Subject index
A
- adjective
43, 55, 56, 130, 191
- adverbial clause
115, 130
- agreement
52, 56, 168, 169, 172
- already
46, 65, 140, 153, 154, 160, 172
- always
40, 41, 46, 47, 141, 156–159, 197
- American-British difference
2, 11, 63, 90, 130, 153, 160, 190, 193
- anchor
46–48, 101, 103, 132, 141, 150, 151
- anterior
67–88, 155, 167, 168, 171, 172, 175–178, 183, 187, 195–200
- anteriority
28–30, 52, 57–59, 114, 118, 123, 128, 177, 195
- aoristic drift
1, 2, 74–75, 83, 84, 86–88, 162, 163, 169, 173, 176–180, 184, 187, 194–198, 201, 203
- ARCHER
4, 39, 44, 89–98, 102–107, 114, 118, 124, 130–132, 148–154, 158, 164, 183
- aspect (definition)
20, 27
- assertion
33, 101, 105, 107, 152, 181
- atelic
22, 34, 40, 43, 59, 84, 116, 120, 121, 155, 171, 197
- auxiliary
1, 28, 56, 83, 85, 164, 165–169, 172, 190
- have
1, 80, 81, 126, 163, 164, 193
B
- background knowledge
12, 26, 40, 71, 107, 108, 181, 197
- be-periphrasis
51, 52, 126
- BNC
4, 5, 40–44, 97, 127, 148, 158
C
- change
- functional
3, 15, 176, 177
- global
13, 14, 102, 103, 122, 125, 135, 182
- mechanism of
2, 7, 71, 73
- motivation of
2, 70–73, 172, 173, 181, 184
- chi-square test
5, 63, 65, 97
- C-index
111, 118, 119, 142
- clause type
114–121, 128–130, 134, 135, 140–145, 190
- coding scheme
16, 97, 116, 117, 131, 141, 149
- cognitive effect
35, 36, 45, 73, 107, 181
- COHA
4, 5, 90, 164–166, 190
- collinearity
112, 116, 118, 137, 139
- colloquial preterite
32, 66
- colloquialization
13, 14, 126
- communication verb
57, 124–126, 156, 180, 197
- communicative intention
12, 23, 24, 32, 94
- communicative purpose
12, 14, 93, 122
- complement
4, 20, 23, 41, 56, 82, 130
- complex transitive
42, 43, 116
- conditional inference tree
112, 137, 138
- contact
3, 81, 85, 86, 167, 171, 172, 186, 187–194, 199, 200
- contemporary English
2, 5, 8, 19, 50–54, 58, 61, 62, 69, 89–92
- context-dependent
24, 37, 176, 181, 195, 197, 199
- contextual assumption
32, 34, 37–41, 107, 176, 183, 196, 199
- continuative
31, 34, 39–49, 56, 58 115, 118, 127, 135, 157, 171, 174–176, 180, 181, 194–198
- contracted form
14, 163, 165, 167
- conventionalization
9, 40, 59, 69, 71–73, 88, 101, 102, 155, 157, 183, 190, 199
- conversation
14, 30, 47, 63, 90, 92–94, 104–106, 108, 181
- cross-linguistic survey
76–87, 168–170, 203
- current relevance
30–34, 40, 43, 45, 48, 51, 57–59, 65, 69, 71, 73, 81, 85, 88, 105, 107, 147, 154, 171–176, 179, 181–185, 195–199
D
- default
102, 113, 170, 179
- definite
47, 114, 140, 154
- deictic time
18, 19, 27, 29, 46, 47, 195
- denotation
18, 38, 45, 46, 65, 169, 170, 179, 181
- diachronic corpora
4, 203
- dialect mixing
167, 186, 189, 190
- direct speech
63, 90, 130
- discourse context
36, 65, 130, 144, 147, 158
- discourse function
1, 36, 73, 108, 114, 115
- displacement
65, 106, 108, 164–166, 175, 185–199
- distributional potential179
- domain-general process
70, 71, 162
- drama
42, 63, 90–94, 99, 100, 104–109, 120–129, 134, 149, 158, 169, 180, 181, 188, 196
- duration
19, 22, 41, 43, 71, 103, 131, 132, 141, 147, 148, 151, 152
- durative
59, 68, 69, 85, 142, 148, 156
- durative adverbial
46, 58, 59, 62, 141, 148–150, 153, 158, 160, 182, 198
- durativity
21, 22, 147, 148, 154, 160
- dynamicity
22, 40, 147, 193
E
- e (time of the situation)
29, 30, 33
- economy
8, 25, 107, 108, 181, 186, 199, 200
- encoded meaning
21, 22, 24–26, 32, 33, 71, 72, 105
- eventive
43, 57, 58, 72, 123–125, 148, 154
- expansion
59, 75, 85, 148, 153, 159, 171, 174, 175, 177, 181–184, 191, 194, 196–200
- experiential
31, 40, 43–45, 48, 49, 56–58, 66, 73, 81–84, 115, 118, 124–126, 135, 151, 157, 159, 171, 174–176, 180–184, 194–197
- explicature
26, 36, 40, 43
- explicit
8, 25, 26, 37–39, 69, 73, 102, 132, 140, 154, 174, 175, 181, 182, 197
- extended now
31, 45, 49, 57, 101, 104, 128, 132, 140, 151, 154, 157, 158, 176, 198
F
- first-person pronoun
8, 59, 107, 108, 116, 120, 121, 128, 134, 135, 177, 180, 186, 197
- for-adverbial
23, 103, 142, 154
- foregrounding
73, 103, 129–131, 190
- frequency adverbial
44, 46, 58, 141, 149, 150, 155–159, 176–178, 197, 198
- future
18, 19, 50, 69, 159, 199, 200
G
- generalization
2, 70, 71, 169, 177, 197, 199
- generative linguistics
6, 7, 36
- goodness of fit
111, 113, 118, 119, 141, 142
- grammaticalization
7, 14, 54, 58, 67, 68, 70–75, 86–88, 96, 117–128, 134, 135, 146, 155, 171–178, 183, 196–203
- path
16, 68, 70–74, 118, 162, 167–177, 179, 196–200
H
- habitual
20, 23, 40, 49, 50, 69, 148, 156, 158, 200
- have-perfect
55, 60, 63, 96, 128
- HAVE-periphrasis
67, 68, 70–88, 155, 168, 180, 196
- have-periphrasis
50–58, 72, 128, 156, 169
- hot news
31, 40, 73, 82, 103, 108, 149, 169, 182, 183
I
- ICE-GB
5, 38, 44, 45, 92, 93, 104, 157
- imperfective
20, 23, 68, 79–82, 85, 200
- implicature
26, 36, 45, 71, 147, 157, 181
- implicit
25, 37, 38, 45, 122, 151, 153, 174, 176, 197
- indefinite past
85, 114, 115, 132, 140, 151, 154
- individual text
16, 100, 106, 113, 118, 119, 131, 133, 135, 139, 202
- individual-text approach
97, 98, 105, 151
- individual user
8–10, 23, 35, 204
- inference
9, 15, 23–27, 29, 32, 35, 39–41, 43, 45, 47, 58, 59, 69, 72, 147, 174, 195, 197
- inflection
5, 30, 52–54, 58, 67, 165–168, 172, 194, 200
- inflectional potential178
- interaction
9, 18, 73, 94, 95, 104, 105, 113, 124, 127, 158, 202
- interaction (in statistics)
111, 112, 133, 140, 145, 160
- interaction term
111, 112, 118, 122, 123, 126–129, 134, 139, 140, 146
- interactiveness
12, 93, 106, 109
- intercept
111, 119–121, 133
- intransitive
58, 59, 82, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126, 169, 172, 177, 197
- intransitive verb
51, 53, 56, 58, 65, 71, 77, 126
- irregular verb
96, 163–166
- irregularity
167, 188
; see also regularity
- iterative
59, 68, 69, 84, 155
J
- just
46, 65, 140, 153–155, 160, 173
L
- language acquisition
7, 188, 191, 201
- lectal variation
10, 12, 13
- letters
63, 91–94, 99–109, 120–135, 181, 196
- lexical verb
52, 71, 96, 189
- log odds ratio
113, 122–133
- logical form
24–26, 39–41, 43
- log-likelihood
65, 113, 119
M
- main clause
19, 53, 115, 117, 120, 121, 128–130, 134, 190
- main effect
111, 112, 122, 123, 128, 139, 140, 145
- main verb
1, 76, 96, 183, 193
- Mann-Whitney U test
97, 98, 105, 106
- mental representation
6, 8, 72
- modal
19, 28, 29, 50, 96, 203
- modality
19, 29, 68, 70, 132, 203
- multivariate method
14, 16, 114, 116, 136, 145, 176, 180, 196, 202
N
- narration
14, 63, 84, 102, 103, 114, 115, 152, 156, 170, 173
- narrative
1, 12, 69, 81, 83, 90, 102, 124, 125, 128–131, 152
- narrowing
88, 177, 178, 184, 197
- negation
16, 24, 40, 114–127, 134, 135, 140–143, 160, 176, 178, 194, 197
- negative
107, 115, 120, 121, 127, 134, 135, 178, 179, 201
- negator
116, 127, 135, 158
- neo-Gricean pragmatics
25–27, 35, 71, 196
- never
46, 65, 116, 127, 141, 155–159, 197
- news
14, 44, 63, 90–95, 100, 103, 105–109, 120–133, 149, 171, 181, 183, 190, 196
- newsworthiness
31, 182, 198
- newsworthy
38, 73, 93, 95, 103, 183
- nominal form
128, 129, 180
- non-finite
28, 117, 132, 165, 203
- non-narrative
107, 114, 115
- non-native
114, 115, 181, 191, 194, 199, 203
- non-present perfect
28, 203
- non-progressive
20, 117, 140, 146–148, 178, 179, 197
- non-resultative
57, 71, 72, 126, 135, 155, 176, 197, 198
- non-stative
22, 27, 33, 147
- now
19, 46, 57, 140, 141, 153–156, 160
- number
52, 56, 163, 167, 178, 179, 194
O
- object
20, 41, 43, 52–58, 72, 80, 81, 116, 130, 155, 168, 172
- optimal relevance
35–39, 45, 195
- ostensive stimulus
35, 36
P
- paradigm
28, 82, 96, 146, 163–166, 172, 178, 188, 194
- parametric model
137, 145, 160
- partial dependence score
138, 141, 146, 149–153
- participant
12, 14, 47, 93, 106, 108, 196
- participle
80–82, 117, 168, 169, 172, 178
- past
1, 28, 43, 50–58, 68, 97, 114, 155, 163–167, 177, 193, 197, 199
- passé composé
1, 69, 71, 163
- passé simple
1, 71, 163, 179
- past event
1, 14, 31, 32, 43, 49, 52, 57, 58, 68, 69, 73, 102, 103, 125, 149, 156, 171, 182, 197
- past situation
1, 2, 30–34, 48, 50, 51, 56, 58, 69, 71, 73, 79, 83, 84, 88, 107, 108, 128, 147, 152, 167, 170, 176, 195, 197, 199
- past tense
1, 19, 20, 68, 79, 87, 88, 96, 97, 137, 146, 163–165, 176, 189, 196, 198, 203
- past-time orientation
124, 125, 188
- past-time reference
105, 130, 179, 182, 195
- past with current relevance
59, 66, 72, 85, 171
- perfective
20, 23, 67–88, 118, 162–184, 175, 199, 201
- perfective/past
70, 71, 73–76, 86, 87, 119, 169, 173–183, 194–200
- perfectivity
69, 71, 147, 170, 171
- periphrastic
1, 50, 51, 54, 60, 68–71, 74–77, 82–84, 107, 117, 126, 162, 163, 188, 196, 199, 200–204
- pluperfect
28, 30, 47, 48, 51, 58, 60, 96, 117, 131
- positive
115, 120, 121, 127, 178, 179, 197
- pragmatic enrichment
25, 26, 33, 34, 36
- pragmatic principle
15, 38, 72, 195
- preceding verb form
114–121, 131–144
- prehodiernal
84, 169, 170, 180
- present state
31–35, 38–40, 48, 57–59, 69, 107, 156, 157, 174, 195, 199
- present tense
1, 19, 20, 23, 47, 50, 58, 59, 76, 101, 103, 106, 115, 117, 132–135, 146, 158, 159, 163, 167, 169, 175, 203
- present-time orientation
84, 101, 104, 108, 131, 153, 158, 159, 182, 188, 197
- present-time reference
130, 140, 153
- probabilistic
14–16, 74, 86, 114, 176
- processing circumstance
12, 93, 94, 109
- processing effort
35, 36, 39, 72
- progressive
13, 16, 20, 23, 27, 40, 116, 117, 138–149, 176–181, 194, 197–200
R
- r (effect size measure)98
- r (reference time)
29, 30, 33
- random effect
16, 112, 113, 118–122, 133, 135, 139
- random forest
6, 138–146, 159–161, 202
- recency
43, 73, 102, 140, 169, 198
- recent past
68, 79, 101, 114, 115, 149, 153, 169, 174, 175, 180, 181
- recently
46, 140, 153, 154, 160
- recoverable
39, 46, 47, 51, 140, 141, 147, 153
- reduction
2, 3, 14, 164–167
- reference level
111, 113, 122, 123, 132, 133
- reference time
28–30, 38, 47–49, 53, 69, 72, 132
- register
1–17, 63–70, 74, 77, 84, 90–109, 112, 118–148, 160, 163, 164, 179–184, 188, 189, 194–203
see also variation (register)
- formal
1, 13, 14, 65, 106, 107
- informal
11, 13, 71, 90, 126, 196
- informative
93, 106–108, 129, 196
- interactive
93, 102–109, 129, 130, 163, 179, 181, 184, 189, 194–199
- speech-based
93, 94, 104, 106, 123, 134, 148
- spoken
5, 12, 13, 105, 126
- written
1, 5, 13, 70, 104, 105, 108, 122, 188, 196
- regression
6, 110–139, 144–146, 160, 177–180, 202
- estimate
110–113, 119–123, 137, 138
- logistic
6, 110–114, 118–121
- mixed-effects
112, 113, 119, 133, 139, 202
- regular verb
163–166, 189
- regularity
7, 74, 199
; see also irregularity
- regularization
96, 163, 164, 189
- Reichenbachian system
15, 27–30, 33, 195
- relative clause
115, 129, 130, 190
- relevance-driven
58, 72, 73, 88, 108, 181, 199
- remote past
75, 114, 115, 140, 151, 169
- resultant state
34, 43, 69, 71, 148
- resultative
31, 40–88, 115, 118, 123–126, 135, 148, 154, 155, 161, 172–184, 194
- resultativity
126, 176, 198
- retrospective
27, 132, 147
S
- s (deictic time)
29, 30, 33
- say
44, 57, 124, 125, 180
- SBC
5, 32, 45, 93, 104, 157, 177
- science
63, 92–95, 100–109, 120–123, 129, 133, 190, 196
- second-person pronoun
94, 106, 116, 128, 135, 177, 180, 186, 197
- semantic underdeterminacy
25, 33
- semantics-pragmatics interface
23, 26
- sequence adverbial
141, 149, 150, 152
- shared time and space
93–95, 105, 106
- simplicity
186, 188, 194, 199
- simplification
187, 192, 194, 200, 201
- singular
53, 97, 178, 179, 186
- situation type
3, 20–22, 52, 53, 59, 71, 115, 116, 127
- sparse data
6, 97, 114, 116, 136, 160
- speech
13, 65, 71, 83–94, 104, 109, 122, 130, 163, 164, 170, 173, 174, 180, 187, 190, 198
; see also speech-based register
- speech community
8, 9, 16
- standard
2, 10, 11, 58, 74, 77, 83, 84, 158, 167
- state (definition)
21, 22
- stative
20, 27, 52, 55, 58–60, 65, 72, 115, 176–178, 193, 194, 197
- style
13, 14, 94, 102, 103, 113, 129, 190, 202
- stylistic convention
11, 108, 109, 131, 133
- subject
8, 20, 21, 41, 45, 53–57, 59, 61, 80, 93, 116, 124, 128, 135, 167, 180, 197
- subject type
16, 59, 116, 118–121, 124, 128, 133–135, 140, 141, 144, 145, 160, 176, 177, 180
- subordinate clause
53, 117, 129, 130
- synchronic state
11, 13, 75, 84, 118, 171
- synthetic
1, 69–71, 74, 75, 82, 88, 117, 162, 168, 179, 188, 196, 198
T
- target state
41, 43, 52, 55–58, 126, 128
- target-state construction
55, 56
- target-state result
41–44, 56–58, 70–72, 80, 88, 123, 125–128, 135, 176, 181, 197, 199
- telic
22, 70, 84, 116, 117, 120, 121, 123, 134
- telicity
21, 22, 119–125, 133–135, 140–145, 176, 177, 198
- temporal adverbial
40, 44–47, 57, 122, 125, 130, 136, 138, 140–145, 149–160, 172, 175, 223
- temporal axis
19, 29, 46, 141, 153, 182
- temporal location
18–20, 46, 71, 114, 115, 149–153, 182
- temporal relation
19, 28, 29, 33, 114, 115, 141
- temporal specification
3, 59, 71, 114–122, 132–135, 149, 160, 175–179, 182–184, 194, 196, 198
- temporal specifier
135, 182, 194
- temporally indeterminate
108, 141, 169–171, 175, 178
- temporally irrelevant
169, 171, 175, 178
- temporally specified
48, 103, 115, 120, 121, 134, 141, 149, 178, 179, 182
- temporally unspecified
103, 115, 116, 120, 121, 141, 149, 150, 151, 155, 169, 175, 178–182, 197
- tense (definition)
18, 19
- tense choice
14, 64, 102, 113, 125, 133
- tense-aspect system
3, 74, 146, 160, 176, 189, 200, 203
- theme
3, 36, 38, 43, 55, 128
- third-person pronoun
59, 116, 128
- time interval
19, 24, 29–33, 43–46, 141, 155, 157
; see also extended now
- time of the situation
19–21, 27–29, 47, 48, 50, 154, 195
- time point
18–20, 29, 30, 46
- token
92, 96, 108, 124, 125, 133, 174, 178, 179, 199
- topic
13, 14, 35–39, 48, 58, 64, 73, 77, 83, 93–95, 102, 103, 109, 113, 125, 147, 173, 195, 202
- transitive
42, 43, 51, 56, 65, 70, 81, 82, 115, 116, 120, 121, 126, 128, 134, 135, 169, 176, 177, 189, 197
- transitivity
3, 16, 51, 114–122, 126, 133–135, 140–145, 160, 176, 189, 198
- Type A
76–78, 81, 85, 86, 88
- Type B
76, 81–88, 168, 171
- Type C
76, 79, 83–86, 187
- Type D
76, 81, 83, 84, 168
U
- unanchored adverbial
46–49, 141, 153
- universal
13, 16, 67, 70, 73–75, 199
- unmarked
81, 105, 178, 179, 184, 198
- usage event
6, 7, 9, 12, 13, 18, 46, 71, 72, 94, 175, 199, 204
- usage-based approach
6–9, 12, 67, 71, 202
V
- value assignment
33, 34, 38
- variable context
117, 118
- variable importance score
138, 142, 144, 145, 160
- variance inflation factorsee VIF-score
- variation
- cross-linguistic
1, 67–88, 162, 164
- regional
1, 10–16, 50, 80, 85, 122, 135, 159, 167
- register
10–13, 16, 77, 89–109, 129, 133, 195
- variationist sociolinguistics
7, 14, 15, 85, 111, 117, 171
- vivid remembrance
152, 156
W
- whole-corpus approach
64, 97, 98, 105, 150, 203
- writing
10, 13, 62, 65, 90, 93, 94, 101–108, 125, 129, 133, 149, 163, 167, 190, 198
Y
- yesterday
46, 47, 140, 170