Index

• Abstract 362, 363

• Accent/accentedness 233–236, 241–245, 259

• Accentedness rating243

• Acceptable/Acceptability 153, 166, 172, 215–217, 220, 221, 224, 235

• Acceptability judgment task (AJT) 207, 213, 217, 222

• Accuracy 208, 215, 306, 308, 309, 315–317, 319, 330, 332, 333, 335, 337, 339, 340, 343, 346

• Accuracy measures 288, 310

• (L2) achievement36

• Acoustic-phonetic processing262

• Acquisition 4, 7

• Action research 55, 61, 65, 66, 74, 356, 360–362

• Affordance 212, 214

• Age310

• Age of arrival245

• Age of onset10

• Agency 56, 58, 59, 64, 66, 70, 73, 212

• AILA World Congress371

• Allocation of attention288

• Ambiguity resolution288

• Ambiguous/unambiguous language296

• American Association of Applied Linguistics371

• Amount of input310

• Analytic talk 219, 224, 225

• Anaphora resolution293

• Anomalous/normal syntactic structures296

• Anomaly detection293

• ANOVA 37, 40, 41, 128

• Anxiety 87, 88, 93, 131, 132, 135, 138, 139, 141, 259, 317

• Applied ISLA309

• Approach 5, 8, 11–15, 17, 23, 24

• Approximate replication 107–113, 116, 118

• Aptitude214

• Argument overlap 293, 294

• Articles 208, 209

• Articulator331

• Artifacts 56, 62, 65, 68

• Artificial languages 291–294

• Aspect 104–110, 116, 214, 216, 220, 227

• Assessments 36, 40, 48, 50, 51

• Assistive prompt212

• Associations 181, 183

• Asynchronous computer mediated communication152

• Attention 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 132, 134, 209–211, 213, 220

• Audio recordings 212, 225

• Audio-visual prompts260

• Aurally-presented stimuli213

• Authenticity 153, 158, 163, 165, 259, 261, 262, 265, 272, 273

• Autoethnography64

• Automated Writing Evaluation (AWE)308

• Automatization211

• Automatized explicit knowledge214

• Auxiliaries208

• Background knowledge259

• Bare lexical items 209, 217

• Behavioral 132, 134

• Behavioral methods 264, 267

• Behaviors of interest226

• Beliefs 136, 142

• Between-group 35, 37, 38, 40, 41, 50

• Between-subject designs186

• Bi/multilingual norm125

• Bidirectional listening261

• Binary224

• Bonferroni test33

• Bootstrapping129

• Bottom-up approach/models 219, 258

• Brain imaging211

• Breadth of knowledge182

• Breakdown fluency 333, 335, 339

• CA(L)F measures315

• CAF 329, 330, 332–335, 337, 340, 345, 347

• CAFFA 329, 330, 332, 335, 337, 338, 341, 343–345, 347

• Calibration271

• Canadian Association of Applied Linguistics371

• Canadian Journal of Action Research361

• Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics371

• Case study/studies 61–63, 74, 212, 310, 311

• Categorical32

• Challenge statements371

• Chi-square128

• Clarification requests111

• Class observations 91, 95

• Classroom interaction 211, 217, 219, 220

• Classroom management82

• Classroom observations/observation design 110, 212, 310

• Classroom teachers 355, 357–359, 371

• Classroom(based) studies 38, 47, 82, 246

• CLIL95

• Close replication 105, 107–110, 113, 114, 116, 119

• Closed role-plays159

• Co-constructed knowledge131

• “Co-construction” activities220

• Coda consonants235

• Coding 67, 216

• Cognates/cognateness 197, 283, 296

• Cognition Hypothesis344

• Cognitive approaches 210, 211

• Cognitive strategies Cognitive system330

• Cognitive-interactionist138

• Coherence/cohesion 211, 333, 335, 340, 347

• Collaboration 128, 226

• Collaborative dialogues 152, 314

• Collaborative writing 94, 308, 314, 317

• Collocations 181–183, 190–192, 197

• Comfortably intelligible speech234

• Communicative competence 258, 261–263, 265

• Communicative functions 150, 167

• Communicative goal 150, 160

• Communicative impacts209

• Communicative language use305

• Communicative proficiency207

• Communicative tasks 217, 220

• Comparative re-production108

• Competence 5, 7

• Complexity 138, 306, 310, 311, 315, 317, 329, 330, 332, 333, 336, 338, 339, 342–344

• Complexity by coordination 334, 343

• Complexity by subordination334

• Complexity of teaching 81, 82

• Complexity, accuracy, fluency (CAF) 306, 329, 330, 332, 339

• Complexity, accuracy, fluency (CAF) measures 332, 337, 339

• Complexity, accuracy, fluency, functional adequacy (CAFFA) 329, 342

• Component processes in reading 281, 295

• Component words 188, 197

• Comprehensibility 235, 241–243, 245, 247, 248, 335, 340, 347

• Comprehensibility rating 243, 244

• Comprehension accuracy 284, 296

• Comprehension checks111

• Comprehension monitoring 262, 285

• Comprehension practice109

• Comprehension task39

• Computer laboratory213

• Computer-animated production test153

• Computer-based306

• Concept-based instruction214

• Conceptual replication 107, 108, 114, 116

• Conceptualizer331

• Conclusions369

• Concreteness197

• Concurrent data 308, 312, 313, 318

• Concurrent verbal reports265

• Concurrently 213, 219

• Conduct observations130

• Confirmation checks111

• Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)285

• Confounding358

• Confounding variables358

• Congruency in collocations197

• Conscious213

• Constraints on use183

• Content 335, 336, 340, 347

• Content organization259

• Content-based instruction 80, 81

• Context 81–83, 87, 91, 357, 358, 361, 363, 365, 366, 368

• Contexts of use216

• Continuous32

• Control group 33, 37, 38, 46, 151, 152, 155, 156, 162, 172, 220, 221

• Controlled tasks 216, 218

• Convergent design 84–88, 92, 93, 96, 97

• Convergent validity51

• Conversation analysis (CA) 68, 161

• Conversational maxims of quantity, relation, manner and quality340

• Corpus107

• Corrected effect size correlation114

• Corrective feedback 89, 94, 236, 239–241, 250

• Correlational311

• Correlational research 31, 32, 36, 43, 44

• Counterbalanced138

• Cross-linguistic 337, 342

• Cross-sectional/ cross-sectional research 126, 127, 335

• Cultural conventions150

• Curricular objectives82

• Data analysis 365, 367

• Data coding367

• Data consolidation92

• Data transformation92

• Data visualization129

• Declarative knowledge 210, 211, 213, 240

• Decode282

• Deductive 8, 220, 221, 224

• Deductive approach162

• Definite article209

• Delayed posttest 109, 186, 187, 190, 191, 194, 195

• Delivery format259

• Demographics212

• Dependant variable 32, 34, 45, 47

• Depth of knowledge182

• Depth of processing (DoP)314

• Derivational complexity334

• Descriptive 212, 224, 311

• Descriptive results 114, 115

• Descriptive statistics33

• Designs 79, 84–86, 92, 93, 96

• Development 4, 5, 9, 12, 14

• Dialectal features233

• Dialogic224

• Dialogic speaking tasks248

• Dialogue 156, 171, 178

• Dialogue construction tasks 156, 157

• Dichotomous interpretation114

• Digital filter249

• Direct 308, 316, 319–321

• Direct and indirect expressions164

• Directness 153, 161, 164

• Discourse completion tasks (DCTs) 150, 154

• Discourse level processing283

• Discovery-learning 291, 292, 297

• Discursive processes224

• Discussion 365, 368, 369

• Distractors222

• Divergent validity51

• Diversity, equity, inclusion and access (DEIA)22

• Dual commitment 81, 82

• Dual language program87

• During-reading strategies296

• Dyadic task-based interaction134

• Dyads 110, 111

• Dynamic 10, 130, 131, 135

• Dynamic assessment214

• Early measures289

• Ecological validity 13, 47, 79, 82, 84, 90, 217, 226, 308, 316, 358, 369, 373

• Educational Action Research361

• Effect size 114, 115, 117

• Electroencephalography (EEG)267

• Elicited imitation tasks213

• Elicited oral imitation test8

• Emergent95

• Emic 212, 215

• Emic (insider) perspective63

• Emotion 56, 59, 60, 64, 65, 70, 71, 73

• Emotional factors135

• Engagement 17, 131, 132, 134, 318, 320, 321

• Enjoyment 87, 88, 93

• Epistemology80

• Error correction360

• Errors 333, 335

• Ethical research226

• Ethics Committee 19, 20, 22

• Ethnography 55, 61, 63, 311

• Etic212

• Event-related brain potentials (ERPs)288

• Evidence of learning 316, 317

• Evidence-based L2 pronunciation teaching 233, 246

• Evidence-based pedagogy287

• Evidence-based practice (EBP) 83, 373

• Exact replication107

• Exempt research studies20

• Exit questionnaire126

• Expedited studies 20, 22

• Experience (or discovery) approach291

• Experimental groups220

• Experimental laboratory methods287

• Experimental research 31, 36, 38, 43, 46, 48, 49

• Expert raters340

• Expertise 131, 139

• Explanations 208, 212, 214, 219

• Explanatory sequential design 88, 89, 97

• Explicit 207, 210–214, 217, 219–221, 224, 225, 228

• Explicit information (EI)109

• Explicit instruction 152, 207, 219–221, 285, 291–293, 297

• Explicit learning 4, 7, 8, 23

• Explicit metapragmatic information156

• Explicit phonetic instruction 236, 240, 250

• Exploratory sequential design 85, 89–91, 97

• Extended text154

• Extension study104

• Extensive reading 286, 290, 291, 299

• External validity140

• Eye tracking 211, 213, 257, 258, 264, 267–271, 273, 274, 308, 312, 362, 377

• FA rating scale 334, 340, 341, 345–347

• Face-to-face mode 84, 93

• Factorial design 41, 42, 49

• Feedback 6, 11, 14, 15, 20, 211, 212, 217, 305, 308, 311, 316, 318, 319, 321

• Feedback decisions376

• Feedback processing framework316

• Field notes 63, 66, 68, 130

• Fine-grained measures 333, 335, 336

• First language (L1)259

• First language (L1) transfer215

• First-fixation duration289

• Fixations267

• Fixed95

• Fluency 245, 306, 311, 315, 316, 329, 330, 332, 333, 335, 337, 339, 343, 346

• Fluency development286

• Fluency measures155

• Fluent214

• Focus group interviews87

• Focus on form 39, 306

• Focus on formS39

• Focus on meaning39

• Focused 308, 310, 314, 316, 319

• Focused coding67

• Forced-choice identification task244

• Foreign Language Annals 370, 371, 375

• Foreign language learning9

• Form208

• Form-focused explicit instruction152

• Form-meaning connections138

• Form-meaning mappings109

• Formulaic language/sequences 183, 310

• Formulation306

• Formulator331

• Foundational knowledge 286, 298

• Framework 5, 12, 15

• Frequency 216, 218, 219

• Frequent217

• Functional adequacy 329, 335, 348

• Functional adequacy (FA) 329, 330

• Functional load 235, 245, 247

• Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)267

• Future directions 355, 356, 369, 373

• Future interlocutors136

• Gaze duration289

• General knowledge 283, 284

• General measures337

• Generalizability 13, 18, 82, 163, 226

• Georgetown University Round Table371

• Gestures210

• Global measures333

• Goal theory310

• Goals310

• Graded readers287

• Grammar 207, 208, 210–215, 219, 220, 225–228

• Grammatical concepts 212, 225

• Grammatical functions 182, 183, 187

• Grammaticality judgment test (GJT) 8, 213

• Grit131

• Grounded Theory (GT) 67, 74

• Group-level analyses110

• Groups 106, 110, 115

• Head acts157

• Heritage language learning9

• Heritage language speakers105

• High/low frequency vocabulary296

• Higher-level cognitive processes262

• Higher-order comprehension processes284

• Histograms129

• Holistic measures336

• Homogeneity of variance129

• Hypothesis 5, 12, 13, 108, 364

• Hypothesis testing 306, 314

• ID factors 44, 46, 49

• Ideal L2 self 61, 133

• Identity 55, 56, 58, 59, 61, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 73, 135, 142

• Idiodynamic method 132, 135

• Illocutionary force161

• Imageability197

• Immediate posttest 187, 190, 191

• Implications 355, 365, 368, 371

• Implicit 210, 211, 213, 214, 221

• Implicit instruction152

• Implicit learning 4, 8, 9

• Impressions150

• In-class practices136

• In-situ studies 290, 297

• Inanimate L2 sources136

• Inchoative 219, 221

• Incidental learning 185–187, 189, 193–196

• Incidental vocabulary learning 181, 184, 185, 187, 188, 193–195

• Indefinite article209

• Independent samples t-test128

• Independent variable 32–34, 37, 38, 41, 45, 46, 49

• Independently verified224

• Indirect 308, 319, 320

• Individual differences (IDs) 5, 18, 285, 308

• Individual interviews 133, 134

• Individual vs. collaborative306

• Inductive 8, 220, 221

• Inferences 282–284, 297

• Inferencing 260, 262

• Inferential statistics 33, 46, 48, 211

• Infinitive verb forms217

• Inflectional complexity334

• Inflectional morphemes 208–210

• Information exchange tasks110

• Initial study 104–114, 116, 117

• Input 5, 7, 9–12, 210, 211, 258, 260–263, 266, 272, 273

• Input processing skills286

• Inservice teachers360

• Insider130

• Instructed approach291

• Instructed second language (L2) pronunciation233

• Instructed second language acquisition (ISLA) 3, 355, 363, 375

• Instructed second language acquisition of reading (ISLAR)281

• Instructed settings 3, 4, 7, 9

• Instructional conditions 211, 219

• Instructional contexts 355, 365, 374

• Instructional intervention 182, 184–186, 190, 191, 196, 305

• Instructional materials214

• Instructional methods 149, 151, 152

• Instructional studies 150–153, 159, 164–167

• Instructional support 224, 225

• Instruments 363, 365, 366, 370, 372

• Intact classes 125–128, 138, 140, 218

• Integrated listening tasks262

• Intelligibility 235, 237, 241, 242, 244, 247

• Intelligibility principle235

• Intensive reading 286, 296

• Intentional learning 184, 185, 187, 188, 191–194, 198

• Intentional vocabulary learning 181, 185, 187–189, 194, 199

• Intentions 150, 218

• Interaction110

• Interaction effects 41, 49

• Interactional competence215

• Interactional outcomes 159, 160, 166

• Interactive listening 259, 261, 262, 266, 272, 273

• Interactive models 258, 259

• Intercultural competence 91, 95

• Interdisciplinary research methods 281, 291

• Interlanguage136

• Interlingual homographs283

• Interlocutor individual differences126

• Interlocutors 6, 10, 15, 263

• Internal reliability 40, 50

• Internal validity 140, 217

• Internalized212

• International Association for Task-Based Language Teaching371

• Interpretation 207, 212–214, 227, 365, 367–369

• Interpretive 55, 56, 62, 211

• Interrater coefficients197

• Interrater reliability 51, 224, 367

• Interrogative constructions219

• Intervention studies 181, 186, 187, 196

• Interviews 55–57, 62–64, 66, 68, 70, 71, 131, 134, 212, 213, 219, 264, 265, 278, 308, 310, 312, 318

• Intra-rater reliability51

• Introduction 355, 363

• Introspective techniques312

• Investment 56, 60, 61

• IRIS database 220, 231, 366, 372

• ISLA applied 309, 318–320

• ISLA researchers 355, 357, 371–373

• Jargon21

• Journal of Educational Change361

• Journal of Mixed Methods Research80

• Journal of Second Language Teaching and Research370

• Journal of Teacher Action Research361

• Journal of the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning361

• Judgment scales244

• Judgment tasks109

• Keystroke logging tools 310, 312, 313

• Knowledge about the world 282, 283

• Kolmogorov-Smirnov goodness-of-fit test128

• L1 fluency 84, 94

• L1 reading comprehension285

• L2 anti-ought-to self133

• L2 fluency 84, 85, 93, 94

• L2 grit 132, 136, 141

• L2 immersion217

• L2 learning processes 305, 306

• L2 listening development 257, 272

• (L2) Motivational Self System61

• L2 pragmatics 149–151, 159

• L2 proficiency 32, 35, 36, 43, 44, 284, 296

• L2 pronunciation research methods233

• L2 Spanish 207, 217–220, 224

• L2 speaking84

• L2 speaking or writing activities218

• L2 speech (data) analysis233

• L2 speech instruments233

• L2 speech production138

• L2 vocabulary knowledge259

• L2 writers/writing 93–95, 305, 306, 308, 309, 311–316, 318, 319, 321

• Lab-based studies355

• Labeling224

• Laboratory-based studies 233, 246

• Laboratory research 287, 288, 290, 291

• Language Learning and Technology 371, 375

• Language learning strategies95

• Language program directors 357, 359

• Language socialization 55–57, 62

• Language socialization theory56

• Language Teaching Research 361, 370

• Language testing98

• Language-focused learning286

• Language-related episodes 132, 138, 152, 219, 311

• Large-scale quantitative methods211

• Larger-scale studies310

• Late measures289

• Learner affects93

• Learner gender93

• Learner individual differences (IDs)126

• Learner psychology82

• Learner traits 36, 48

• Learner-generated content94

• Learning 3–7, 9–14, 17

• Learning outcome measures127

• Learning outcomes 149–153, 163–168

• Legitimacy61

• Length (of input)259

• Length-based measures 333–335, 342

• Level of proficiency309

• Levene’s test129

• Lexical complexity 315, 333, 334, 336, 337, 342

• Lexical density336

• Lexical development185

• Lexical diversity 337, 339, 340, 342

• Lexical items 207–209

• Lexical processing283

• Lexical profiles 184, 194

• Lexical richness336

• Lexical sophistication138

• Likert scale 153, 158, 159, 221

• Limitations 364, 369

• Limited Attentional Capacity Model344

• Linguistic complexity 333, 340

• Linguistic knowledge283

• Linguistic self-confidence 138, 139

• Listener characteristics259

• Listener judgments 242, 244

• Listening 257–274

• Listening comprehension 258–262, 264, 273

• Listening strategies 259–261, 266, 273

• Literature review 363–365, 368

• Longitudinal collaboration 358, 359

• Longitudinal projects358

• Longitudinal research 337, 342

• Longitudinal studies 126, 127, 309

• Low-tech218

• Lower-level cognitive processes262

• Macro studies 34, 35

• Macro timescales131

• Main effects 41, 42

• Manipulation of tasks 305, 317

• Materials 365, 366, 370, 372

• Meaning 208, 215, 216, 224, 225

• Meaning-focused input286

• Meaning-focused output286

• Meaning-focused reading 286, 296

• Meaningful activity 210–212, 214

• Meaningful interaction134

• Measures 329, 330, 333–339, 342–345, 347

• Mechanical exercises208

• Media resources218

• Mediating variables139

• Mediation58

• Mediational needs212

• Medium 306, 314, 320

• Meta-analysis/analyses 80, 85, 87, 92, 94, 290, 291, 298

• Metacognition259

• Metacognitive Awareness Listening Questionnaire (MALQ)265

• Metacognitive instruction261

• Metacognitive strategies 260, 262, 265

• Metalinguistic 308, 312, 319, 320

• Metalinguistic explanations208

• Metalinguistic understanding 210, 212

• Methodology/methodologies 55, 56, 61, 64, 65, 67, 68, 72–74

• Methods 55, 56, 61, 63, 64, 66, 68, 69, 71, 73–75, 257, 258, 261, 263–268, 272, 273, 358, 362–365

• Methods for assessing learning outcomes 150, 151, 153, 157, 159, 162, 168

• Micro studies 34, 35

• Micro timescales 131, 133

• Microgenesis213

• Missing data129

• Mixed design 37, 41, 50

• Mixed effects modeling198

• Mixed effects models198

• Mixed methods research (MMR) 79, 85, 95

• Mixed methods study 268, 273

• Mobile applications10

• Mobile instant messaging89

• Mobile-mediated dynamic assessment94

• Model 5, 12

• Model of Speech Production 330, 331, 347

• Moderating factors139

• Moderating variables131

• Modern Language Journal370

• Modified graded reader190

• “Modified” or “pushed” output316

• Monitoring306

• Monologic tasks 242, 248

• Mood214

• Morphological complexity 333, 334, 336, 343

• Morphosyntax208

• Motivation 56, 60, 61, 67, 68, 127, 131–134, 136, 259

• Motivation surveys296

• Motivational factors135

• Motivational regulation strategies95

• Multi-word expressions296

• Multimedia 259, 260, 273

• Multimodal 64, 66, 69

• Multiple choice task292

• Multiple regression128

• Multiple scoring systems188

• Multiple-choice questions 259, 262

• Multiword items(units, MWU) 181–186, 188, 189, 197–199

• Narrative data134

• Narrative inquiry 55, 61, 70, 71, 74

• Narrative review80

• Narrative synthesis15

• Narratives 132, 134

• Native-speaker variety215

• Nativeness principle235

• Naturally-occurring interactions159

• Negotiating225

• Negotiation of/for meaning 6, 110, 111

• Netnography64

• Neuroimaging methods 264, 267

• Neuroimaging research210

• Neurological evidence238

• Non-cognates 283, 296

• Non-conscious210

• Non-expert raters 340, 341, 345–347

• Non-normality129

• Non-redundant measures338

• Non-standard grammatical features215

• Non-target-like L2 use215

• Non-university contexts130

• Non-veridicality 265, 266

• Nonnative-accented speech234

• Nontarget form241

• Normality129

• Normality test of sphericity129

• Norms of language use150

• Northeast Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages371

• Note-taking259

• Noticing 306, 313, 314

• Noticing hypothesis151

• Null hypothesis significance testing 33, 114

• Number of fixations289

• Number of regressions from and to a word289

• Objectivist, positivist paradigm62

• Observable linguistic behavior213

• Observational311

• Observational research 31, 32, 36, 44

• Observational studies296

• Observations 55–57, 62–66, 68

• Observer effect 125, 130, 138, 139

• Offline measures 288, 297

• Offline tests 109, 288

• Online tests109

• Onset consonants235

• Ontology80

• Open Accessible Summaries in Language Studies (OASIS)371

• Open coding67

• Open role-plays 159–161

• Open science128

• Open Science Framework295

• Open-ended 213, 216–218

• Open-ended questions259

• Operationalize 3, 7, 21, 213, 214

• Oral corrective feedback361

• Oral DCTs 155, 158

• Oral tasks 337, 341, 344

• Oral vs. written mode306

• Orthographic knowledge283

• Orthography-phonology mapping292

• Ought-to L2 self 61, 133

• Outcomes 305–307, 318

• Outliers89

• Outsider130

• Overall complexity 333, 334, 342

• Overall proficiency in the target L2259

• Overtly282

• Paper-and-pencil test218

• Paper-based306

• Paradigm 55, 56, 61

• Paradigm war80

• Paragraph-level218

• Paralinguistic cues263

• Partial and full knowledge190

• Partial knowledge188

• Partial replication360

• Participant attrition 127, 128

• Participant bias46

• Participant fatigue217

• Participant profiles111

• Participant’s L1151

• Participants 360, 363–366

• Passion 131, 136, 141

• Passives 215, 216

• Past interlocutors136

• Pause length155

• Pearson correlation128

• Pedagogical effectiveness214

• Pedagogical implications81

• Pedagogically-relevant knowledge 306, 307

• Peers214

• Percentages216

• Perception and beliefs about corrective feedback360

• Perception-first view 238–240

• Perceptual Assimilation Model (PAM)238

• Perseverance 131, 136, 141

• Person-in-context61

• Perspective taking285

• Phonetic instruction239

• Phonetic plan331

• Phonics training292

• Phonological complexity333

• Phrasal complexity 334, 336, 343

• Phraseological complexity333

• Physical context218

• Pictorial modality259

• Picture description tasks (PDTs) 207, 217, 218, 223, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249

• Picture word matching292

• Pilot 16, 17, 19, 20

• Pilot testing 217, 218, 226, 227

• Playback control259

• Politeness 152–154, 161, 164, 173

• Population validity47

• Post-positivist (paradigm)61

• Post-reading questionnaire290

• Postmodernist (paradigm)61

• Posttest 126, 127

• Power 33, 34, 44, 48, 49

• Power analysis 33, 34

• Practical relevance 82, 83, 97

• Practice 239, 240, 246

• Practice effect138

• Practice opportunities 236, 239–241, 250

• Practice-based research (PBR) 83, 373

• Practitioners 81–84, 97, 98, 357, 360, 370, 373

• Pragmalinguistics 168, 179

• Pragmatic knowledge 149–152, 165–168, 180

• Pragmatic processing262

• Pragmatic-related episodes156

• Pragmatically215

• Pragmatics 94, 98

• Pragmatism 80, 81

• Pre-/posttest design151

• Pre-empt221

• Pre-reading strategies296

• Pre-registration112

• Pre-verbal message331

• Predictions 283, 285, 295

• Prefixes208

• Pretest127

• Pretest-posttest-(delayed posttest) designs311

• Primary-interest predictors 293, 296

• Priming 288, 296, 299

• Prior experience with the L2131

• Prior knowledge 125, 130

• Prior student relationships126

• Probability of word skipping289

• Problem-solving tasks213

• Procedural knowledge 210, 211, 214, 240

• Proceduralized4

• Procedures 365, 367

• Process-oriented approaches 257, 308

• Processes 211, 213, 215, 219, 224–226

• Processing tasks 213, 214

• Product-oriented approach 263, 308, 320

• Production 207, 213–216, 218, 223

• Productive 211, 216

• Productive knowledge 182, 183, 190

• Productive modalities214

• Productive vocabulary knowledge181

• Productive writing and speaking133

• Products225

• Professional development 357, 359

• Proficiency 131–133, 135, 142

• Prominence218

• Prompts 241, 242, 244

• Pronounceability197

• Pronouns208

• Pronunciation 233–242, 245–256

• Pronunciation errors 235, 241

• Propensity score matching291

• Propositional complexity 333, 335

• Prosody 164, 168

• Protocol 13, 14, 20–22

• Pseudowords 191, 193, 194

• Psycholinguistics220

• Psychological and physiological impact166

• Psychological constructs 36, 51

• Publication bias128

• Q-Q plots129

• Qualitative 55, 56, 61–63, 67, 72, 73

• Qualitative research 55, 56, 59, 61, 67, 72

• Qualitative research synthesis72

• Qualitative techniques290

• Quasi- and true experimental311

• Quasi-experimental in-situ design296

• Quasi-experimental study38

• Questionnaires 66, 80, 84–91, 93–95, 134, 264, 265, 312

• Random group assignment38

• Randomized223

• Rate7

• Rater training 337, 338, 344–347

• Reaction time measures211

• Reactivity 46, 265, 266, 312, 313

• Reader motivation290

• Reading 281–299

• Reading comprehension 281–291, 293–295, 297–299

• Reading development 281, 284, 285, 287, 298

• Reading fluency 284, 290, 294, 296, 298

• Reading tasks248

• Reading time 288, 294

• Reading-aloud tasks242

• Real-time (online) processing288

• Real-time ability210

• Real-time measures288

• Recall tests 187, 188

• Receptive listening and reading skills133

• Receptive modalities214

• Receptive vocabulary knowledge181

• Recognition tests 187, 188

• Recruitment 129, 130

• Redundant343

• References 369, 370

• Reflective journals 91, 95

• Reflexivity 67, 71, 72

• Reformulations241

• Relevant responses218

• Reliability scores249

• Reliable/reliability/reliability measures 15, 18, 40, 41, 47, 50, 51, 197, 338, 341, 343, 344, 346

• Repair fluency 333, 335, 339, 343

• Repeated-measures (counterbalanced) designs311

• Replication Recipe template 112, 113

• Replication research 103, 105, 107, 111, 114–116, 118, 360

• Replication study 104–108, 110–113, 116–118

• Reproduction tasks39

• Request strategies 152, 161, 172, 178, 179

• Requests 152, 154, 156, 159, 161, 165, 166, 169, 170, 172, 177

• Research design 358, 360, 365, 373

• Research methods 355, 356, 358, 362, 363

• Research questions 103–107, 111, 118, 362, 364–366, 368

• Research report 355, 362, 363

• Researcher bias46

• Researcher-practitioner collaboration 233, 250

• Researcher-teacher collaboration 356, 357, 360

• Response latency288

• Response modality259

• Restructuring 316, 321

• Results 358, 363, 365–370, 372

• Retrospective techniques312

• Retrospective verbal reports 265, 266

• Retrospectively213

• Right to speak 60, 61

• Robot-assisted instruction152

• Role-plays 150, 153, 154, 159, 161, 163–168, 175

• Route7

• Rule formation225

• Saccades267

• Sample 31–34, 43, 46–48, 50

• Sample size151

• Sample size planning128

• Sampling 34, 47, 50

• Scaffolded feedback89

• Scaffolding58

• Scalar judgments243

• Scatterplots129

• “Scientific” grammatical concepts214

• Scoring scheme224

• Screen-capture technologies312

• Second language acquisition (SLA)3

• Second language learning 9, 23

• Second Language Research 370, 375

• Segmentals 236–238, 241, 250

• Self-assessed proficiency87

• Self-monitoring135

• Self-paced reading 109, 281, 293

• Self-perceived communicative competence 138, 139

• Self-regulated activity212

• Self-report questionnaire138

• Semantic 213, 220, 221

• Semantic processing262

• Semi-structured 87, 89, 91

• Shapiro-Wilk tests129

• Simple view of reading 284, 285

• Simplification strategies217

• Single words296

• Single-word units183

• Skill acquisition theory 151, 240

• Small sample sizes 125, 128, 129

• Social 129, 132, 134, 137

• Social approaches 210–212

• Social context 56, 58, 60, 62, 70, 71, 73

• Social distance 158, 164

• Social factors135

• Social interaction98

• Social media93

• Sociocognitive226

• Sociocultural context149

• Sociocultural Theory151

• Sociolinguistically215

• Sociopragmatics179

• Sophistication 334, 336, 343

• Southwest Conference on Language Teaching371

• Spanish 207, 225

• Spanish pronoun se219

• Speaker characteristics259

• Specific measures 335, 336

• Speech act 152–156, 162, 164, 165, 167, 169

• Speech community233

• Speech modalities 233, 236

• Speech perception 236, 238, 239, 241, 250

• Speech plan331

• Speech production 238–241, 244, 250

• Speech production accuracy238

• Speech rate 155, 259

• Speed fluency 333, 335, 339, 343

• Spillover effects217

• Spontaneous interactions160

• Stages219

• Standard variety214

• Statistical assumptions 128, 140

• Statistical conclusion validity 31, 45, 48, 52

• Stimulated recalls 111, 265, 266, 270, 308, 313, 361

• Strategy-based instruction261

• Students’ and teachers’ roles310

• Studies in Second Language Acquisition 366, 370, 373, 375

• Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching 371, 375

• Study abroad 9, 10, 89, 94, 98, 217, 310

• Study report362

• Sublexical processing283

• Suffixes208

• Summability197

• Sunshine TESOL state conference371

• Suprasegmentals 236–238, 241, 250

• Survey research 264–266

• Symbol-picture matching292

• Syntactic and lexical mitigations167

• Syntactic complexity 138, 259, 315, 333–337, 339, 340, 342, 348

• Syntactic processing283

• Syntax208

• Synthesis 150, 151

• System (journal) 366, 375

• T-test 37, 40, 41

• Tables and figures370

• Tailor-made instruments133

• Target features127

• Target form 240, 241

• Target language 151, 152, 163

• Target language input282

• Target pragmatic features 151, 154

• Target structure 39, 41, 208, 214–219, 221, 225

• TASK371

• Task characteristics 259, 260

• Task complexity 45, 138–140, 306, 307, 311–313, 317, 362

• Task complexity factors 306, 307

• Task engagement 317, 321

• Task implementation conditions306

• Task modality 306, 307, 335, 340, 348

• Task motivation317

• Task requirements 335, 340, 347

• Task type 335, 337, 338, 340, 344, 347, 348

• Task-based approach 152, 168

• Task-based language teaching (TBLT) 138, 330, 358

• Task-specific motivation 132–134

• TBLA 330, 332, 334

• TBLT 332, 334, 359, 361, 372

• TBLT Language Learning Task Bank (tblt.indiana.edu)366

• Teacher beliefs93

• Teacher emotions 59, 60

• Teacher identity78

• Teacher individual differences 125, 126

• Teacher training program 356, 360

• Teacher vision and motivation95

• Teacher-researcher 356, 360, 361

• Teacher-researcher collaborations 355, 363

• Teacher’s motivational strategies318

• Teachers 208, 214, 226–228

• Teachers’ accents94

• Teaching materials 91, 95

• Technology 217, 218, 227, 257, 264, 267, 274

• Technology-enhanced simulations153

• Technology-mediated pragmatics152

• Tense214

• TESL Canada Journal371

• TESOL Quarterly 371, 375

• Test modes93

• Test-retest reliability40

• Test-taking strategies 268, 269

• Testing vocabulary knowledge181

• Tests eliciting vocabulary knowledge187

• Thematic coding224

• Theoretical coding67

• Theory 5, 11, 12, 14–16

• Think-alouds 213, 265, 266, 290, 296, 308, 312, 314, 315, 319, 320, 362

• Time constraints259

• Time gaps218

• Time pressure 213, 221

• Time-based measures333

• Top-down 8, 13

• Top-down models258

• Topic familiarity283

• Topic selection49

• Total reading time289

• Trade-off hypothesis344

• Training 129, 136

• Transcription task244

• Transcripts 220, 224

• Translanguaging 137, 142

• Triadic Componential Framework344

• Triangulating 133, 225, 268, 272, 273, 361

• TSLT (task supported language teaching)162

• Type I and Type II33

• Type of linguistic item 309, 318

• Types of tasks 259, 266

• Unacceptable 215, 217, 221

• Unequal variances129

• Unfocused 308, 319, 320

• Universal mental processes 210, 212

• University bias130

• Uptake316

• Usage110

• Use 207–216, 218–220, 224

• Use of hesitations and pauses259

• Use of metacognitive strategies 259, 264

• Use of reading strategies283

• Use of visuals259

• Valid measures 338, 343

• Valid/validity 13, 15, 31, 36, 40, 44–52, 214, 226, 264–266, 269, 272, 273, 341, 344, 345, 347

• Variable(s)32

• Verb meanings 215, 221

• Verbal modality259

• Verbal report data 268, 269

• Verbal reports 264–266, 271, 272

• Verbal self reports211

• Veridicality 312, 313

• Video abstracts371

• Video conference mode84

• Video recording 130, 225

• Virtual interlocutor153

• Visual cues260

• Visual display92

• Vocabulary components approach 182, 196

• Vocabulary knowledge 181, 182, 184–188, 191, 193, 196, 198, 199

• Vocabulary Levels Test 190, 194

• Vocabulary profiling software194

• Vocabulary size 285, 290, 296

• Vocabulary test formats187

• Voice 214, 216

• Vulnerable population129

• Vygotskian sociocultural theory (SCT)57

• WCF processing312

• Willingness to communicate (WTC) 60, 132, 135, 245

• Willingness to read290

• Within-group 35, 37, 41, 50

• Within-group effect sizes114

• Within-subject designs186

• Word families184

• Word limits218

• Word parts 181–183

• Word properties 198, 199

• Word reading (decoding)284

• Word recognition262

• Word-to-text integration (WTI) 288, 293, 296

• Working memory 210, 211

• Working memory capacity259

• Writing processes 306, 307, 309, 311

• Writing tasks 305, 306, 317, 318

• Written autobiographical reflections133

• Written corrective feedback (WCF) 305, 308

• Written DCTs155

• Written L2 development 305, 309, 310

• Written languaging 308, 312, 313

• Written stimuli213

• Written tasks211

• Zone of proximal development (ZPD)58