Complexity, accuracy and fluency in learner corpus research
Setting the scene
Article outline
- 1.Overview of CAF research
- 2.Overview of the volume
-
Note
-
References
References (74)
References
Abdi Tabari, Mahmoud. 2016. The effects of planning time on complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexical variety in L2 descriptive writing. Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education 20: 1–10. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bachman, Lyle F. 1990. Fundamental Considerations in Language Testing. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bachman, Lyle F. & Palmer, Adrian S. 1996. Language Testing in Practice: Designing and Developing Useful Language Tests. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barrot, Jessie & Mari, Karen G. 2019. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in the argumentative writing of ESL and EFL learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 59(2): 209–232. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Barrot, Jessie S. & Agdeppa, Joan Y. 2021. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency as indices of college-level L2 writers proficiency. Assessing Writing 47: 100510. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bialystok, Ellen. 1982. On the relationship between knowing and using linguistic forms. Applied Linguistics 3(3): 181–206. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bialystok, Ellen. 1994. Analysis and control in the development of second language proficiency. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 16(2): 157–68. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan & Finegan, Edward. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education. Also published as Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan & Finegan, Edward. 2021. Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brezina, Vaclav & Pallotti, Gabriele. 2019. Morphological complexity in written L2 texts. Second Language Research 35(1): 99–119. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Brumfit, Christopher J. 1984. Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching: The Roles of Fluency and Accuracy. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bulté, Bram & Housen, Alex. 2012. Defining and operationalising L2 complexity. In Dimensions of L2 Performance and Proficiency: Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in SLA, Language Learning and Language Teaching [Language Learning & Language Teaching 32], Alex Housen, Folkert Kuiken & Ineke Vedder (eds), 21–46. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bulté, Bram, Housen, Alex, Pierrard Michel & Van Daele, Siska. 2008. Investigating lexical proficiency development over time – The case of Dutch-speaking learners of French in Brussels. Journal of French Language Studies 18(3): 277–298. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Canale, Michael & Swain, Merrill. 1980. Theoretical bases of communicative approaches to second language teaching and testing. Applied Linguistics 1(1): 1–47. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Corder, S. Pit. 1967. The significance of learners’ errors. IRAL: International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching 5(4): 161–170. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Crossley, Scott A. & McNamara, Danielle S. 2012. Predicting second language writing proficiency: The roles of cohesion and linguistic sophistication. Journal of Research in Reading 35(2): 115–35. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Crowhurst, Marion. 1980. The effect of syntactic complexity on writing quality: A Review of research. <[URL]> (27 December 2021).
Davies, Mark. 2008–. The Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). <[URL]> (24 January 2022).
De Clercq, Bastien & Housen, Alex. 2019. The development of morphological complexity: A cross-linguistic study of L2 French and English. Second Language Research 35(1): 71–97. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Durrant, Philip, Brenchley Mark & McCallum, Lee. 2021. Understanding Development and Proficiency in Writing: Quantitative Corpus Linguistic Approaches. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ellis, Rod. 2003. Task-Based Language Learning and Teaching. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fillmore, Charles J. 1979. On fluency. In Individual Differences in Language Ability and Language Behavior, Charles J. Fillmore, Daniel Kempler & William S.-Y. Wang (eds), 85–101. New York NY: Academic Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Foster, Pauline & Skehan, Peter. 1996. The influence of planning and task type on second language performance. Studies in Second Language Acquisition 18(3): 299–323. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gamon, Michael, Chodorow, Martin, Leacock, Claudia & Tetreault, Joel. 2013. Using learner corpora for automatic error detection and correction. In Automatic Treatment and Analysis of Learner Corpus Data: Studies in Corpus Linguistics [Studies in Corpus Linguistics 59], Ana Díaz-Negrillo, Nicolas Ballier & Paul Thompson (eds), 127–150. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Granger, Sylviane. 1996. From CA to CIA and back: An integrated contrastive approach to computerized bilingual and learner corpora. In Languages in Contrast, Karin Aijmer, Bengt Altenberg & Mats Johansson (eds), 37–51. Lund: Lund University Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hawkins, John A. & Buttery, Paula. 2010. Criterial features in learner corpora: Theory and illustrations. English Profile Journal 1, E5. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hawkins, John A. & Filipović. 2012. Criterial Features in L2 English: Specifying the Reference Levels of the Common European Framework. Cambridge: CUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Herdan, Gustav. 1960. Type-Token Mathematics: A Textbook of Mathematical Linguistics. The Hague: Mouton.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Herdan, Gustav. 1966. The Advanced Theory of Language as Choice and Chance. New York NY: Springer. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Holmes, David I. 1998. The evolution of stylometry in humanities scholarship. Literary and Linguistic Computing 13(3): 111–117. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Housen, Alex & Kuiken, Folkert. 2009. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in Second Language Acquisition. Applied Linguistics 30(4): 461–473. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hulstijn, Jan H. 2011. Language proficiency in native and nonnative speakers: An agenda for research and suggestions for second-language assessment. Language Assessment Quarterly 8(3): 229–249. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hunt, Kellogg W. 1965. Grammatical Structures Written at Three Grade Levels. Urbana IL: The National Council of Teachers of English.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jarvis, Scott. 2002. Short texts, best-fitting curves and new measures of lexical diversity. Language Testing 19(1): 57–84. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kobayashi, Yuichiro & Abe, Mariko. 2016. Automated scoring of L2 spoken English with random forests. Journal of Pan-Pacific Association of Applied Linguistics 20(1): 55–73.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kowal, Iwona. 2016. The Dynamics of Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency in Second Language Development. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kuhi, Davud, Asl Rasuli, Mortaza & Deylami, Zahra. 2014. The effect of type of writing on accuracy, fluency and complexity across proficiency. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 98: 1036–1045. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kyle, Kristopher & Crossley, Scott A. 2015. Automatically assessing lexical sophistication: Indices, tools, findings & application. TESOL Quarterly 49(4): 757–786. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kyle, Kristopher & Crossley, Scott A. 2018. Measuring syntactic complexity in L2 writing using fine-grained clausal and phrasal indices. The Modern Language Journal 102(2): 333–349. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lambert, Craig & Kormos, Judit. 2014. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in task-based L2 research: Toward more developmentally based measures of second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics 35(5): 607–614. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Larsen-Freeman, Diane. 2009. Adjusting expectations: The study of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics 30(4): 579–589. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Leacock, Claudia, Chodorow, Martin, Gamon, Michael & Tetreault, Joel. 2014. Automated grammatical error detection for language learners (2nd edn). Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies 7(1): 1–170. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Leńko-Szymańska, Agnieszka. 2020. Defining and Assessing Lexical Proficiency. New York NY: Routledge.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Lennon, Paul. 1990. Investigating fluency in EFL: A quantitative approach. Language Learning 40(3): 387–417. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Linnarud, Moira. 1986. Lexis in Composition: A Performance Analysis of Swedish Learners Written English. Malmö: C.W.K. Gleerup.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
McCarthy, Philip M. & Jarvis, Scott. 2010. MTLD, Vocd-D, and HD-D: A validation study of sophisticated approaches to lexical diversity assessment. Behavior Research Methods 42(2): 381–392. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Michel, Marije. 2017. Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in L2 production. In The Routledge Handbook of Instructed Second Language Acquisition, Shawn Loewen & Masatoshi Sato (eds), 50–68. New York NY: Routledge. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Mora, Joan C. & Valls-Ferrer, Margalida. 2012. Oral fluency, accuracy, and complexity in formal instruction and study abroad learning contexts. TESOL Quarterly 46(4): 610–641. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Nation, Paul. 2014. Developing fluency. In Exploring EFL fluency in Asia, Theron Muller, John Adamson, Brown, Philip Shigeo & Steven Herder (eds), 11–25. London: Palgrave Macmillan.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Norris, John M. & Ortega, Lourdes. 2009. Towards an organic approach to investigating CAF in instructed SLA: The case of complexity. Applied Linguistics 30(4): 555–578. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Paquot, Magali. 2019. The phraseological dimension in interlanguage complexity research. Second Language Research 35(1): 121–145. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Plakans, Lia, Gebril, Atta & Bilki, Zeynep. 2019. Shaping a score: Complexity, accuracy, and fluency in integrated writing performances. Language Testing 36(2): 161–179. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ramineni, Chaitanya, Trapani, Catherine S., Williamson, David M., Davey, Tim & Bridgeman, Brent. 2012. Evaluation of the E-Rater® scoring engine for the TOEFL® Independent and Integrated prompts [ETS Research Report Series]. Princeton NJ: Education Testing Service.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Read, John. 2000. Assessing Vocabulary. Cambridge: CUP. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Révész, Andrea, Ekiert, Monika & Torgersen, Eivind Nessa. 2016. The effects of complexity, accuracy, and fluency on communicative adequacy in oral task performance. Applied Linguistics 37(6): 828–848. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Salimi, Asghar & Dadashpour, Soghra. 2012. Task complexity and language production dilemmas (Robinson’s Cognition Hypothesis vs. Skehan’s Trade-off Model). Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences 46: 643–652. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sample, Evelyn & Michel, Marije. 2015. An exploratory study into trade-off effects of complexity, accuracy, and fluency on young learners’ oral task repetition. TESL Canada Journal 31: 23. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skehan, P. 2009. Modelling second language performance: Integrating complexity, accuracy, fluency, and lexis. Applied Linguistics 30(4): 510–532. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skehan, Peter. 1989. Individual Differences in Second Language Learning. London: Edward Arnold.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skehan, Peter. 1996. A framework for the implementation of task-based instruction. Applied Linguistics 17(1): 38–62. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skehan, Peter. 1998. A Cognitive Approach to Language Learning. Oxford: OUP.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Skehan, Peter. 2003. Task-based instruction. Language Teaching 36(1): 1–14. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
van der Slik, Frans, van Hout, Roeland & Schepens, Job. 2019. The role of morphological complexity in predicting the learnability of an additional language: The case of LA (Additional Language) Dutch. Second Language Research 35(1): 47–70. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sun, Bo & Révész, Andrea. 2021. The effects of task repetition on child EFL learners’ oral performance. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics 24(2): 30–47. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Thewissen, Jennifer. 2013. Capturing L2 accuracy developmental patterns: Insights from an error-tagged EFL learner corpus. The Modern Language Journal 97(S1): 77–101. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Vercellotti, Mary L. 2017. The development of complexity, accuracy, and fluency in second language performance: A longitudinal study. Applied Linguistics 38(1): 90–111. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Wolfe-Quintero, Kate, Inagaki, Shunji & Kim, Hae-Young. 1998. Second Language Development in Writing: Measures of Fluency, Accuracy, & Complexity. Honolulu HI: Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawai’i at Manoa.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yan, Xun, Kim, Ha Ram & Kim, Ji Young. 2018. Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency (CAF) Features of Speaking Performances on APTIS Across Different Levels on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) [ARAGs Research Reports Online]. London: The British Council.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yang, Weiwei, Lu, Xiaofei & Weigle, Sara Cushing. 2015. Different topics, different discourse: Relationships among writing topic, measures of syntactic complexity, and judgments of writing quality. Journal of Second Language Writing 28: 53–67. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Yu, Hanjing & Lowie, Wander. 2020. Dynamic paths of complexity and accuracy in second language speech: A longitudinal case study of Chinese learners. Applied Linguistics 41(6): 855–877. ![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zipf, George. 1935. The Psychobiology of Language: An Introduction to Dynamic Philology. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)