The evolution of epistemic marking in West Australian English
Across English varieties, frequent subject + epistemic/evidential verb constructions have been reanalysed as formulaic stance markers capable of introducing an embedded clause in the absence of that. I think has grammaticalised further and can occur in a syntactically parenthetical location in an utterance as an ‘epistemic parenthetical’. This chapter explores the emergence of grammatical constraints on think usage in a collection of State Library of Western Australia oral histories. The corpus features 39 speakers of Anglo-Celtic Australian English born between 1874 and 1983. Findings indicate that it is not until the late 20th century that parenthetical I think emerges as a grammatically entrenched variable with pragmatic functions involving the expression of opinion and the mitigation of negative judgement. Keywords: epistemic; evidential; think; Australian English; parenthetical
References (37)
References
Aijmer, Karin. 1997.
I think – an English modal particle. In Modality in Germanic Languages: Historical and Comparative Perspectives, Toril Swan &Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds), 1–47. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Brinton, Laurel. 1996. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Brinton, Laurel. 2008. The Comment Clause in English: Syntactic Origins and Pragmatic Development. Cambridge: CUP.
Bybee, Joan. 2003. Mechanisms of change in grammaticalization: The role of frequency. In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds), 602–623. Oxford: Blackwell.
Diessel, Holger & Tomasello, Michael. 2001. The acquisition of finite complement clauses in English: A corpus-based analysis. Cognitive Linguistics 12(2): 97–141.
Erman, Britt & Kotsinas, Ulla-Britt. 1993. Pragmaticalization: The case of ba and you know [Studier I Modern Språkvetenskap, New series 10, Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis]. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. 76–93.
Fischer, Olga. 2007. Morphosyntactic Change. Functional and Formal Perspectives. Oxford: OUP.
Guy, Gregory. 1988. Advanced Varbrul analysis. In Linguistic Change and Contact, Kathleen Ferrara, Becky Brown, Keith Walters & John Baugh (eds), 124–136. Austin TX: Department of Linguistics, University of Texas at Austin.
Halliday, Michael A.K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Arnold.
Israel, Michael. 2004. The pragmatics of polarity. In The Handbook of Pragmatics, Lawrence R. Horn & Gregory Ward (eds), 701–723. Malden MA: Blackwell.
Kaltenböck, Gunther. 2013. Development of comment clauses. In The English Verb Phrase: Investigating Recent Language Change with Corpora, Bas Aarts, Joanne Close, Geoffrey Leech & Sean Wallis (eds), 286–317. Cambridge: CUP.
Kärkkäinen, Elise. 2010. Position and scope of epistemic phrases in planned and unplanned American English. In New Approaches to Hedging, Gunther Kaltenböck, Wiltrud Mihatsch & Stefan Schneider (eds), 207–241. Bingley: Emerald.
Kearns, Kate. 2007. Epistemic verbs and zero complementizer. English Language and Linguistics 11(3): 475–505.
Labov, William. 2007. Transmission and diffusion. Language 83(2): 344–387.
Palander-Collins, Mina. 1999a. Grammaticalization and Social Embedding: I THINK and METHINKS in Middle and Early Modern English. Helsinki: Société Néophilologique.
Palander-Collins, Mina. 1999b. Male and female styles in 17th century correspondence: I THINK. Language Variation and Change 11: 123–141.
Poplack, Shana & Tagliamonte, Sali. 2001. African American English in the Diaspora. Malden MA: Blackwell.
Rodríguez Louro, Celeste & Harris, Thomas. 2013. Evolution with an attitude: The grammaticalisation of epistemic/evidential verbs in Australian English. English Language and Linguistics 17(3): 415–443.
Rodríguez Louro, Celeste & Ritz, Marie-Eve. 2014. Stories down under: Tense variation at the heart of Australian English narratives. Australian Journal of Linguistics 34(4): 540–556.
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2002. Comparative sociolinguistics. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, Jack K. Chambers, Peter Trudgill & Natalie Schilling-Estes (eds), 729–763. Malden MA: Blackwell.
Tagliamonte, Sali. 2006. Analysing Sociolinguistic Variation. Cambridge: CUP.
Tagliamonte, Sali & Smith, Jennifer. 2005. No momentary fancy! The zero ‘complementizer’ in English dialects. English Language and Linguistics 9: 289–309.
Thompson, Sandra & Mulac, Anthony. 1991a. The discourse conditions for the use of the complementizer that in conversational English. Journal of Pragmatics 15(3): 237–261.
Torres Cacoullos, Rena & Walker, James. 2009. On the persistence of grammar in discourse formulas. Linguistics 47: 1–47.
Traugott, Elizabeth. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language 65(1): 31–55.
Traugott, Elizabeth. 1995. Subjectification in grammaticalisation. In Subjectivity and Subjectivisation: Linguistic Perspectives, Deiter Stein & Wright, Susan (eds), 31–54. Cambridge: CUP.
Van Bogaert, Julie. 2006.
I guess, I suppose and I believe as pragmatic markers: Grammaticalization and functions. Belgian Journal of English Language and Literatures 4: 129–149.
Van Bogaert, Julie. 2010. A constructional taxonomy of I think and related expressions: Accounting for the variability of complement-taking mental predicates. English Language and Linguistics 14(3): 399–427.
Van Herk, Gerard. 2012. What is Sociolinguistics? Malden MA: Wiley-Blackwell.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006. English: Meaning and Culture. Oxford: OUP.
Cited by (1)
Cited by one other publication
Collins, Peter & Xinyue Yao
2019.
AusBrown: A new diachronic corpus of Australian English.
ICAME Journal 43:1
► pp. 5 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.