Language learning in study abroad is usually analyzed for settings where the target language is the native language, thereby ignoring the growing number of lingua franca contexts in study abroad. To address this gap, this study examined the pragmatic perceptions of 19 English learners studying abroad, comparing students in native-language settings to their peers in lingua franca environments. During their semester abroad following pragmatic instruction, the learners composed essays which elicited their perceptions of the instruction’s usefulness, applicability, gains in pragmatic awareness, and (dis)advantages of including pragmatics in the curriculum. The results indicate that the native-language setting offers more opportunities to apply pragmalinguistic strategies taught in class, but the lingua franca environment provides more room for sociopragmatic awareness and negotiation. The lingua franca students valued the instruction more, and they highlighted the importance of pragmatic consciousness-raising to complement pragmalinguistic strategies. Implications for study abroad research and language teaching are derived.
Alcón-Soler, E. (2015). Pragmatic learning and study abroad: Effects of instruction and length of stay. System, 481, 62–74.
Austin, J. L. (1975). How to do things with words. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Bardovi-Harlig, K., & Salsbury, T. (2004). The organization of turns in the disagreements of L2 learners: A longitudinal perspective. In D. Boxer & A. D. Cohen (Eds.), Studying speaking to inform second language learning (pp. 199–227). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Barron, A. (2006). Learning to say ‘you’ in German: The acquisition of sociolinguistic competence in a study abroad context. In M. DuFon & E. Churchill (Eds.), Language learners in study abroad contexts (pp. 59–88). Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Baumgarten, N., & House, J. (2010). I think and I don’t know in English as lingua franca and native English discourse. Journal of Pragmatics, 421, 1184–1200.
Beltrán, E. V. (2013). Requesting in English as a lingua franca: Proficiency effects in stay abroad. Estudios de Lingüística Inglesa Aplicada, 131, 113–147.
Berns, M. (2009). English as a lingua franca and English in Europe. World Englishes, 28(2), 192–199.
Breiteneder, A. (2005). The naturalness of English as a European lingua franca: The case of the ‘third person -s’. Vienna English Working Papers, 14(2), 3–26.
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. C. (1987). Politeness: Some universals in language use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Canagarajah, S. (2007). Lingua franca English, multilingual communities, and language acquisition. Modern Language Journal, 91(s1), 923–939.
Carroll, D. (2011). Teaching preference organization: Learning how not to say “no.” In N. Houck & D. Tatsuki (Eds.), Pragmatics: Teaching natural conversation (pp. 105–118). Alexandria: TESOL.
Chang, Y. F. (2011). Refusing in a foreign language: An investigation of problems encountered by Chinese learners of English. Multilingua, 30(1), 71–98.
Cogo, A., & Dewey, M. (2012). Analysing English as a lingua franca: A corpus-driven investigation. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
Eisenstein-Ebsworth, M., & Kodama, N. (2011). The pragmatics of refusals in English and Japanese: Alternative approaches to negotiation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2081, 95–117.
Félix-Brasdefer, J. C. (2004). Interlanguage refusals: Linguistic politeness and length of residence in the target community. Language Learning, 54(4), 587–653.
Gass, S. M., & Houck, N. (1999). Interlanguage refusals: A cross-cultural study of Japanese-English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Glaser, K. (2014). Inductive or deductive? The impact of method of instruction on the acquisition of pragmatic competence in EFL. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
Godenzzi, J. C. (2006). Spanish as a lingua franca. Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 261, 100–124.
Halenko, N., & Jones, C. (2011). Teaching pragmatic awareness of spoken requests to Chinese EAP learners in the UK: Is explicit instruction effective?System, 391, 240–250.
Haugh, M., & Schneider, K. P. (2012). Im/politeness across Englishes. Journal of Pragmatics, 44(9), 1017–1021.
Henery, A. (2015). On the development of metapragmatic awareness abroad: Two case studies exploring the role of expert-mediation. Language Awareness, 24(4), 316–331.
Houck, N., & Fujii, S. (2006) Delay as an interactional resource in native speaker-nonnative speaker academic interaction. In K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. Félix-Brasdefer, & A. S. Omar (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning monograph series (Vol. 11) (pp. 29–53). Manoa: National Foreign Language Resource Center.
House, J. (2013). Developing pragmatic competence in English as a Lingua Franca: Using discourse markers to express (inter)subjectivity and connectivity. Journal of Pragmatics, 591, 57–67.
Ishihara, N., & Cohen, A. D. (2010). Teaching and learning pragmatics. Where language and culture meet. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Jenkins, J., Cogo, A., & Dewey, M. (2011). Review of developments in research into English as a lingua franca. Language Teaching, 44(3), 281–315.
Kalocsai, K. (2009). Erasmus exchange students: A behind-the-scenes view into an ELF community of practice. Apples: Journal of Applied Language Studies, 3(1), 25–49.
Kasper, G. (1997). The role of pragmatics in language teacher education. In K. Bardovi-Harlig & B. Hartford (Eds.), Beyond methods: Components of second language teacher education (pp. 113–136). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kaypak, E., & Ortaçtepe, D. (2014). Language learner beliefs and study abroad: A study on English as a lingua franca (ELF). System, 421, 355–367
Kennedy, S., Guénette, D., Murphy, J., & Allard, S. (2015). Le rôle de la prononciation dans l’intercompréhension entre locuteurs de français lingua franca. Canadian Modern Language Review, 71(1), 1–25.
Kinginger, C., & Farrell, K. (2004). Assessing development of meta-pragmatic awareness in study abroad. Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 101, 19–42.
Kuchuk, A. (2012). Politeness in intercultural communication: Some insights into the pragmatics of English as an international language. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona, Tucson.
Kwon, J. (2004). Expressing refusals in Korean and in American English. Multilingua, 23(4), 339–364.
Lippi-Green, R. (2006). Accent, standard language ideology, and discriminatory pretext in the courts. In K. Bolton & B. B. Kachru (Eds.), World Englishes. Critical concepts in linguistics (pp. 414–450). New York: Routledge.
Llanes, À., Arnó, E., & Mancho-Barés, G. (2016). Erasmus students using English as a lingua franca: Does study abroad in a non-English-speaking country improve L2 English?The Language Learning Journal, 44(3), 292–303.
Maíz-Arévalo, C. (2014). Expressing disagreement in English as a lingua franca: Whose pragmatic rules?Intercultural Pragmatics, 11(2), 199–224.
Mansfield, G., & Poppi, F. (2012). The English as a foreign language / lingua franca debate: Sensitising teachers of English as a foreign language towards teaching English as a lingua franca. Profile, 14(1), 159–172.
Matsumara, S. (2001). Learning the rules for offering advice: A quantitative approach to second language socialization. Language Learning, 51(4), 635–679.
McConachy, T. (2013). Exploring the meta-pragmatic realm in English language teaching. Language Awareness, 22(2), 100–110.
Meierkord, C. (2000). Interpreting successful lingua-franca interaction. An analysis of non-native-/non-native small talk conversation in English. Linguistik Online, 5(1). Retrieved from [URL]
Narita, R. (2012). The effects of pragmatic consciousness-raising activity on the development of pragmatic awareness and use of hearsay evidential markers for learners of Japanese as a foreign language. Journal of Pragmatics, 441, 1–29.
Niezgoda, K., & Roever, C. (2001). Pragmatic and grammatical awareness: A function of the learning environment? In K. R. Rose & G. Kasper (Eds.), Pragmatics in language teaching (pp. 63–79). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Pearson, L. (2006). Teaching pragmatics in Spanish L2 courses: What do learners think? In K. Bardovi-Harlig, C. Félix-Brasdefer, & A. S. Omar (Eds.), Pragmatics and language learning monograph series (Vol. 11) (pp. 109–134). Manoa: National Foreign Language Resource Center.
Pullin, P. (2015). Culture, curriculum design, syllabus and course development in the light of BELF. Journal of English as a Lingua Franca, 4(1), 31–53.
Ren, W. (2015). L2 pragmatic development in study abroad contexts. Bern: Peter Lang.
Roever, C. (2005). Testing ESL pragmatics. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Schauer, G. A. (2009). Interlanguage pragmatic development: The study abroad context. London: Continuum.
Shimizu, T. (2009). Influence of learning context on L2 pragmatic realization: A comparison between JSL and JFL learners' compliment responses. In N. Taguchi (Ed.), Pragmatic competence (pp. 167–198). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Shively, R. L. (2008). Politeness and social interaction in study abroad: Service encounters in L2 Spanish. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Shively, R. L. (2010). From the virtual world to the real world: A model of pragmatics instruction for study abroad. Foreign Language Annals, 43(1), 105–137.
Shively, R. L. (2011). L2 pragmatic development in study abroad: A longitudinal study of Spanish service encounters. Journal of Pragmatics, 43(6), 1818–1835.
Taguchi, N. (2008). Cognition, language contact, and the development of pragmatic comprehension in a study‐abroad context. Language Learning, 58(1), 33–71.
Thomas, J. (1983). Cross-cultural pragmatic failure. Applied Linguistics, 4(2), 91–112.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction. An introduction to pragmatics. London: Longman.
Warga, M., & Schölmberger, U. (2007). The acquisition of French apologetic behavior in a study abroad context. Intercultural Pragmatics, 4(2), 221–251.
West, M. R. (2014). The limitations of self-report measures of non-cognitive skills. Washington, DC: Brookings. Retrieved from [URL]
Xiao, F. (2015). Adult second language learners’ pragmatic development in the study-abroad context: A review. Frontiers: the Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad, 251, 132–149.
2024. Comparing L2 learning outcomes in traditional and English as a lingua franca study abroad contexts. The Language Learning Journal 52:4 ► pp. 414 ff.
Lee, Jeong-Ah & In Chull Jang
2023. From linguistic insecurity to confidence: Language emotion and ideology in South Korean study-abroad students’ post-journey reflections. Linguistics and Education 77 ► pp. 101206 ff.
2023. Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on American Students’ Willingness to Study Abroad. In Crossing Boundaries in Researching, Understanding, and Improving Language Education [Educational Linguistics, 58], ► pp. 257 ff.
Humphreys, Gareth
2022. Short-Term Study Abroad: Developing Global Englishes Awareness. Englishes in Practice 5:1 ► pp. 133 ff.
Hernández, Todd A.
2021. Explicit instruction for the development of L2 Spanish pragmatic ability during study abroad. System 96 ► pp. 102395 ff.
Kang, Hyun‐Sook & Mark B. Pacheco
2021. Short‐Term Study Abroad in TESOL: Current State and Prospects. TESOL Quarterly 55:3 ► pp. 817 ff.
Siddiqa, Aisha & Shona Whyte
2021. Classroom learning of English L2 requests: Input and interactional opportunities in French secondary schools. Language Teaching Research
Kang, Hyun-Sook & Mark Barba Pacheco
2020. Translingual competence and study abroad: shifts in sojourners’ approaches to second language learning. Language and Education 34:5 ► pp. 425 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 29 october 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.