjinron .” In Cultural Nationalism in East Asia: Representation and Identity, ed. by Harumi Befu, 107–135. Berkeley: University of California Institute of East Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Bunkachoo
Heisei 25 nendo ‘kokugo ni kansuru yoron choosa’ no kekka no gaiyoo [The outline of the results of 2013 “National Survey regarding national language”].” Accessed June 14, 2016. [URL]
Burgess, Chris
2010 “The ‘Illusion’ of Homogeneous Japan and National character: Discourse as a Tool to Transcend the ‘Myth’ vs. ‘Reality’ Binary.” The Asia Pacific Journal 8 (9) (March): 1–23.Google Scholar
Chinami, Kyoko
2006 “Danwa sutoratejii toshite no gendaa hyooshiki [Gender markers as discourse strategies].” In Nihongo to jendaa [Japanese language and gender], ed. by Nihongo Gendaa Gakkai, 53–72. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shobo.Google Scholar
2010 “Manga: Gendaa hyoogen no tayoo na imi [Comics: Diverse meanings of gender expressions].” In Jendaa de manabu gengogaku [Linguistics learned from gender perspective], ed. by Momoko Nakamura, 73–88. Kyoto: Sekai Shiso-sha.Google Scholar
Creighton, Millie R.
1997 “ Soto Others and Uchi Others: Imaging Racial Diversity, Imagining Homogeneous Japan.” In Japan’s Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity, ed. by Michael Weiner, 211–238. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Doerr, Neriko M.
2015 “Standardization and Paradoxical Highlighting of Linguistic Diversity in Japan.” Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 49 (2): 389–403.Google Scholar
Doerr, Neriko M., and Yuri Kumagai
2014 “Race in Conflict with Heritage: “Black” Heritage Language Speaker of Japanese.” International Multilingual Research Journal 81: 87–103. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ezaki, Motoko
2010 “Strategic Deviations: The Role of Kanji in Contemporary Japanese.” Japanese Language and Literature 441: 179–212.Google Scholar
Hagiwara, Shigeru, and Yoko Kunihiro
(eds) 2004 Terebi to gaikoku no imeeji: Media sutereotaipingu kenkyuu [Television and images of foreign countries: Research on stereotyping]. Tokyo: Keiso Shobo.Google Scholar
Hambleton, Alexandra
2011 “Reinforcing Identities? Non-Japanese Residents, Television and Cultural Nationalism in Japan.” Contemporary Japan 231: 27–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hasegawa, Yoko
2012 The Routledge Course in Japanese Translation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hiramoto, Mie
2009 “Slaves Speak Pseudo-Toohoku-ben: The Representation of Minorities in the Japanese Translation of Gone with the Wind .” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (2): 249–263. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2010 “Anime and Intertextualities: Hegemonic Identities in Cowboy Bebop.” Pragmatics and Society 1 (2): 234–256. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hudson, Mutsuko E., and Yoshimi Sakakibara
2007 “Emotivity of Nontraditional Katakana and Hiragana Usage in Japanese.” In Applying Theory and Research to Learning Japanese as a Foreign Language, ed. by Masahiko Minami, 180–193. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Iino, Masakazu
2006 “Norms of Interaction in a Japanese Homestay Setting: Toward a Two-way Flow of Linguistic and Cultural Resources.” In Language Learners in Study Abroad Contexts, ed. by Margaret A. DuFon, and Eton Churchill, 151–173. Bristol, UK: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Inoue, Miyako
2003 “Speech without a Speaking Body: “Japanese Women’s Language” in Translation.” Language and Communication 231: 315–330. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2004 “Gender, Language, and Modernity: Toward an Effective History of “Japanese Women’s Language.”” In Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People, ed. by Shigeko Okamoto, and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith, 57–75. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2006 Vicarious Language: Gender and Linguistic Modernity in Japan. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Irvine, Judith T.
1989 “When Talk Isn’t Cheap: Language and Political Economy.” American Ethnologist 161: 248–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Itakura, Hiroko
2009 “Attitudes towards the Use of Masculine and Feminine Japanese among Foreign Professionals: What Can Learners Learn from Professionals?” Language, Culture and Curriculum 22 (1): 29–41. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Iwabuchi, Koichi
2005 “Multinationalizing the Multicultural: The Commodification of ‘Ordinary Foreign Residents’ in a Japanese TV Talk Show.” Japanese Studies 25 (2): 103–118. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2007 Bunka no taiwaryoku: Sofuto pawaa to burando-nashonarizumu o koete [Communicative power of culture: Beyond soft power and brand nationalism]. Tokyo: Nihon Keizai Shinbun Shuppansha.Google Scholar
Iwasaki, Noriko
2008 “Style Shifts among Japanese Learners Before and After Study Abroad in Japan: Becoming Active Social Agents in Japanese.” Applied Linguistics 31 (1): 45–71. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
2011 “Learning L2 Japanese “Politeness” and “Impoliteness”: Young American Men’s Dilemmas during Study Abroad.” Japanese Language and Literature 45 (1): 67–106.Google Scholar
Japan Book Publishers Association
An Introduction to Publishing in Japan 2014–2015.” Accessed July 27, 2016. [URL]
Johnson, Sally, and Tommaso M. Milani
(eds.) 2010 Language Ideologies and Media Discourse: Texts, Practices, Politics. London; New York: Continuum.Google Scholar
Jorden, Eleanor H.
1983 “Masculine Language.” In Kodansha Encyclopedia of Japan, Vol. 51, 124–125. Tokyo: Kodansha.Google Scholar
Kadokawa Group Holdings Inc.
Kadokawa Annual Report 2012: The Platform to Produce Innovative Content.” Accessed July 27, 2016. [URL]
Kayama, Rika
2002 Puchi nashonarizumu shookoogun [Petit nationalism syndrome]. Tokyo: Chuoo Kooron Shinsha.Google Scholar
Kindaichi, Kyosuke
1942 Zooho kokugo kenkyuu [A study of national language, Additional supplement]. Tokyo: Yakumo Shorin.Google Scholar
Kinsui, Satoshi
2003 Vaacharu nihongo: Yakuwarigo no nazo [Virtual Japanese: Mystery of role language]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
2007 “Yakuwarigo toshite no pijin nihongo no rekishi sobyoo [The history of Pidgin Japanese as role language].” In Yakuwarigo kenkyuu no chihei [Horizon of role language study], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, 193–210. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.Google Scholar
2008 “Nihon manga ni okeru ijin kotoba [Foreigner talk in Japanese comics].” In Manga no naka no <tasha> [<Others> within comics], ed. by Kimio Ito, 14–60. Kyoto: Nozomikawa Shoten.Google Scholar
2014 “Fikushon no gengo to hoogen [Language in fiction and dialects].” In Dorama to hoogen no atarashii kankei: “Kaaneeshon” kara “Yae no sakura,” soshite “Amachan” e [The New relationship between dramas and dialects: From “Carnation” to “Double-flowered Cherry” to “Amachan”], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, Yukari Tanaka, and Minako Okamuro, 11–21. Tokyo: Kasama Shoin.Google Scholar
Kroskrity, Paul V.
2004 “Language Ideologies.” In A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology, ed. by Alessandro Duranti, 496–517. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Komori, Yoichi
2003 “Nihongo būmu to nashonarizumu [The Japanese language boom and nationalism].” Nihongo Kyooiku 1161:1–4.Google Scholar
Kumagai, Shigeko
2010 “Hoogen no rekishi: Wakai josei ga Toohoku hoogen o tsukainikui wake [The history of dialects: Why young women have difficulty using Tohoku dialect].” In Jendaa de manabu gengogaku [Linguistics learned from gender perspective], ed. by Momoko Nakamura, 50–65. Kyoto: Sekai Shisoo-sha.Google Scholar
Kumgai, Shigeko
2016 “Who Speaks Tohoku Dialect? A Persistent Stigmatization of Tohoku Dialect in the NHK Morning Dramas.” Paper presented at the 9th International Gender and Language Association Conference.
Maree, Claire
2008 “Grrrl-Queens: Onē-kotoba and the Negotiation of Heterosexist Gender Language Norms and Lesbo(homo)phobic Stereotypes in Japanese.” In AsiaPacifiQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities, ed. by Fran Martin, Peter A. Jackson, Mark McLelland, and Audrey Yue, 67–84. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Mashimo, Saburo
1969 Fujingo no kenkyuu [The Study of women’s language]. Tokyo: Tokyodo Shuppan.Google Scholar
McVeigh, Brian J.
2006 Nationalisms of Japan: Managing and Mystifying Identity. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers.Google Scholar
Miller, Laura
1995 “Crossing Ethnolinguistic Boundaries: A Preliminary Look at the Gaijin Tarento in Japan.” In Asian Popular Culture, ed. by John A. Lent, 189–201. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice (website)
Accessed May, 2017 [URL]
Mizumoto, Terumi
2006 “Terebi dorama to jisshakai ni okeru josei bunmatsushi shiyoo no zure ni miru jendaa firuta [Gender filter as seen in the differences of use in feminine utterance-final forms in TV dramas and real society].” In Nihongo to jendaa [Japanese language and gender], ed. by Nihongo Gendaa Gakkai, 73–94. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shoboo.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Momoko
2006 “Gengo ideorogii toshite no “onna kotoba”: Meiji-ki “jogakusei kotoba” no seiritsu [“Women’s language” as language ideology: The formation of “female student speech” in the Meiji era].” In Nihongo to jendaa [Japanese Language and Gender], ed. by Nihongo Gendaa Gakkai, 121–138. Tokyo: Hitsuji Shoboo.Google Scholar
Mizumoto, Terumi
2010 “Terebi Dorama: ‘Dorama-go’ toshite no ‘onna kotoba’ [TV Drama: ‘Women’s Language’ as ‘Drama Language’].” In Gendaa de manabu gengogaku [Linguistics learned from gender perspective], ed. by Momoko Nakamura, 89–106. Tokyo.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Momoko
2007 <Sei> to nihongo: Kotoba ga tsukuru onna to otoko [<Gender> and Japanese language: Women and men that language creates]. Tokyo: Nihon Hoosoo Shuppan Kyookai.Google Scholar
2013 Honyaku ga tsukuru nihongo: Hiroin wa onnakotoba o hanashitsuzukeru [Japanese language that translation creates: Heroines continue to speak feminine language]. Tokyo: Hakutakusha.Google Scholar
Niyekawa, Agnes M.
1991 Minimum Essential Politeness: A Guide to the Japanese Honorific Language. Tokyo: Kodansha International.Google Scholar
Occhi, Debora J., Janet S. Shibamoto-Smith, and Cindi L. SturtzSreetharan
2010 “Finding Mr. Right: New Looks at Gendered Modernity in Japanese Televised Romances.” Japanese Studies 30 (3): 409–425. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ogawa, Naoko, and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith
1997 “The Gendering of the Gay Male Sex Class in Japan: A Case Study Based on Rasen no Sobyoo .” In Queerly Phrased: Language, Gender, and Sexuality, ed. by Anna Livia, and Kira Hall, 402–415. New York, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ohta, Amy S.
1993 “The Foreign Language Learner in Japanese Society: Successful Learners of Japanese Respond to Miller’s “Law of Inverse Returns.”” Journal of Association of Teachers of Japanese 271: 205–228. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Okamoto, Shigeko
1995 ““Tasteless”Japanese: Less “feminine” Speech among Young Japanese Women.” In Gender Articulated, ed. by Kira Hall, and Mary Bucholtz, 296–325. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Okamoto, Shigeko, and Shie Sato
1992 “Less Feminine Speech among Young Japanese Females.” In Locating Power, ed. by Kira Hall, Mary Bucholtz, and Birch Moonwoman, 478–488. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Lang. Group, Univ. of California.Google Scholar
Okamoto, Shigeko, and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith
(eds.) 2004 Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2008 “Constructing Linguistic Femininity in Contemporary Japan: Scholarly and Popular Representations.” Gender and Language 2 (1): 87–112.Google Scholar
Okubo, Yuko
2010 “Heritage: Owned or Assigned? The Cultural Politics of Teaching Heritage Language in Osaka, Japan.” Critical Asian Studies 42 (1): 111–138. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ota, Makie
2011 “Usain boruto no “I” wa naze “ore” to yakusareru no ka : Supootsu Hoosoo no “yakuwari go” [Why is Usain Bolt’s first person pronoun translated as “ore”: “Role language” in sports broadcasting].” In Yakuwarigo kenkyuu no tenkai [Development of role language study], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, 93–125. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.Google Scholar
Perkins, Chris
2010 “The Banality of Boundaries: Performance of the Nation in a Japanese Television Comedy.” Television and New Media 11 (5): 386–403. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
“Public Libraries Are Thriving.”
Japan Times, November 18 2012, accessed June 14, 2016. [URL]
Publishers Perspectives website
Accessed June 14, 2016. [URL]
Sato, Shinji, and Neriko Doerr
(eds) 2008 Bunka, kotoba, kyooiku:Nihongo/Nihon no kyooiku no “hyoojun” o koete [Culture, language, education: Beyond the “standard” of Japanese language/Japan education]. Tokyo: Akashi Shoten.Google Scholar
Shibamoto Smith, Janet S.
2004 “Language and Gender in the (Hetero)romance: “Reading” the Ideal Hero/ine through Lovers’ Dialogue in Japanese Romance Fiction.” In Japanese Language, Gender, and Ideology: Cultural Models and Real People, ed. by Shigeoko Okamoto, and Janet S. Shibamoto Smith, 113–130. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
2005 “Translating True Love: Japanese Romance Fiction, Harlequin-style.” In Gender, Sex and Translation: The Manipulation of Identities, ed. by Jose Sataemilia, 97–116. Manchester, U.K.: St. Jerome Publishing.Google Scholar
Shibamoto Smith, Janet S., and David L. Schmidt
1996 “Variability in Written Japanese: Towards a Sociolinguistics of Script Choice.” Visible Language 30 (1): 46–60.Google Scholar
Shibamoto Smith, Janet S., and Debra J. Occhi
2009 “The Green Leaves of Love: Japanese Romantic Heroines, Authentic Femininity, and Dialect.” Journal of Sociolinguistics 13 (4): 524–546. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Siegal, Meryl
1994 “Second-language Learning, Identity, and Resistance: White Women Studying Japanese in Japan.” In Cultural Performances: Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Women and Language Conference, ed. by Mary Bucholtz, A. C. Liang, Laurel A. Sutton, and Caitlin Hines, 642–650. Berkeley, CA: Berkeley Women Language Group.Google Scholar
Sreetharan, Cindi S.
2004 “Students, Sarariiman (pl.), and Seniors: Japanese Men’s Use of ‘Manly’ Speech Register.” Language in Society 331: 81–107. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
SturtzSreetharan, Cindi S.
2015 “Na(a)n ya nen: Negotiating Language and Identity in the Kansai Region.” Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 49 (2): 429–452.Google Scholar
Sugimoto, Yoshio
2014 An Introduction to Japanese Society, Fourth Edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Suzuki, Satoko
2015 “Nationalism Lite?: The Commodification of Non-Japanese Speech in Japanese Media.” Journal of Japanese Language and Literature 49 (2): 509–529.Google Scholar
Takamori, Ayako
2010 “Rethinking Japanese American ‘Heritage’ in the Homeland.” Critical Asian Studies 42 (2): 217–238. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Takasaki, Midori
2012 “Bimi o imi suru go no shiyoo to seisa [Use of words which indicate good flavor and gender differences].” Jinbun Kagaku Kenkyuu 81: 55–68.Google Scholar
Tanaka, Yukari
2014 ““Amachan” ga hiraita atarashii tobira: “Hoogen kosupure dorama” ga dekiru made. [The new door that “Amachan” opened: The making of a “dialect costume play drama”].” In Dorama to hoogen no atarashii kankei: “Kaaneeshon” kara “Yae no sakura,” soshite “Amachan” e [The New relationship between dramas and dialects: From “Carnation” to “Double-flowered Cherry” to “Amachan”], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, Yukari Tanaka, and Minako Okamuro, 22–43. Tokyo: Kasama Shoin.Google Scholar
Tsuneyoshi, Ryoko
2004 “The ‘New’ Foreigners and the Social Reconstruction of Difference: The Cultural Diversification of Japanese Education.” Comparative Education 40 (1): 55–81. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
UNESCO
Literacy and Language Classes in Community Centers.” Accessed July 27, 2016. [URL]
Yano, Christine R.
2004 “Eyeing Nikkei: Portrayals of Japanese American on an NHK TV Drama.” Paper presented at JAMCO 13th JAMCO Online International Symposium.
2010 “Becoming Prodigal Japanese: Portraits of Japanese Americans on Japanese Television.” In Television, Japan, and Globalization, ed. by Mitsuhiro Yoshimoto, EvaTsai, and JungBong Choi, 217–239. Ann Arbor, MI: Center for Japanese Studies, University of Michigan.Google Scholar
Yoshino, Kosaku
1992 Cultural Nationalism in Contemporary Japan. London and New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
1996 Bunka nashonarizumu no shakaigaku: Gendai nihon no aidentiti no yukue [Sociology of cultural nationalism: Future of cotemporary Japan’s identity]. Nagoya: Nagoya Daigaku Shuppankai.Google Scholar
Yi, Yŏn-suk
1996 “Kokugo” to yuu shisoo: Gendai nihon no gengo ninshiki [The ideology of “national language”: Language cognition in modern Japan]. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten.Google Scholar
Yoda, Megumi
2007 <Seiyoojingo> “Oo romio!” no bunkei: Sono kakuritsu to fukyuu [The style of <Westerner talk> “Oh, Romio!”: Its establishment and popularization]. In Yakuwarigo kenkyuu no chihei [Horizon of Role Language Study], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, 159–178. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.Google Scholar
2011 “Yakuwarigo to shite no katakoto nihongo: Seiyoojin kyarakuta o chuushin ni [Broken Japanese as role language: Focus on Western characters].” In Yakuwarigo kenkyuu no tenkai [Development of role language study], ed. by Satoshi Kinsui, 213–248. Tokyo: Kuroshio Shuppan.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 3 other publications

Dahlberg-Dodd, Hannah E.
2022. Katakana and the Mediatized Other: Script Variation in Fantastical Narratives. Japanese Studies 42:1 ► pp. 61 ff. DOI logo
Ito, Rika & Megan Bisila
2020. Blond hair, blue eyes, and “bad” Japanese: representing foreigner stereotypes in Japanese anime. Language Awareness 29:3-4 ► pp. 286 ff. DOI logo
Ma, Lili & Yixiao Yang
2024. An Exploration of the Precision Path of Integrating Artificial Intelligence Technology into Japanese Literature Education. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences 9:1 DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 13 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.