Using wǒmen (we) to mean s/he in Chinese parents’ interaction
Interpersonal meanings and relational work
Yanmei Han |
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Tao Xiong |
Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Using the first-person plural pronoun wǒmen (we) to refer to a child (=he/she) is repeatedly
observed in Chinese parents’ interaction. To understand its interpersonal meanings, this study investigates this non-prototypical
pronoun use in Chinese parents’ community of practice. The analysis shows that the non-prototypical use of this pronoun not only
displays agency and connection between parents and children but also reveals the seemingly close but detached relationship among
parents. This non-prototypical pronoun use unveils the complex and dynamic nature of relational work. We argue for the
significance of community of practice in relational work studies, as it can proffer social and cultural contexts to pronoun use
and a situated understanding of interactants’ interpersonal relationships. The present study contributes to the documentation of
the non-prototypical use of wǒmen in Chinese contexts and the comprehension of its interpersonal meanings.
2008 “Person
Deictic Functions of Chinese ‘w/Wǒmen’and Their Illumination for Dictionary
Definition.” Journal of Southwest University of Science and Technology (Philosophy and Social
Science
Edition) 25 (1): 55–59.
Han, Yanmei
2015 “Discursive
Construction of the Identity of Young Emerging Middle-Class Parents in China” (Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation). Guangdong University of Foreign Studies, China.
Han, Yanmei, and Jianping Chen
2019 “ ‘We
Were Not at School Today’: First Person Pronouns and Discursive Construction of Identities by Emerging Middle-Class Chinese
Parents.” Chinese Journal of Applied
Linguistics 42 (3): 285–306.
Harwood, Nigel
2005 “ ‘We
Do Not Seem to Have a Theory … The Theory I Present Here Attempts to Fill This Gap’: Inclusive and Exclusive Pronouns in
Academic Writing.” Applied
Linguistics 26 (3): 343–375.
Helmbrecht, Johannes
2002 “Grammar
and Function of We.” In Us and Others: Social Identities across
Languages, Discourses and Cultures, ed. by Anna Duszak, 31–49. Amsterdam/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
Hofstede, G.
1994Cultures
and Organizations: Software of the Mind. London: Harper Collins Business.
Holmes, Janet, and Meredith Marra
2004 “Relational
Practice in the Workplace: Women’s Talk or Gendered Discourse?” Language in
Society 33 (3): 377–398.
Hymes, Dell
1974Foundations
in Sociolinguistics: An Ethnographic
Approach. Philadephia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
Kim, Chul-Kyu
2009 “Personal
Pronouns in English and Korean Texts: A Corpus-Based Study in Terms of Textual
Interaction.” Journal of
Pragmatics 41 (10): 2086–99.
Kuo, Chih-Hua
1999 “The
Use of Personal Pronouns: Role Relationships in Scientific Journal Articles.” English for
Specific
Purposes 18 (2): 121–38.
Leech, Geoffrey, and Jan Svartvik
1994A
Communicative Grammar of
English. London: Longman.
Levinson, Stephen
C.
2000Presumptive Meanings: The Theory of
Generalized Conversational Implicature.
Pragmatics. Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press.
Locher, Miriam
A.
2008 “Relational Work, Politeness and
Identity Construction.” In Handbooks of Applied Linguistics:
Interpersonal Communication, ed. by Gerd Antos, Eija Ventola, and Tilo Weber, 509–40. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher, Miriam
2013 “Relational
Work and Interpersonal Pragmatics.” Journal of
Pragmatics 581: 145–49.
Locher, Miriam
A., and Sage
L. Graham
2010 “Introduction
to Interpersonal Pragmatics.” In Interpersonal
Pragmatics, ed. by Miriam
A. Locher and Sage
L. Graham, 1–16. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Locher, Miriam, and Andreas Langlotz
2008 “Relational
Work: At the Intersection of Cognition, Interaction and Emotion.” Bulletin Suisse
de Linguistique Appliquée (Swiss Association of Applied
Linguistics) 881: 165–91.
Miller, Elizabeth
R.
2013 “Positioning Selves, Doing
Relational Work and Constructing Identities in Interview Talk.” Journal of Politeness
Research 9 (1): 75–95.
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech, and Jan Svartvik
1985A
Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London & New York: Longman.
Rogers, Rebecca & Melissa
Mosley Wetzel
2013 “Studying
Agency in Literacy Teacher Education: A Layered Approach to Positive Discourse
Analysis.” Critical Inquiry in Language
Studies 10 (1): 62–92.
Rounds, Patricia
L.
1987 “Multifunctional Personal
Pronoun Use in an Educational Setting.” English for Specific
Purposes 6 (1): 13–29.
Scheibman, Joanne
2004 “Inclusive
and Exclusive Patterning of the English First Person Plural: Evidence from
Conversation.” In Language, Culture and
Mind, ed. by Michel Achard and Suzanne Kemmer, 375–96. Stanford: CSLI Publications.
Schneider, Stefan
2010 “Mitigation.” In Interpersonal
Pragmatics, ed. by Miriam
A. Locher and Sage
L. Graham, 253–70. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Tannen, Deborah
2007 “Power
Maneuvers and Connection Maneuvers in Family Interaction.” In Family
Talk: Discourse and Identity in Four American Families, ed. by D. Tannen, S. Kendall, and C. Gordon, 27–48. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tian, Hailong
2001 “The Interpersonal Functions and Cultural Differences of ’WE/Wǒmen ’in English and
Chinese (英汉语“WE/我们”的人际功能与文化差异).” Journal of
Tianjin Foreign Studies
University, no. 3: 17–20.
Triandis, Harry
C., Robert Bontempo, Marcelo
J. Villareal, Masaaki Asai, and Nydia Lucca
1988 “Individualism
and Collectivism: Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Self-Ingroup Relationships.” J Pers Soc
Psychol 541: 323–38.
Wenger, E. T.
Ienne
1998Communities of Practice: Learning,
Meaning and Identity. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Zhang, Chunquan
2005 “The Extensive Reference of the First Person Pronoun and Its Psychological
Motivation (第一人称代词的虚指及其心理动因).” Journal of
Zhejiang University (Humanities and Social
Sciences) 35 (3): 106–12.