Index

• accessibility
  • of data,1–2
  • of large datasets,8
  • of parliamentary discourse,338
  • of the Hansard Corpus,24

• accuracy of speeches in British Hansard,33

• adjectival modification patterns,167–168

• adjective-noun pairs, study of,124–126

• adjectives
  • as important modifiers,182
  • as indicators of sentiment,125–126, 128–130, 140

• analysis of Australian Hansard data,57

• analysis of data,264–265

• analysis, multidimensional,63

• analysis, statistical
  • of British Hansard,97
  • of transcripts vs. Australian Hansard,64

• analytical techniques,18
  • apodosis and entonces or pues,325–326
  • apodosis and then,315, 325–326

• assembly, lawful vs. unlawful,102–103

• attitude shift, indicators of,62

• audibility, effect on accuracy of Hansard,33

• Australian English, linguistic evolution of,255–256, 273

• Australian Hansard
  • analysis of data from,57
  • comparison with transcripts,60
  • decontextualisation in,58
  • reduction of interpersonal elements,58
  • verbatim policy,258

• Australian parliament,8

• Australian parliamentary discourse, orthographic transcription of,60See British Hansard 1889–1908

• automated data classification: pros and cons,74, 78–79

• background variables,5

• Barrow vs. Hansard rivalry,35–36

• big data
  • perspective,12
  • pros and cons,167–168
  • techniques,302–303

• Brexit,6, 9, 143–163

• Britain vs. Europe,138

• British Empire,9, 122–123

• British English,10

• British Hansard
  • accuracy of,26, 33, 200
  • as a complete dataset,199–200
  • as a verbatim transcript,25–26
  • considerations pre- and post-1909,200
  • contributors to,50
  • correction of,33
  • detail of vs. newspapers,38
  • digitisation of,22, 90
  • employment relationship in,175–189
  • fidelity of,27, 91
  • incompleteness of,34, 46
  • linguistic outline 1803–present,49
  • production of,259
  • reported speech in the early,31
  • size of by year and series,22
  • sources of,36–37
  • the series of,23
  • two major phases of,22

• British Hansard 1803–1888
  • linguistic characteristics,38–39
  • overview,29–40

• British Hansard 1889–1908
  • funding challenges,40
  • linguistic characteristics,42
  • overview,40–43

• British Hansard 1909–present
  • full-length verbatim reporting,43
  • in-house reporting,43
  • overview,43–48

• British Hansard Corpus, history and language,7

• British Hansard in the 1800s,21

• British Hansard publishers,23–24, 42

• British Hansard's volumes, structure of,21

• British parliament,11

• British parliament as a debate parliament,309

• British vs. Australian Hansard: restrictive relative clause markers,265–268, 271

• close reading,59, 61–62, 64–72, 120–121, 188

• close reading vs. distant reading,8, 56–57, 85–86, 120–121

• Cobbett's Parliamentary Debates,20, 23

• codeswitching in parliaments,7

• collocation of
  • lexical verbs,158, 161
  • lunatic,218–221

• collocation, computational,98

• colloquialisation
  • and democratisation,336–337, 366
  • contractions in,351–353
  • effect on relativiser choice,270
  • in Australian Hansard,65
  • in parliamentary discourse,310
  • of English,11
  • of parliamentary language,6
  • shorter sentences as indicators of,351

• colonial language, parliamentary discourse as a barometer of,6, 127, 134–135

• colonial policy: effect on language,283–284

• colonies, language of,11

• communication within parliament,4, 262

• compression of English,11

• concordance
  • corpora,156
  • research,98, 101, 108
  • searches,287

• concordance statistic (C-index),269

• conditional construction, position of if/si,326–328

• conditionals
  • analysis of,315
  • degree of likelihood of,323–325
  • discourse-pragmatic functions,311–312
  • frequency in parliamentary discourse,316–318
  • metafunctions of,318–322
  • parliamentary discourse and,313–314

• conservatism, stylisticSee editorial decisions

• contemporary corpora, comparison with Hansard Corpus,119

• contextualisation of foreign immigrant,123–124

• contractions in colloquialisation,351–353

• corpora
  • as indicators of changes in society,9
  • design of,2–3
  • to study social changes and events,9
  • to track sociocultural changes and events,10

• corpus
  • characteristics of a,2, 121
  • compilation of a,2–3

• corpus linguistics
  • in cultural studies,134–139
  • keywords,98

• corpus-assisted discourse studies (CADS),144

• corpus-linguistic methods, value of,12

• corpus-pragmatic approach,228, 234–236

• correction of British Hansard, rules for,92

• critical discourse analysis (CDA),143–145

• cross-linguistic research,308–330

• cultural studies, corpus linguistics in,134–139

• data
  • accessibility of,1–2, 90, 95–96
  • different forms of,1–2
  • historical,1–2
  • interpretation thereof from distant reading analyses,75
  • reliability of,12
  • searchable,3, 90, 93, 95–96, 99, 102, 115
  • use of,1–2, 91
  • visualisation of,110–116

• data analysis
  • inclusion vs. exclusion criteria,147
  • validity of,246

• data collection
  • automated (online),4, 279
  • systematic,4

• data selection for corpus construction,285

• data, parliamentary
  • different uses of,11
  • nature of parameters studied,6

• dataset
  • Hansard as a complete,199–200
  • House of Commons,143, 163

• datasets, large
  • accessibility of,8
  • power and problems of,3
  • usefulness of,4

• De Nationale Assemblée (DNA)
  • composition of,284
  • rules of conduct,285
  • usefulness of data,284–285

• democracy indices, correlation with,345

• democratisation,9, 167–191
  • and colloquialisation,336–337, 366
  • as a political concept,170
  • definition of,194
  • effect of Industrial Revolution on,169
  • effect on language,194
  • inclusive language in,365
  • linguistic definition,337–338
  • political definition,337–338
  • topic modelling with,359–364, 366–367

• demographic composition of parliaments,5

• demonstratives: use of in Australian Hansard,79, 82

• Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados (Journal of Sittings of the Spanish Parliament),310–314, 316–318

• digital collections,3
  • usefulness of,278

• digital corpora, production of,279

• Digital Humanities,3, 56, 121, 336

• digitisation of British Hansard,90, 100

• dimension score analysis,72–76

• direct speech (DS),28

• discourse markers
  • function in parliamentary discourse,70
  • in Australian Hansard,69–71

• discrimination, colour, of the 1970s,137–138

• discussion distribution, patterns of,102–103

• diglossia, 'leaky', as an indicator of language shift,281

• distant reading,63–64, 72–80, 120–121

• distant reading analyses, interpretation of,76, 242

• distant reading vs. close,8, 56–57, 85–86, 120–121

• distributional analysis of relative markers,265–268

• DNA corpus
  • construction and analysis,285–288
  • distribution of er in,293–294
  • frequency of lexemes in,296–297

• Dutch, Netherlandic

• Dutch, Netherlandic vs. Surinamese,289–301

• Dutch, Surinamese,277, 279, 281–284

• editing of transcripts to produce Hansard,58

• editorial decisions
  • consistency of,70
  • effect on Australian Hansard,61, 65–69, 76–79, 82–83, 86
  • effect on Hansard Corpus,27, 38, 91, 171–172

• editorial policy
  • Australian Hansard,55
  • British Hansard,34
  • changes over time,10, 58, 68–69, 71–72
  • effect on linguistic change,348, 366

• education and language,358

• Elan project,286–287

• emigrationSee migration

• employment relationship in the British Hansard,175–189

• er (there)
  • distribution in DNA corpus,293–294
  • Dutch particle,289–294
  • in Belgian Dutch,290
  • uses in Netherlandic Dutch,290–292
  • uses in Sranantongo,292–293

• European Union
  • British attitude towards,138
  • inclusion of the UK,144
  • study of pronouns to indicate attitude of British MPs towards,9, 149–153

• expert knowledge
  • definition of,227, 233
  • in policymaking,227–228
  • to support political claims,228, 244

• expert, rhetorical function of terms,243–246

• expertise, types of,232–233

• experts
  • characteristics of,229
  • communication strategies of,230
  • role in technical decision-making,230–231

• extensible markup language (XML) version of the Hansard Corpus,145, 201

• first-person content,31

• first-person pronouns
  • as indicators of colloquialisation,344, 348
  • as indicators of rhetorical strategy,67
  • categories in the British Hansard,150
  • frequency in the Hansard Corpus,32, 41–42

• first-person vs. third-person pronouns,66–69

• first-person vs. third-person reporting,42–43

• foreign immigrant, contextualisation of,123–124

• formalisation of Hansard content,58

• formality
  • changes in,69, 78
  • indicators of,66–69, 71–72, 82–83

• free direct speech (FDS),28, 30, 39, 48

• free indirect speech (FIS),28

• full-length verbatim reporting,43

• Hansard
  • 2017 definition of,46
  • as a written representation of spoken discourse,55, 90, 121
  • purpose of,49, 90–91
  • rivalry vs. Barrow,35–36
  • use by other Commonwealth countries,258
  • usefulness to linguists,26, 50, 91

• Hansard at Huddersfield
  • function of,94
  • interpretation of data from,101, 115
  • keyword plots,113–114
  • minimising misinterpretation,115
  • searching the,99, 102
  • tagging inaccuracies in,94
  • to track historical events or figures,99–103
  • to track topics,109–113
  • to track word usage,104–109, 112

• Hansard competitors: Mirror/Barrow,35

• Hansard content, formalisation of,58

• Hansard corpora, versions of,25

• Hansard Corpus
  • accessibility of,24, 90
  • analysis of,18
  • complexity of,18
  • density of,18
  • effect of editorial decisions on,27
  • extensible markup language (XML) version,145, 201
  • online,171, 201
  • size of,18, 202
  • understanding of,18

• Hansard language, features of,17

• Hansard Publishing Union,40–41

• Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,23

• Hansard's Parliamentary Debates vs. Official Report,31

• Hansard's Parliamentary Debates, accuracy of,36–37

• historical events
  • effect on language,280
  • indicators of,186–189

• Historical Thesaurus of English, use of,9–10, 225–226, 235

• House of Commons,9, 19, 21, 33, 105, 143, 163

• House of Commons vs. House of Lords: linguistic patterns,340, 354–356

• House of Lords,21, 33, 199

• House of Lords verbosity,356

• immigrationSee migration

• imperfect marking: Surinamese vs. Netherlandic Dutch,299–301

• inclusion vs. exclusion criteria in data analysis,147

• inclusive language in democratisation,365

• India, colonial attitude towards,134–136

• indicators of activity, verbs as,157, 160

• indicators of attitude shift,62

• indicators of sentiment towards master–servant relationship,173

• indicators of colloquialisation, first-person pronouns as,344, 348

• indicators of cultural change,235, 240

• indicators of democratisation, adjectival and prepositional modifications as,167–168

• indicators of formality,66–69, 71–72

• indicators of narrative vs. non-narrative reporting,73

• indicators of rhetorical strategy, first-person pronouns as,67

• indicators of sentiment of Britain towards the EU,159, 162

• indicators of sentiment towards mental illness,195, 197, 199, 213, 215, 220–222

• indicators of sentiment, adjectives as,125–126, 128–130, 140

• indirect speech (IS),28, 30

• Industrial Revolution
  • effect on democratisation,169
  • effect on language,339

• ingroup inclusion
  • effect of 21st century EU developments,151–152
  • indicators of,159–160

• in-house reporting in British Hansard 1909–present,43

• innovation, noun compounds as indicators of,349

• in-person reporting, importance of,47

• interface of spoken and written language,6–7

• interpretation in parliaments,7

• IQ and race,137

• Irish
  • as a race,134
  • discourse regarding mental health,218

• key terms
  • democratisation,9, 172–173, 180, 186, 189–190
  • employment,175, 179
  • expert,236–241
  • expert knowledge,241–243
  • master, frequencies of referents of,182, 190
  • mental health,195, 199, 201–205, 225–226
  • mental health patients,206–211
  • migration,124
  • personal pronouns,9
  • psychiatric illnesses,212–213
  • psychiatric institutions,212–215
  • race in the Hansard Corpus,119–120
  • servant, frequency of,190
  • which, that,10

• keywords in corpus linguistics,98, 113

• labour legislation, changes in,169–170

• Lancaster-Oslo-Bergen (LOB) Corpus,22

• language processing,263–264

• language transmission in Suriname,282

• legal discourse, parliamentary discourse as,313

• legislation, mental health: influence on and by discourse,198–199, 220–222

• legislation: master–servant relationship,169

• lemma search,128

• lexemes in the DNA corpus,296–297

• lexical shift,216

• lexical verbs
  • collocation of,158, 161
  • study of,156–157, 160

• lingua franca, unofficial, in Suriname,284

• linguistic changes and social changes, relationship between,340–341

• linguistic changes over time,347–353

• linguistic corpora,1–2

• linguistic features and external indices, correlation of,356–358

• linguistic norms, distant central,6

• linguistic outliers as indicators of historical events,186–189

• linguistic patterning,11

• linguistic patterns
  • changes in parliamentary,340–341
  • differences between House of Lords and House of Commons,340, 354–356
  • subconscious,174

• linguistic trauma, definition of,202

• linguistic usefulness of Hansard,26

• linguistic variation,11

• linguistics, scope of,1

• local use (vs. distant central linguistic norms),6

• lunatic, case study of the term,217–220

• Margaret Thatcher,109

• markers of conditionality, prototypical: in English and Spanish,308–310

• master–servant relationship
  • indicators of changing sentiment towards,173
  • legislation governing,169

• mediation in parliaments,7

• megacorpus, characteristics of the ideal,4

• mental health discourse, highest frequency of,205

• mental health in Britain
  • indicators of sentiment towards,195, 207
  • overview,9–10
  • pre-1800,196
  • stigma of,195

• mental health, emergence of new terms,197

• mental health, major shifts in lexis thereof,220–222

• metafunctions of conditionals in Spanish,318

• migration,9, 122–126
  • effect on language,280
  • indicators of sentiment towards,139–140
  • tracking of word usage,124
  • use of Hansard to establish historical discourse,139–140

• Mirror of Parliament
  • accuracy of,39
  • competitor of British Hansard,34–35

• modal verbs,351

• modals
  • as indicators of formality,71–72
  • in Australian Hansard,71–72

• modification patterns, adjectival and prepositional,167–168

• Multidimensional Analysis Tagger (MAT),63–64

• multilingualism in parliaments,7

• narrative report of speech acts (NRSA),28, 30–31, 39, 42

• narrative style, trend towards,73

• narrative vs. non-narrative reporting, indicators of,73

• narrator vs. reporter, difference between,27

• noun compounds as indicators,131

• noun compounds as indicators of innovation,349

• nouns and noun compounds, frequency of,343–344, 348

• NRSA sources, limitations of,34

• Official Report
  • accuracy of,45–46
  • construction of,46–47
  • editorial policy,44–45, 47–48
  • inauguration of,21

• Official Report vs. Hansard's Parliamentary Debates,31

• Official Report vs. transcripts: discrepancies of pronouns,174

• Old Bailey Corpus,173

• one-third rule,41–42

• oral discourse vs. written,8

• orthographic transcription of Australian parliamentary discourse,60

• outgroup languages in Suriname,281

• parallel corpora,8

• parliamentary archives/records,1–2

• parliamentary corpora, comparison of spoken and written,303

• parliamentary data
  • analysis of,8
  • rich potential of,8

• Parliamentary Debates (Official Report),24

• Parliamentary Debates
  • changes in content of,341–342
  • production after Hansard business was sold,21

• parliamentary discourse,1
  • accessibility of,338
  • as a barometer of colonial vs. post-colonial language,6, 127–128
  • as legal discourse,313
  • changes in recording techniques over time,339
  • colloquialisation in,310
  • complete dataset of,199–200
  • conditionals in,313–314
  • effect of time on,5

• Parliamentary Discourse project,22

• parliamentary language,1
  • colloquialisation of,6
  • corpora of,279
  • definition of,4
  • driver or inhibitor of change,278
  • history of,119

• parliamentary records, oral vs. official,8

• parliamentary reporting
  • accuracy of,19–20, 200
  • increase before 1803,20
  • prohibition of in the UK,19

• parliamentary speeches
  • interventions in,127–128
  • nuances of reporting of,48

• parliaments, demographic composition of,5

• passive forms, frequency of,344

• personal pronoun use in ingroup vs. outgroup separation,162

• personal pronoun we,143–145

• personal pronouns,9

• Peterloo Massacre,99–103

• political party differences: attitude towards EU,153–155

• polysemous terms in mental health discourse,204

• possessive constructions in employment-related terms in the British Hansard,176, 178, 191

• POS-tagging,344

• post-colonial language, parliamentary discourse as a barometer of,6

• pragmatism in parliamentary discourse,11

• predictors of relative marker variation,253, 261–264

• predictors of relativiser choice,269–271

• prepositional modification patterns as indicators of democratisation,167–168

• prescriptivism
  • effect on speech and writing,257–258
  • in restrictive relative clause choice,252, 256–258, 270
  • specific to Hansard,262

• prescriptivism and processing, interplay of,10

• pronouns as indicators of formality,66–69

• pronouns, discrepancies in Official Report vs. transcripts,174

• pronoun-verb compounds, study of,148

• protasis–apodosis position, preferential,330

• publishers of British Hansard,23–24

• quotations within the Hansard,123

• race,9
  • 18th and 19th century definition of,127
  • approaches to in linguistics,121
  • change in usage,127–128
  • colonial vs. contemporary discourse,127, 130–131

• raciolinguistics, purpose of,121–122

• racism,133, 136

• recency of nouns,349–350

• referents
  • first-person pronouns in British Hansard,150
  • importance of,107

• register variation,72

• relative clauses, definition of restrictive vs. non-restrictive,254

• relative marker variation, predictors of,253, 261–264

• relative markers which, that,10

• relative markers which, that, distributional analysis of,265–268

• relativiser choice, predictors of,269–270

• relativisers
  • formal,251
  • informal,251
  • wh-,255

• reliability of data,12

• reported speech in the early Hansard,31

• reporter vs. narrator, difference between,27

• research design
  • corpus pragmatic approach,228, 234–236
  • mixed methods,228, 234–236
  • quantitative vs. qualitative,4, 120

• research methodology
  • collocation,146
  • concordance,146
  • manual analysis/annotation,315
  • mixed methods,195
  • qualitative,93
  • sampling,259–260
  • variable clustering,215–217

• research potential: British Hansard,91–92

• restrictive clauses, markers of,10

• restrictive relative clause markers
  • British vs. Australian Hansard,265–268, 271
  • differences in American English,255
  • prior research into,251–252

• rhetorical strategy, indicators of,67

• sampling techniques: randomised tokens,314, 342–343

• search strings, use of,122

• search techniques
  • adjective-noun compound,183
  • comparison of,125
  • lemma search,128, 130
  • lexical verbs,156
  • search span,146
  • selection criteria,260
  • term selection,195

• searches, regex,300–301

• second-person pronouns in parliamentary discourse,68, 262

• semantic shift: lunatic,207–209

• sentence length as an indicator of colloquialisation,351

• shorthand records neglected by newspapers,36

• social change,11

• social changes and linguistic changes, relationship between,340–341

• sociocultural changes and events
  • effect on language,10
  • indicators of,9

• sociocultural factors: impact on language,9

• sociolinguistic variables,5

• Spanish grammar, conditionals in,312See Diario de Sesiones del Congreso de los Diputados

• Spanish parliament,11

• Spanish parliament as a working parliament,309

• speech report interference,27

• speech representation, factors that influence,7

• speech to text: automated,286
  • advantages of,288
  • inaccuracy of,287

• speeches, uncorrected, in British Hansard,33

• speech-to-text software,11

• spoken discourse, reduction of features thereof in Australian Hansard,80–82

• spoken English vs. written,252

• spoken language vs. written,6–7

• spoken language, variations in,11

• Sranantongo (Sranan),277, 280–282, 284

• Stanford Tagger,260

• statistical analysis
  • of frequencies,205, 252
  • of quantitative results,205–217, 252

• sub-corpora, complementary,60–61

• sub-corpora, complementary: features for investigation,61

• supplementary contemporary material, British Hansard,50

• Suriname
  • language transmission in,282
  • languages of,278
  • linguistic history of,280–283
  • parliamentary language of,302

• tagging of corpus text,24

• term frequency by genre,350–351

• term selection,236–238, 241
  • European Community,146
  • mental health,201–204
  • search strings,122
  • searching Hansard at Huddersfield,107
  • searching the Hansard Corpus,172–173

• terminology shifts as a result of World War II,10

• that as a restrictive relative clause marker, preference for,254

• that as an informal relativiser,251

• that-rule,252, 256–257, 268

• third-person vs. first-person pronouns,66–69

• Thomas Curson (T.C.) Hansard Jnr,20

• Thomas Curson (T.C.) Hansard Jnr, retirement of,21, 40

• Thomas Curson (T.C.) Hansard Snr,20

• Thomas Curson (T.C.) Hansard Snr, death of,21

• time (of year and during election cycle), effect on parliamentary discourse,5

• timeframe as a predictor of relative marker alternation,271

• topic modelling,345–346, 359–364, 366–367

• topics
  • frequency and significance of,39
  • peaks of discussion,123

• tracking
  • of democratisation,167–168
  • of historical discourse,139–140
  • of historical events or figures,99–103, 186–189
  • of topics,109–113
  • of word usage,104–109, 112, 119–120, 124

• transcription as the interface between spoken and written language,6–7

• transcription, orthographic: of Australian parliamentary discourse,60

• transcripts
  • clarity in,26
  • different types of,26
  • fidelity of,28

• transcripts vs. Australian Hansard
  • changes in frequency of selected markers,65
  • convergence over time,86–87
  • reduction of spoken discourse features,80–82
  • use of demonstratives,79, 82

• transcripts vs. Official Report: discrepancies of pronouns,174

• translation in parliaments,7

• turnaround time of British Hansard,90

• variable clustering,215–217

• variation, register,72

• verbatim
  • definition of,26, 43
  • elements most likely to be reported,93

• verbatim policy, Australian Hansard,258

• verbs as indicators
  • of activity,157, 160
  • of sentiment,159

• video recordings of Surinamese parliament,278

• which as a formal relativiser,251

• which as a restrictive relative clause marker, preference for,252

• word clouds,110–112

• word order: Surinamese vs. Netherlandic Dutch,295–299

• World War II, effects on language,10

• written discourse vs. oral,8

• written English vs. spoken,252

• written language vs. spoken,6–7