Doing business and constructing identities through small talk in workplace instant messaging
This paper describes how bilingual colleagues living in Hong Kong make small talk in instant messaging to achieve
various business-oriented goals and construct multiple identities in the discursive process. Guided by James Paul Gee’s revised
framework of discourse analysis, the analyses evidenced that, overall, colleagues use small talk in instant messages to maintain
minimal ties with distant partners, fill in silence during computer work, affect informal decision-making at work, and to diffuse
useful surrounding information into business talk. These instances interplay with different affordances provided by the gadgets in
the instant messenger interfaces. Such creative usage, together with the perceived nature of online interaction and instant
messaging, results in multiple and turbulent identities circulating in the broader context of workplace discourse. The article
concludes by arguing that computer-mediated communication has offered participants an emerging modus of interacting socially,
beyond the physical and psychological constraints of time and space.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The small talk of colleagues in workplace interactions
- 2.1Small talk in face-to-face workplace communication
- 2.2Computer-mediated (workplace) communication
- 3.Methodology and coding
- 4.Analytical framework
- 5.Data analysis
- 5.1Substituting ritualistic offline small talk
- 5.2Extending small talk parallel to core-business communication
- 5.3Facilitating core-business talk
- 5.4Making meandering social talk
- 6.Discussion
- 6.1How small talk progresses in workplace instant messaging
- 6.2How small talk functions in workplace instant messaging
- 6.3How small talk constructs identities in workplace instant messaging
- 7.Conclusion: Small talk in workplace instant messaging as an emerging way of social interaction with colleagues
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
-
References
References
Anandarajan, Murugan, Maliha Zaman, Qizhi Dai, and Bay Arinze
2010 “
Generation Y Adoption of Instant Messaging: An Examination of the Impact of Social Usefulness and Media Richness on Use Richness.”
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 53 (2): 132–143.
Bakhtin, Mikhail
1981 The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays (
Caryl Emerson and
Michael Holquist, trans.). Austin: University of Texas Press.
Baron, Naomi S.
2004 “
See you Online: Gender Issues in College Student Use of Instant Messaging.”
Journal of Language and Social Psychology 23 (4): 397–423.
Baron, Naomi S.
2010 “
Discourse Structures in Instant Messaging: The Case of Utterance Breaks.”
Language@Internet 71:
article 4. Retrieved from
[URL]
Baron, Naomi S.
2013 “
Instant Messaging.” In
Pragmatics of Computer-Mediated Communication, ed. by
Susan C. Herring,
Dieter Stein, and
Tuija Virtanen, 135–162. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.
Barron, Anne, and Emily Black
2015 Constructing Small Talk in Learner-Native Speaker Voice-Based Telecollaboration: A Focus on Topic Management and Backchanneling.
System 481: 112–128.
Barton, David, and Carmen Lee
2013 Language Online: Investigating Digital Texts and Practices. London: Routledge.
Beinstein, Judith
1975 “
Conversations in Public Places.”
Journal of Communication 25 (1): 85–95.
Benwell, Bethan, and May McCreaddie
2016 “
Keeping ‘Small Talk’ Small in Health-Care Encounters: Negotiating the Boundaries between On- and Off-Task Talk.”
Research on Language and Social Interaction 49 (3): 258–271.
Bezemer, Jeff, and Gunther Kress
2008 “
Writing in Multimodal Texts: A Social Semiotic Account of Designs for Learning.”
Written Communication 25 (2): 166–195.
Blum-Kulka, Shoshana
2000 “
Gossipy Events at Family Dinners: Negotiating Sociability, Presence and the Moral Order.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 213–240. London: Longman.
Cameron, A. Frances, and Jane Webster
2005 “
Unintended Consequences of Emerging Communication Technologies: Instant Messaging in the Workplace.”
Computers in Human Behavior 211: 85–103.
Cheng, Winnie, and Martin Warren
2005 “
A Corpus-Driven Study of Disagreement in Hong Kong Business Discourse.” In
Asian Business Discourse, ed. by
Francesca Bargiela-Chiappini, and
Maurizio Gotti, 241–270. Berlin: Peter Lang.
Chung, Donghun, and Chang Soo Nam
2007 “
An Analysis of the Variables Predicting Instant Messenger Use.”
New Media and Society 9 (2): 212–234.
Clifton, Jonathan
2012 “
Doing Trust in Workplace Interaction.” In
Professional Communication across Languages and Cultures, ed. by
Mǎda Stanca, and
Rǎzvan Sǎftoiu, 107–134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Coates, Jennifer
1988 “
Gossip Revisited”. In
Women in their Speech Communities: New Perspectives on Language and Sex, ed. by
Jennifer Coates and
Deborah Cameron, 94–122. London: Longman.
Coposescu, Liliana T.
2012 “
Discursive Hybridity at Work.” In
Professional Communication across Languages and Cultures, ed. by
Mǎda Stanca, and
Rǎzvan Sǎftoiu, 83–105. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Coupland, Justine
2000 “
Sociolinguistic Perspectives on Small Talk.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 1–25. London: Longman.
Coupland, Justine
2003 “
Small Talk: Social Functions.”
Research on Language and Social Interaction 36 (1): 1–6.
Coupland, Justine, Nikolas Coupland, and Jeffrey D. Robinson
1992 “
‘How are you?’: Negotiating Phatic Communion.”
Language in Society 21 (2): 207–230.
Crystal, David
2006 Language and the Internet (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Darics, Erika
2010 “
Relational Work in Synchronous Text-Based CMC of Virtual Teams.” In
Handbook of Research on Discourse Behavior and Digital Communication: Language Structures and Social Interaction, ed. by
Rotimi Taiwo, 830–851. Hershey, Penn.: IGI Global.
Darics, Erika
(ed.) 2015 Digital business discourse. London: Palgrave.
DiFonzo, Nicholas, Martin J. Bourgeois, Jerry Suls, Christopher Homan, Noah Stupak, Bernard P. Brooks, David S. Ross, and Prashant Bordia
2013 “
Rumor Clustering, Consensus, and Polarization: Dynamic Social Impact and Self-Organization of Hearsay.”
Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 491: 378–399.
Drew, Paul, and Kathy Chilton
2000 “
Calling just to Keep in Touch: Regular and Habitualised Telephone Calls as an Environment for Small Talk.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 137–162. London: Longman.
Drew, Paul, and John Heritage
1992 “
Analyzing Talk at Work: An Introduction.” In
Talk at Work: Interaction in Institutional Settings, ed. by
Paul Drew and
John Heritage, 3–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ellwardt, Lea, Rafael Wittek, and Rudi Wielers
2012 “
Talking about the Boss: Effects of Generalized and Interpersonal Trust on Workplace Gossip.”
Group and Organization Management 37 (4): 521–549.
Gee, James P.
2011 An Introduction to Discourse Analysis: Theory and Method (3rd ed.). London: Routledge.
Gibson, James J.
1979 The ecological approach to visual perception. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
Guo, Zixiu, Felix B. Tan, Tim Turner, and Huizhong Xu
2008 “
An Exploratory Investigation into Instant Messaging Preferences in Two Distinct Cultures.”
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 51 (4): 396–415.
Hall, Stuart
2000 “
Who needs ‘identity’?” In
Identity: A Reader, ed. by
Paul du Gay,
Jessica Evans, and
Peter Redman, 15–30. London: Sage.
Herring, Susan C.
1999 “
Interaction Coherence in CMC.”
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 4 (4). Retrieved from
[URL]
Herring, Susan C.
2010 “
Computer-Mediated Conversation: Introduction and Overview.”
Language@Internet, 71:
article 2. Retrieved from
[URL]
Holmes, Janet
2000 “
Doing Collegiality and Keeping Control at Work: Small Talk in Government Departments.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 32–61. London: Longman.
Holmes, Janet
2005 “
When Small talk is a Big Deal: Sociolinguistic Challenges in the Workplace.” In
Second Language Needs Analysis, ed. by
Michael H. Long, 344–372. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, Janet
2006 “
Workplace Narratives, Professional Identity and Relational Practice.” In
Discourse and Identity, ed. by
Anna de Fina,
Deborah Schiffrin, and
Michael Bamberg, 166–187. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Holmes, Janet
2014 “
Doing Discourse Analysis in Sociolinguistics.” In
Research Methods in Sociolinguistics, ed. by
Janet Holmes and
Kirk Hazen, 177–193. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons.
Holmes, Janet, and Rose Fillary
2000 “
Handling Small Talk at Work: Challenges for Workers with Intellectual Disabilities.”
International Journal of Disability, Develop and Education 47 (3): 273–291.
Holmes, Janet, Sharon Marsden, and Meredith Marra
Holmes, Janet, and Maria Stubbe
2015 Power and Politeness in the Workplace: A Sociolinguistic Analysis of Talk at Work (2nd ed.). London: Longman.
Iversen, T. Buschmann, Line Melby, and Pieter Toussaint
2013 “
Instant Messaging at the Hospital: Supporting Articulation Work?”
International Journal of Medical Informatics 821: 753–761.
Jones, Rodney H.
2004 “
The Problem of Context in Computer-Mediated Communication.” In
Discourse and Technology: Multimodal Discourse Analysis, ed. by
Philip LeVine and
Ron Scollon, 20–33. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Jones, Rodney H.
2010 “
Cyberspace and Physical Space: Attention Structures in Computer Mediated Communication.” In
Semiotic Landscapes: Language, Image, Space, ed. by
Adam Jaworski and
Crispin Thurlow, 151–167. London: Continuum.
Kiernan, Patrick
2017 Language, Identity and Cycling in the New Media Age: Exploring Interpersonal Semiotics in Multimodal Media and Online Texts. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Koester, Almut
2010 Workplace Discourse. London: Continuum.
Kulkarni, Dipti
2014 “
Exploring Jakobson’s ‘Phatic Function’ in Instant Messaging Interactions.”
Discourse and Communication 8 (2): 117–136.
Ladegaard, Hans J.
2011a “
‘Doing Power’ at Work: Responding to Male and Female Management Styles in a Global Business Corporation.”
Journal of Pragmatics 431: 4–19.
Ladegaard, Hans J.
2012b “
The Discourse of Powerlessness and Repression: Identity Construction in Domestic Helper Narratives.”
Journal of Sociolinguistics 16 (4): 450–482.
Lazzaro-Salazar, Virginia M., Meredith Marra, Janet Holmes, and Bernadette Vine
Mak, Chun Nam Bernie, and Hin Leung Chui
2013 “
A Cultural Approach to Small Talk: A Double-Edged Sword of Sociocultural Reality during Socialization into the Workplace.”
Journal of Multicultural Discourses 8 (2): 118–133.
Mak, Chun Nam Bernie, Hin Leung Chui, and Yiqi Liu
2012 “
Instant Messaging and Microblogging: Situated-Learning Platforms for Educationists and Workplace Mentors.”
Social and Behavioral Sciences 511: 392–399.
Mak, Chun Nam Bernie, and Carmen Lee
2015 “
Swearing is e-Business: Expletives in Instant Messaging in Hong Kong Workplaces.” In
Digital Business Discourse, ed. by
Erika Darics, 124–143. London: Palgrave.
Malinowski, Bronislaw
1923 “
The problem of meaning in primitives.” In
The Meaning of Meaning: A Study of the Influence of Language upon Thought and of the Science of Symbolism, ed. by
Charles K. Ogden and
Ivor A. Richards, 296–336. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
McCarthy, Michael
2000 “
Mutually Captive Audiences: Small Talk and the Genre of Close-Contact Service Encounters”. In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 84–109. London: Longman.
Nabeth, Thierry
2009 “
Social Web and Identity: A Likely Encounter.”
Identity in the Information Society 2 (1): 1–5.
Nardi, Bonnie, Steve Whittaker, and Erin Bradner
2000 “
Interaction and Outeraction: Instant messaging in Action.” In
CSCW’00 Proceedings of the 2000 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 79–88. New York: ACM Press.
Norman, Donald A.
1988 The Psychology of Everyday Things. New York: Basic Books.
Perry, Fred L.
2011 Research in Applied Linguistics: Becoming a Discerning Consumer
(2nd ed.). Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Provine, Robert R., Robert J. Spencer, and Darcy Mandell
2007 “
Emotional Expression Online: Emoticons Punctuate Website Text Messages.”
Journal of Language and Social Psychology 26 (3): 299–307.
Quan-Haase, Anabel, Joseph Cothrel, and Barry Wellman
2005 “
Instant Messaging for Collaboration: A Case Study of a High-Tech Firm.”
Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 10 (4). Retrieved from
[URL].
Ragan, Sandra L.
2000 “
Sociable Talk in Women’s Health Care Contexts: Two Forms of Non-Medical Talk.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 269–287. London: Longman.
Ready, Douglas A.
2002 “
How Storytelling Builds Next-Generation Leaders.”
MIT Sloan Management Review 43 (4): 63–69.
Richards, Keith
2006 Language and Professional Identity: Aspects of Collaborative Interaction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rosnow, Ralph L.
1977 “
Gossip and Marketplace Psychology.”
Journal of Communication 27 (1): 158–163.
Sǎftoiu, Rǎzvan
2012 “
Small Talk – A Work of Frame.” In
Professional Communication across Languages and Cultures, ed. by
Mǎda Stanca and
Rǎzvan Sǎftoiu, 213–235. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Schnurr, Stephanie
2013 Exploring Professional Communication: Language in Action. London: Routledge.
Sheer, Vivian C.
2010 “
Hong Kong Adolescents’ Use of MSN vs. ICQ for Developing Friendships Online: Considering Media Richness and Presentational Control.”
Chinese Journal of Communication 3 (2): 223–240.
Stephens, Keri K.
2008 “
Optimizing Costs in Workplace Instant Messaging Use.”
IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication 51 (4): 369–380.
Stubbe, Maria, Chris Lane, Jo Hilder, Elaine Vine, Bernadette Vine, Meredith Marra, Janet Holmes, and Ann Weatherall
2003 “
Multiple Discourse Analyses of Workplace Interaction.”
Discourse Studies 5 (3): 351–388.
Tagg, Caroline
2016 “
Heteroglossia in Text-messaging: Performing Identity and Negotiating Relationships in a Digital Space”.
Journal of Sociolinguistics 20 (1): 59–85.
Thurlow, Crispin
2001 “
The Internet and Language.” In
The Concise Encyclopedia of Sociolinguistics, ed. by
Rajend Mesthrie, 287–289. London: Pergamon.
Tracy, Karen, and Julie M. Naughton
2000 “
Institutional Identity-Work: A Better Lens.” In
Small Talk, ed. by
Justine Coupland, 32–83. London: Longman.
Valkenburg, Patti M., and Jochen Peter
2009 “
The Effects of Instant Messaging on the Quality of Adolescents’ Existing Friendships: A Longitudinal Study.”
Journal of Communication 591: 79–97.
Van De Mieroop, Dorien
2016 “
Small Talk in Interpreted Interactions in a Medical Setting.”
Language and Intercultural Communication 16 (2): 292–312.
Vine, Bernadette, Susan Kell, Meredith Marra, Janet Holmes
Yates, Lynda, and George Major
2015 “
‘Quick-Chatting’, ‘Smart Dogs’, and How to ‘Say without Saying’: Small talk and Pragmatic Learning in the Community”.
System 481: 141–152.
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Chui, Mike Hin Leung, Bernie Chun Nam Mak & Gary Cheng
2021.
Exploring the Potential, Features, and Functions of Small Talk in Digital Distance Teaching on Zoom: A Mixed-Method Study by Quasi-experiment and Conversation Analysis. In
Emerging Technologies for Education [
Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 13089],
► pp. 364 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 17 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.