The current study examined the realization of the speech act of criticizing by university teachers in their talk
with students. To this end, role-plays were conducted with 60 university teachers (30 males and 30 females) at a private Saudi
university which is characterized by its multicultural academic staff, and, hence, where English is used as a lingua franca.
Recordings were transcribed and analyzed using an adapted version of Nguyen’s (2005,
2013) model of criticism strategies. The results showed the teachers’ preference
for indirect over direct criticism strategies and their minimal use of modifiers, particularly internal ones. It was also found
that the influence of the teacher’s gender or years of teaching experience was small while the severity of the situation was a
critical factor in the choice of appropriate strategies. The results were interpreted in relation to the existing literature and
the theoretical model of politeness.
4.1How do university teachers realize the speech act of criticizing in their talk with students?
4.2How does gender influence university teachers’ realization of the speech act of criticizing in their talk with students?
4.3How do increased years of teaching experience influence university teachers’ realization of the speech act of criticizing in their talk with students?
2002 “Evaluation in English-medium Medical Book Reviews.” International Journal of English Studies 2 (1): 137–153.
Araújo, Antonia D.
2012 “Academic Genres in University Contexts: An Investigation of Students’ Book Reviews Writing as Classroom Assignments.” In International Advances in Writing Research: Cultures, Places, Measures, ed. by Charles Bazerman, Chris Dean, Jessica Early, Karen Lunsford, Suzie Null, Paul Rogers, and Amanda Stansell, 319–333. New York: Parlor Press e WAC Clearinghouse.
Baron, Anne
2002Acquisition in Interlanguage Pragmatics: How to do Things with Words in a Study Abroad Context. Philadelphia, PA: J. Benjamins.
2002Working inside the Black Box: Assessment for Learning in the Classroom. London: King’s College.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson
(1978) “Universals in Language Usage: Politeness Phenomena”. In Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction, ed. by Esther N. Goody, 56–310. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brown, Penelope, and Stephen Levinson
1987Politeness: Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cai, Ying
2012 “A Study on Compliment Response Strategies by Chinese College Students.” Journal of Language Teaching and Research 3 (3): 543–549.
Cao, Jia
. “A Pragmatic Analysis of the Speech Act of Criticism in Primary and Junior High School Chinese Lecturer-Student Talk.” Master’s thesis, Northeast Normal University 2005[URL]
Chang, Yuh-Fang
2016 “Apologizing in Mandarin Chinese: A Study on Developmental Patterns.” Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 42 (1): 73–101.
Chen, Yang-lien, and Victoria Rau
(2015) “Compliments and Criticisms Given by Judges on a Singing Competition Series in Taiwan.” Studies in English Language & Literature 351: 1–19.
Cogo, Alessia, and Martin Dewey
2006 “Efficiency in ELF Communication: From Pragmatic Motives to Lexico-Grammatical Innovation.” Nordic Journal of English Studies 5 (2): 59–93.
Diani, Giuliana
2009 “Reporting and Evaluation in English Book Review Articles: A Cross-Disciplinary Study.” In Academic Evaluation: Review Genres in University Settings, ed. by Ken Hyland and Giuliana Diani, 87–105. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Diani, Giuliana
2017 “Criticism and Politeness Strategies in Academic Review Discourse: A Contrastive (English-Italian) Corpus-based Analysis.” Kalbotyra 701: 60–78.
Eelen, Gino
2001A Critique of Politeness Theories. Manchester: St Jerome Publishing.
El-Dakhs, Dina A. S.
2017 “The Compliment Response Strategies of Egyptian Arabic-English Bilinguals.” Language and Dialogue 7 (3): 388–413.
2015 “Invitation Refusals in Cameroon French and Hexagonal French.” Multilingua 34 (4): 577–603.
Farnia, Maryam, and Hiba Q. Abdul Sattar
2015 “A Sociopragmatic Analysis of the Speech Act of Criticism by Persian Native Speakers.” International Journal of Humanities and Cultural Studies 2 (3): 305–327.
Goffman, Erving
1967Interactional Ritual: Essays on Face-to-Face Behavior. New York: Double Day.
2012 “A Variationist Study of Compliment Responses in Chinese.” International Journal of Applied Linguistics 22 (3): 347–373.
Hattie, John, and Helen Timperley
2007 “The Power of Feedback.” Review of Educational Research 77 (1): 81–112.
Hayashi, Takuo
1996 “Politeness in Conflict Management: A Conversation Analysis of Dispreferred Messages from a Cognitive Perspective.” Journal of Pragmatics 251: 227–255.
Hiraga, Masako K., Yoko Fujii, and Joan M. Turner
2003 “L2 Pragmatics in Academic Discourse: A Case Study of Tutorials in Britain.” Intercultural Communication Studies 12 (3): 19–36.
Hiraga, Masako K., and Joan M. Turner
1996 “Differing Perceptions of Face in British and Japanese Academic Settings.” Language Sciences 18 (3–4): 605–627.
Holtgraves, Thomas
1992 “The Linguistic Realization of Face Management: Implications for Language Production and Comprehension, Person Perception, and Cross-cultural Communication.” Social Psychology Quarterly 55 (2):141–159.
Howatt, Anthony P. R., and Henry G. Widdowson
2004A History of English Language Teaching (second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hyland, Ken
2000 “Hedges, Boosters and Lexical Invisibility: Noticing Modifiers in Academic Texts.” Language Awareness 9 (4): 179–197.
Hyland, Ken
2004Disciplinary Discourse: Social Interactions in Academic Writing. London: Longman.
Hyland, Fiona, and Ken Hyland
2001 “Sugaring the Pill: Praise and Criticism in Written Feedback.” Journal of Second Language Writing 101: 185–212.
Itakura, Hiroko, and Amy B. M. Tsui
2011 “Evaluation in Academic Discourse: Managing Criticism in Japanese and English Book Reviews.” Journal of Pragmatics 43 (5): 1366–1379.
Locher, Miriam A.
2006 “Polite Behavior with Relational Work: The Discursive Approach to Politeness.” Multilingua 25 (3): 249–267.
Lü, Linqiong
2018 “Role of Email in Intercultural Communication of Criticism in a Chinese English Curriculum Reform Context.” English Language Teaching 11 (2): 193–207.
Mauranen, Anna
2003 “The Corpus of English as Lingua Franca in Academic Settings.” TESOL Quarterly 37 (3): 513–26.
Mills, Sara
2003Gender and Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Moreno, Ana I., and Lorena Suárez
2008 “A Study of Critical Attitude across English and Spanish Academic Book Reviews.” Journal of English for Academic Purposes 71: 15–26.
Morkus, Nader
2014 “Refusals in Egyptian Arabic and American English.” Journal of Pragmatics 701: 86–107.
Nguyen, Thi T. M.
2005 “Criticizing and Responding to Criticism in a Foreign Language: A Study of Vietnamese Learners of English.” PhD thesis. University of Auckland 2005 [URL]
Nguyen, Thi T. M.
2013 “An Exploratory Study of Criticism Realization Strategies Used by NS and NNS of New Zealand English.” Multilingua 32 (1): 103–130.
Pizziconi, Barbara
2003 “Re-examining Politeness, Face and the Japanese Language.” Journal of Pragmatics 351: 1471–1506.
Riekkinen, Niina
2010 ““This is not criticizing, but….” Softening Criticism: The Use of Lexical Hedges in Academic Spoken Interaction.” Helsinki English Studies 61: 75–87.
Sadler, Royce
1998 “Formative Assessment: Revisiting the Territory.” Assessment in Education: Principles, Policy and Practice 5 (1): 77–84.
Salager-Meyer, Françoise, and Beverly Lewin
(eds)2011Crossed Words: Criticism in Scholarly Writing. Bern: Peter Lang.
Salager-Meyer, Françoise, and Maria Á. Alcaraz Ariza
(2004) Negative Appraisals in Academic Book Reviews: A Cross-linguistic Approach. In Intercultural Aspects of Specialized Communication, ed. by Christopher N. Candlin and Maurizio Gotti, 149–172. Bern: Peter Lang.
Spencer-Oatey, Helen
(ed)2000Culturally Speaking: Managing Rapport through Talk across Cultures. London: Continuum.
1998 “Managing Face Concerns in Criticism: Integrating Nonverbal Behaviors as a Dimension of Politeness in Female Friendship Dyads.” Human Communication Research 24 (4): 564–583.
Valor, María L. G.
2000 “The Pragmatics of Positive Politeness in the Book Review.” RESLA (Spanish Journal of Applied Linguistics) 141: 145–159.
Watts, Richard J.
2003Politeness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Widdowson, Henry G.
1994 “The Ownership of English.” TESOL Quarterly 28 (2): 377–389.
Cited by
Cited by 6 other publications
Del Bono, Federica & Elena Nuzzo
2021. Incidental pragmatics learning in telecollaborative exchanges. Instructed Second Language Acquisition 5:2
2020. How do celebrities respond to criticism in media interviews? The case of an Egyptian TV show. Cogent Arts & Humanities 7:1 ► pp. 1712159 ff.
Fang, Ning
2021. 2021 13th International Conference on Measuring Technology and Mechatronics Automation (ICMTMA), ► pp. 565 ff.
Makarova, Veronika A.
2021. Self-praise and Positive Self-assessment in Chekhov’s Plays. Two centuries of the Russian classics 3:2 ► pp. 202 ff.
Yuan, Tongqing
2021. Application of Transana Video Analysis Software in Teacher Case Analysis Under the Background of Big Data. In 2021 International Conference on Applications and Techniques in Cyber Intelligence [Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, 1398], ► pp. 887 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 17 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.