Adjemian, C.
(1976) On the nature of interlanguage systems. Language Learning, 26(2), 297–320. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Broselow, E.
(2004) Unmarked structures and emergent rankings in second language phonology. International Journal of Bilingualism, 8(1), 51–65. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Broselow, E., Chen, S., & Wang, C.
(1998) The emergence of the unmarked in second language phonology. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 20, 261–280. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Brown, C., & Payne, M. E.
(1994) Five essential steps of processes in vocabulary learning. Paper presented at the TESOL International Convention, Baltimore, MD.
Cao, G., & Yu, H.-J.
(2015) Language contact and its influence on the development of Chinese syntax. In W.S-Y. Wang, & C. F. Sun (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics. (pp. 203–214). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chan, M. K. M.
(1998) Gender differences in the Chinese language: A preliminary report. In H. Lin (Ed.), Proceedings of the 9th North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL), 2, (pp. 35–52). Los Angeles: GSIL Publication, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Chan, M. K. M. & Lin, Y.
(2019) Chinese language and gender research. In C. Huang, Z. Jing-Schmidt, & B. Meisterernst (Eds.), Routledge Handbook of Chinese Applied Linguistics (pp. 165–181). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chao, F.-Y.
(1995) On the Gender-Marked Pronoun ‘Renjia’ in Chinese. Ms. OSU.Google Scholar
Chao, Y. R.
(1930) A system of tone letters, Le Maître Phonétique, 45, 24–27.Google Scholar
(1933) Tone and intonation in Chinese. Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology, 4, 121–134.Google Scholar
(1948) Mandarin Primer. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1951) The Cantian idiolect: An analysis of the Chinese spoken by a twenty-eight months-old child. In W. J. Fischel (Ed.), Semitic and Oriental Studies (pp. 27–44). Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
(1968) A Grammar of Spoken Chinese. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Chao, Y. R.
(1980) 《语言问题》, 商务印书馆. [Problems of Language]. Beijing: The Commerce Press.Google Scholar
Chen, C.-Y.
(2005) Proposed modifications in teaching materials for Mandarin phonology. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association. 40(2), 67–78.Google Scholar
Chen, C. & Liu, F.-H.
(2020) L2 acquisition of the bei passive in Mandarin Chinese: A constructionist approach, Chinese as a Second Language Research, 9(2), 169–198. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chen, F. J.-G.
(2006) Verb copying and double-object constructions in Chinese: From the perspectives of cognitive constraint and discourse function. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association. 41(2), 45–106.Google Scholar
Chen, G. T.
(1974) Pitch range of English and Chinese speakers. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 2, 159–171.Google Scholar
Chen, P.
(1999) Modern Chinese: History and Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chen, S.
(1973) The third tone and see-saw pairs. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association. 8(3), 145–149.Google Scholar
Chen, X., Hao, M., Geva, E., Zhu, J., & Shu, H.
(2009) The role of compound awareness in Chinese children’s vocabulary acquisition and character reading. Reading and Writing, 22, 615–631. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cheng, C. C.
(1973) A Synchronic Phonology of Mandarin Chinese. Mouton: Hague. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cheng, L. L.-S. & Sybesma, R.
(1999) Bare and not-so-bare nouns and the structure of NP. Linguistic Inquiry, 30, 509–542. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Chin, Y.-L.
(1972) How to teach Mandarin retroflex and palatal sounds, Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association. 7(2), 77–81.Google Scholar
Chinese linguistic groups
(1990) Library of Congress, Washington: Central Intelligence Agency, Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Washington, D.C. 20540-4650 USA. Digital ID: [URL]
Chung, K.
(2017) Teaching pronunciation to adult learners of English. In H. Widodo, A. Wood, & D. Gupta (Eds.), Asian English Language Classrooms (pp. 131–149). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Corder, S. P.
(1967) The significance of learners’ errors. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 5, 161–170. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Crystal, D.
(2006) Language and the Internet. 2nd Ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Cui, X.
(1995) 把字句的若干句法语义问题, 《世界汉语教学》 [Some syntactic and semantic puzzles concerning the ba-construction, Chinese Teaching in the World], 33(3), 12–21.Google Scholar
Diao, W.
(2014) (Dis)engagement in Internet linguistic practices among sojourners in China. In S. Li & P. Swanson (Eds.), Engaging Language Learners through Technology Integration: Theory, Applications, and Outcomes (pp. 162–180). Hershey, PA: IGI Global. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2016) Peer socialization into gendered L2 Mandarin practices in a study abroad context: Talk in the dorm. Applied Linguistics, 37(5), 599–620. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Dong, H.
(2014) A History of the Chinese Language. New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duanmu, S.
(2000) The Phonology of Standard Chinese. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, P. A. & Doherty, L.
(2018) Chinese second language socialization. In C. Ke (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition (pp. 82–99). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Duff, P. A. & Li, D.
(2002) The acquisition and use of perfective aspect in Mandarin. In M. R. Salaberry, & Y. Shirai (Eds), The L2 Acquisition of Tense–Aspect Morphology (pp. 417–453). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Eckman, F. R.
(1977) Markedness and the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Language Learning, 27(2), 315–330. DOI logo
(1991) The structural conformity hypothesis and the acquisition of consonant clusters in the interlanguage of ESL learners. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 13, 23–41. DOI logo
(2008) Typological markedness and second language phonology. In J. Edwards & J. Zampini (Eds.), Phonology and Second Language Acquisition (pp. 95–115). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Endo, M.
(2015) Language contact between Chinese and Japanese: Peculiarity of Japanese in the manner of accepting Chinese. In W.S-Y. Wang, & C. F. Sun (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 215–225). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Eom, I.-S.
(2015) 2,200 Years of language contact between Korean and Chinese. In W.S-Y. Wang, & C. F. Sun (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 226–235). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Erbaugh, M.
(2006) Chinese classifiers: Their use and acquisition. In P. Li, L. H. Tan, E. Bates, & O. J. L. Tzeng (Eds.), Handbook of East Asian Psycholinguistics: Chinese (pp. 39–51). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Escudero, P., Hayes-Harb, R., & Mitterer, H.
(2008) Novel second-language words and asymmetric lexical access. Journal of Phonetics, 36(2), 345–360. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Escudero, P.
(2015) Orthography plays a limited role when learning the phonological forms of new words: the case of Spanish and English learners of novel Dutch words. Applied Psycholinguistics. 36(1), 7–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ettner, C.
(2002) In Chinese, men and women are equal – or – women and men are equal? In M. Hellinger & H. Bussmann (Eds.), Gender across languages: The linguistic representation of women and men, 2, (pp. 29–55). Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fan, M.
(2003) Frequency of use, perceived usefulness, and actual usefulness of second language vocabulary strategies: A study of Hong Kong learners. The Modern Language Journal, 87(2), 222–241. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Feng, L.
(2009) 外国学生汉语词素的形音义加工与心理词典的建构模式研究, 《世界汉语教学》 [A study of the orthographic, phonological, and semantic processing of Chinese morphemes by foreign students and the constructive pattern of their mental lexicon, Chinese Teaching in the World], 23(1), 101–110.Google Scholar
Feng, S.-L.
(2001) Prosodically constrained bare-verb in BA constructions. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 29(2), 243–280.Google Scholar
(2009) 论现代汉语书面语 [On Modern Written Chinese]. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 37(1), 145–162.Google Scholar
Feng, Y. & Yang, Q.
(2013) 试论电脑输入汉字在北美高校汉语教学中的实施原则, 《汉语国际传播研究》 [The implementation of the principles of computerized Chinese character input in North America university level teaching. Chinese Language Globalization Studies], 1, 33–40.Google Scholar
Feng, Y.
(2000) 《现代汉语书面语学习手册》 [A Learners’ Handbook of Modern Chinese Written Expressions]. Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press.Google Scholar
Flege, J. E.
(1993) Production and perception of a novel, second-language phonetic contrast. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 93(3), 1589–1608. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gan, H.
(2008) 语义透明度对中级汉语阅读中词汇学习的影响, 《语言文字应用》 [The effect of semantic transparency on vocabulary learning in intermediate Chinese reading, Applied Linguistics], 1, 82–90.Google Scholar
(2011) 上下文语境对汉语阅读中词汇学习的影响—一项基于自然阅读的调查报告, 《语言教学与研究》 [The effects of context on Chinese vocabulary learning during reading: An investigation based on natural reading. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies], 3, 10–16.Google Scholar
Gao, L.
(2012) Synchronic variation or diachronic change: A sociolinguistic study of Chinese internet language. In J. Liu & H. Tao (Eds.), Chinese under Globalization: Emerging Trends in Language Use in China (pp. 7–28). Singapore: World Scientific. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Gao, M. & Liu, Z.
(1958) 《现代汉语外来词研究》,文字改革出版社 [A Study of Foreign Loan Words in Chinese, Beijing: Language and Culture Press].Google Scholar
Gao, Z.
(2020) L2 learning of opaque Chinese compounds through elaborative encoding. Chinese as a Second Language. 55(1), 1–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, J. H.
(Ed.) (1963) Universals of Language. M.I.T. Press.Google Scholar
Gu, Y., & Johnson, R.
(1996) Vocabulary learning strategies and language learning outcomes. Language Learning, 46(4), 643–679. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hayes, E. B.
(1988) Encoding strategies used by native and non-native readers of Chinese Mandarin. The Modern Language Journal, 72(2), 188–195. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hayes-Harb, R., & Hacking, J. F.
(2015) The influence of written stress marks on native English speakers’ acquisition of Russian lexical stress contrasts. The Slavic and East European Journal, 59(1), 91–109. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hayes-Harb, R., & Cheng, H.-W.
(2016) The influence of the Pinyin and Zhuyin writing systems on the acquisition of Mandarin word forms by native English speakers. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, article 785. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
He, Y., Wang, Q., & Wayland, R.
He, A. W.
(2006) Toward an identity-based model for the development of Chinese as a heritage language. The Heritage Language Journal, 4(1), 1–28. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Heffernan, K.
(2011) Questioning the primacy of linguistic factors in Chinese and Japanese loanword adaptation trends. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 39 (2), 478–491.Google Scholar
Hockett, C. F.
(1947) Peiping phonology. Journal of the American Oriental Society, 67(4), 253–267. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1951) Progressive Exercises in Chinese Pronunciation. New Haven: The Institute of Far Eastern Languages, Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, J.
(1990) Apologies in New Zealand English. Language in Society, 19(2), 155–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hong, W. & Zhao, X.
(2014) 不同类型汉语近义词习得难度考察, 《汉语学习》 [An empirical study of the difficulty of learning different types of Chinse near-synonyms. Chinese Language Learning] 2014 (1), 100–106Google Scholar
Hu, M.
(1981) 北京话的语气助词和叹词, 《中国语文》 [Modal particles and interjections in the Beijing dialect. Studies of the Chinese Language] 1981 (5/6): 347–350, 416–423.Google Scholar
Hu, C.-F.
(2013) Predictors of reading in children with Chinese as a first language: A developmental and cross-linguistic perspective. Reading and Writing, 26 (2), 163–187. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hu, Z., Liu, R., & Li, Y.
(1988) 《语言学教程》,北京大学出版社. Linguistics: A Course Book. Beijing: Peking University Press.Google Scholar
Hsiung, H.-Y., Chang, Y.-L., Chen, H.-C. & Sung, Y.-T.
(2017) Effect of stroke order learning and handwriting exercises on recognizing and writing Chinese characters by Chinese as a foreign language learners. Computers in Human Behavior, 74, 303–310. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, C.-T. J.
(1982) Logical relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Doctoral dissertation, MIT; edited version published by Garland, New York in 1998.
Huang, C.-T. J., Li, Y.-H. A. & Li, Y.
(2009) The Syntax of Chinese. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Huang, L.
(2002) Learners of advanced oral proficiency and their instructors’ approaches to lexical learning and instruction. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 37(3), 113–142.Google Scholar
Huang, N., Hu, W., & He, B.
(2015) 《对外汉语教学语法:疑难解析》, 北京大学出版社 [Difficult Grammar Knots Unravelled. Beijing: Peking University Press].Google Scholar
Ji, J. & He, S.
(2020) Chinese language learners’ participation in a WeChat online community of practice. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching. 11(2), 93–112.Google Scholar
Jin, H. G.
(2006) Multimedia effects and Chinese character processing: An empirical study of CFL learners from three different orthographic backgrounds. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 41(3), 35–56.Google Scholar
Jongman, A. & Moore, C.
(2000) The role of language experience in speaker and rate normalization processes. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Spoken Language Processing (pp. 62–65). DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jongman, A., Wang, Y., Moore, C. B., & Sereno, J. A.
(2006) Perception and production of Mandarin Chinese tones. In P. Li, L. H. Tan, E. Bates, & O. Tzeng (Eds.), Handbook of Chinese Psycholinguistics (pp. 209–217). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Jun, S.-A.
(2005) Prosodic Typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ke, C.
(1996) An empirical study on the relationship between Chinese character recognition and production. Modern Language Journal, 80 (3), 340–350. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1998) Effects of strategies on the learning of Chinese characters among foreign language students. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 33(2), 93–112.Google Scholar
(2012) Research in second language acquisition of Chinese: Where we are, where we are going. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 47(3), 43–113.Google Scholar
Kim, S.-A., Packard, J., Christianson, K., Anderson, R. C., & Shin, J.-A.
(2016) Orthographic consistency and individual learner differences in second language literacy acquisition. Reading and Writing, 29 (7), 1409–1434. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kinginger, C., Lee, S.-H., Wu, Q., & Tan, D.
(2016) Contextualized language practices as sites for learning: Mealtime talk in short-term Chinese homestays. Applied Linguistics, 37(5), 716–740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Kou, Y.
(2016) L2 Chinese Grammar Pedagogy: The Case of the Ba-Construction. PhD dissertation. University of Iowa, Iowa City. DOI logo
Kubler, C.
(1985) The influence of Southern Min on the Mandarin of Taiwan. Anthropological Linguistics, 27(2), 156–176.Google Scholar
Ladd, D. R.
(2008) Intonational Phonology. 2nd Ed., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Leather, J.
(1987) F0 pattern inference in the perceptual acquisition of second language tone. In A. James & J. Leather (Eds.), Sound Patterns in Second Language Acquisition (pp. 59–81). Dordrecht: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
(1990) Perceptual and productive learning of Chinese lexical tone by Dutch and English speakers. In J. Leather & A. James (Eds.), New Sounds 90: Proceedings of the Amsterdam Symposium on the Acquisition of Second Language Speech (pp. 305–341). Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Li, C. N. & Thompson, S. A.
(1977) The acquisition of tone in Mandarin-speaking children. Journal of Child Language. 4(2), 185–199. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1981) Mandarin Chinese: A Functional Reference Grammar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Li, H.
(2006) 三级词语教学单位与汉语学习词典编纂郑定欧、李禄兴、蔡永强(主编)《第二届对外汉语学习词典学国际研讨会论文集》,北京:中国社会科学出版社. [Tertiary word teaching units and Chinese learning dictionary compilation, In D. Zheng, L. Li, & Y. Cai (Eds.), Proceedings: International Workshop on Pedagogical Lexicography of CFL, Beijing: China Social Sciences Press]Google Scholar
Li, P.
(2006) 《中级水平韩日留学生词汇学习策略与词汇学习效果的关系研究》 [Research on the Relationship between Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Learning Outcomes of Intermediate Level Japanese and Korean Learners]. MA thesis, Beijing Language and Culture University.
Li, J. & Li, Y.
(2008) 论词义的透明度, 《语言研究》 [On the transparency of lexical meaning, Studies in Language and Linguistics] 28(3), 60–65.Google Scholar
Li, R. & Yang, J.
(2004) 对外汉语教学应以词汇教学为中心, 《暨南大学华文学院学报》 [Vocabulary Teaching Should Be the Focus of Teaching Chinese as a Second Language, Journal of College of Chinese Language and Culture of Jinan University], 4, 21–29.Google Scholar
Li, S.
(2014) The effects of different levels of linguistic proficiency on the development of L2 Chinese request production during study abroad. System, 45, 103–116. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, W.
(2009) Chinese Writing and Calligraphy. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.Google Scholar
Li, X.
(2010) Sociolinguistic variation in the speech of learners of Chinese as a second language. Language Learning. 60(2), 366–408. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.-H. A.
(1990) Order and Constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Li, Y.
(2020) The Chinese Writing System in Asia: An Interdisciplinary Perspective. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Li, Z.
(2018) 《汉语语音习得与教学研究》 [Studies in Acquisition and Teaching of Mandarin Phonology]. 北京语言大学出版社. Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
Liang, S.-Y.
(2009) The Acquisition of Chinese Nominal Classifier Systems by L2 Adult Learners. PhD Dissertation. University of Texas at Arlington.
Lin, J.-W.
(2003) Temporal reference in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics, 12(3), 259–311. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y.
(2000) Vocabulary acquisition and learning Chinese as a foreign language. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 35(1), 85–108.Google Scholar
Lin, Y. H.
(2007) The Sounds of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Liu, C.
(2007) 留学生单双音同义名词偏误统计分析, 《语言教学与研究》 [A statistical analysis of the errors in the use of synonymous monosyllabic and dissyllabic nouns by foreign learners of Chinese. Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] 3, 36–42Google Scholar
Liu, F.-H.
(2007) Word order variation and ba sentences in Chinese. Studies in Language. 31(3), 649–682. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Liu, H.
(2014) The second language acquisition of Chinese bare nouns. In N. Jiang. (Ed.) Advances in Chinese as a Second Language: Acquisition and Processing (pp. 141–156). Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.Google Scholar
Liu, X.
(2004) The semantics and pragmatic function of Yige in Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 39(1), 85–100.Google Scholar
Liu, X., Shi, J., Zheng, J. & Qiu, S.
(2015) New Practical Chinese Reader, Textbook 1, 3rd Edition, Beijing Language and Culture university Press.Google Scholar
Lu, J.
(2000) “对外汉语教学”中的语法教学, 《语言教学与研究》 [Grammar teaching in “Chinese teaching for foreigners”, Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies] 3, 1–8.Google Scholar
Lu, Y. & Ke, C.
(2018) L2 Chinese grammar development. In C. Ke (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition (pp. 151–216). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Luo, H. & C. Yang
(2016) Using WeChat in teaching L2 Chinese: An exploratory study. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 7(2), 82–96.Google Scholar
Lyu, B., Lai, C., Lin, C-H., & Gong, Y.
(2021) Comparison studies of typing and handwriting in Chinese language learning: A synthetic review. International Journal of Educational Research, 106(2), 101740. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Major, Roy C.
(2001) Foreign Accent. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2006) The ontogeny model: Evidence from L2 acquisition of Spanish r . Language Learning, 36(4), 453–504. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Mei, T-L.
(1977) Tones and tone sandhi in 16th century Mandarin. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 5, 237–260.Google Scholar
Moore, C. B. & Jongman, A.
(1997) Speaker normalization in the perception of Mandarin Chinese tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 102(3), 1864–1877. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nation, P.
(2001) Learning Vocabulary in Another Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Nemser, W.
(1971) Approximative systems of foreign language learners. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 9, 115–23. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Norman, J.
(1988) Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ochs, E., & Schieffelin, B.
(2012) The theory of language socialization. In A. Duranti, E. Ochs, & B. Schieffelin (Eds.), The Handbook of Language Socialization (pp. 1–21). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
O’Grady, W., Archibald, J., Aronoff, M., & Rees-Miller, J.
(2001) Contemporary Linguistics: An Introduction. Fourth Edition. Bedford/St. Martin’s.Google Scholar
Ohala, J. J.
(1978) Production of Tone. In V. A. Fromkin (Ed.), Tone: A Linguistic Survey (pp.3–39). New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Ohala, J. J., & Ewan, W. G.
(1973) Speed of pitch change. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 53, 345. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Parkard, J. L.
(2000) The Morphology of Chinese: A Linguistic and Cognitive Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Pytlyk, C.
(2011) Shared orthography: do shared written symbols influence the perception of L2 sounds? The Modern Language Journal, 95, 954–557. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Qiang, W.
(2005) 《留学生汉语词汇学习策略研究》 [Research on the Strategies Adopted by Students Abroad to Learn Chinese Vocabulary]. MA thesis, Beijing Language and Culture University.
Ren, W.
(2019) Pragmatic development of Chinese during study abroad: A cross-sectional study of learner requests. Journal of Pragmatics, 146, 137–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Romagnoli, C.
(2017) Chinese vocabulary acquisition and teaching: Basic concepts and research results. In I. Kecskes & C F. Sun (Eds.) Key Issues in Chinese as a Second Language Research (pp. 125–142). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Romagnoli, C. & Conti, S.
(2019) How and how much? Vocabulary learning strategies and vocabulary size in CFL. Chinese as a Second Language, 54 (2), 93–121.Google Scholar
Schmitt, N.
(1997) Vocabulary learning strategies. In D. N. Schmitt, & M. McCarthy (Eds.), Vocabulary: Description, Acquisition and Pedagogy (pp. 199–227). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
(2010) Researching Vocabulary: A Vocabulary Research Manual. London, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Selinker, L.
(1972) Interlanguage. International Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, 209–31. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shen, H. H.
(2007) Learning vocabulary through independent reading: evidence from advanced Chinese learners. In A. Guder, X. Jiang, & Y. Xin (Eds.) The Cognition, Learning and Teaching of Chinese Characters (pp. 228–250). Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
(2008) An analysis of word decision strategies among learners of Chinese. Foreign Language Annals, 41, 501–524. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2009) Size and strength: Written vocabulary acquisition among advanced learners. 《世界汉语教学》 [Chinese Teaching in the World] 23, 74–85.Google Scholar
(2018) Chinese as a second language reading: lexical access and text comprehension. In C. Ke (Ed.) The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition. New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shen, H. H.
(2020) 《汉语二语字词教学》第二版,北京语言大学出版社. [Teaching Chinese as a Second Language: Character and Word Acquisition and Instruction, Second Edition.] Beijing Language and Culture University Press.Google Scholar
Shen, H. H., Tsai, C.-H., Xu, L., & Zhu, S.
(2011) 《汉语字词教学》 北京大学出版社 [Teaching Chinese as a Second Language: Vocabulary Acquisition and Instruction. Beijing: Beijing University Press].Google Scholar
Shen, X.
(1989) The Prosody of Mandarin Chinese. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Shi, F.
(2020) 论普通话声调的本调—兼谈五度值记调法的性质 [On the essential tones in Standard Chinese]. International Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 7(1). 140–157. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shi, F. & Wen, B.
(2009) 中美学生元音发音中的母语迁移现象研究 [Study of language transfer in vowel articulation by Chinese and American students], Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 44(2), 17–32.Google Scholar
Shi, F. & Ran, Q. B.
(2011) 普通话上声的本质是低平调, 《中国语文》 [The third tone is a low-level tone, Studies of the Chinese language], 6, 550–555.Google Scholar
Shi, P. W. & Li, M.
(1997) 三声问题研究,《语音教学与对外汉语教学》,赵金铭主编, 北京语言文化大学出版社 [A study on Tone 3. In J.-M. Zhao (Ed.), Phonetic Studies and Chinese Language Teaching (pp. 125–154), Beijing: Beijing Language and Culture University Press].Google Scholar
Shi, X.-D.
(2015) The Influence of Buddhist Sanskrit on Chinese. In W. S.-Y. Wang and C.-F. Sun (Eds.) The Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 236–247). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Showalter, C. E., & Hayes-Harb, R.
(2013) Unfamiliar orthographic information and second language word learning: A novel lexicon study. Second Language Research, 29, 185–200. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015) Native English speakers learning Arabic: The influence of novel orthographic information on second language phonological acquisition. Applied Psycholinguistics, 36, 23–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shu, H., & Anderson, R. C.
(1997) Role of radical awareness in the character and word acquisition of Chinese children. Reading Research Quarterly, 32 (1), 78–89. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shu, H., Chen, X., Anderson, R. C., Wu, N., & Xuan, Y.
(2003) Properties of school Chinese: Implications for learning to read. Child Development, 74(1), 27–47. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Simon, E., Chambless, D., & Alves, U. K.
(2010) Understanding the role of orthography in the acquisition of a non-native vowel contrast. Language Sciences, 32(3), 380–394. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Smith, C.
(1997) The Parameters of Aspect. 2nd edition. Dordrecht: Kluwer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Stemple, J. C., Glaze, L. E., & Gerdeman-Klaben, B.
(2000) Clinical Voice Pathology: Theory and Management. 3rd Ed. San Diego: Singular Publishing Group.Google Scholar
Stragray, J. R. & Downs, D.
(1993) Differential sensitivity for frequency among speakers of a tone and a nontone language. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 21(1), 143–63.Google Scholar
Sun, C. F.
(1988) The discourse function of numeral classifiers in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics. 16 (2), 298–322.Google Scholar
(2006) Chinese: A Linguistic Introduction. New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sun, S.
(1998) The Development of a Lexical Tone Phonology in American Adult Learners of Standard Mandarin Chinese. Honolulu: University of Hawaii at Manoa.Google Scholar
Sundberg, J.
(1979) Maximum speed of pitch changes in singers and untrained subjects. Journal of Phonetics, 7, 71–79. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sung, K.-Y., & Poole, F.
(2017) Investigating the use of a smartphone social networking application on language learning. JALT CALL Journal, 13(2), 97–115. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Taguchi, N., Shuai, L., & Xiao, F.
(2013) Production of formulaic expressions in L2 Chinese: A developmental investigation in a study abroad context. Chinese as a Second Language Research, 2, 23–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tai, J. H.-Y.
(1978) Phonological Changes in Modern Standard Chinese in the People’s Republic of China Since 1949. Office of Research United States Information Agency, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Tang, S.-W.
(2016) Aspectual system. In C.-R. Huang & D.-X. Shi (Eds.), A Reference Grammar of Chinese (pp. 116–142). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tao, H.-Y.
(2015) Profiling the Mandarin spoken vocabulary based on corpora. In W. S.-Y. Wang & C. F. Sun (Eds.) Oxford Handbook of Chinese Linguistics (pp. 336–347). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tao, L.
(2009) Serial verb construction in Mandarin Chinese: The interface of syntax and semantics. In Y. Xiao (Ed.), Proceedings of the 21st North American Conference on Chinese Linguistics (NACCL-21), 2, 209–228. Smithfield, Rhode Island: Bryant University Press.Google Scholar
Teng, S.-H.
(1999) The acquisition of “了 le” in L2 Chinese. 《世界汉语教学》 [Chinese Teaching in the World], 13(1), 56–64.Google Scholar
Todo, A.
(1980) 《中国语音韵论》, 光生馆 [Chinese Phonology, Koseikan].Google Scholar
Tong, X., & Shirai, Y.
(2016) L2 Acquisition of Mandarin zai and -le . Chinese as a Second Language Research, 5, 1–25. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Triskova, H.
(2017) De-stress in Mandarin: Clitics, cliticoids, and phonetic chunks. In I. Kecskes & C. F. Sun (Eds), Key Issues in Chinese as a Second Language Research (pp. 29–56). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Tseng, S.-C.
(2001) Highlighting utterances in Chinese spoken discourse. Language, Information and Computation: PACLIC, 15,163–174.Google Scholar
(2006) Repairs in Mandarin conversation. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 34(1), 80–120.Google Scholar
Tsung, C.
(1987) Half-third first: On the nature of the third tone. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association. 22(1), 87–101.Google Scholar
Ullman, M. T. & Lovelett, J. T.
(2018) Implications of the declarative/procedural model for improving second language learning: The role of memory enhancement techniques. Second Language Research, 34(1), 39–65. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, L.
(1958) 《汉语史稿(修订本)》, 科学出版社 [The History of Chinese Language, Science Publishing House].Google Scholar
Wang, P.
(2003) 普通话和苏州话在苏州的消长研究, 《语言教学与研究》 [A study of the rise of the Putonghua and the decline of Suzhou Wu dialect in Suzhou, Language Teaching and Linguistic Studies.] 1, 29–36Google Scholar
Wang, Y. J. & Deng, D.
(2009) 日本学习者对汉语普通话 ‘相似元音’和‘陌生元音’的习得, 《世界汉语教学》 [On Japanese speaking learners’ acquisition of Chinese vowels, Chinese Teaching in the World], 2, 262–279.Google Scholar
Wang, Y., Sereno, J. A., Jongman, A., & Hirsch, J.
(2003) fMRI evidence for cortical modification during learning of Mandarin lexical tone. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 15(7), 1–9. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, Y., Spence, M., Jongman, A., & Sereno, J.
(1999) Training American listeners to perceive Mandarin tones. Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 106, 3649–58. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wang, Z. J. & Feng, S. L.
(2006) 声调对比法与北京话双音组的重音类型, 《语言科学》 [A Study of Stress Patterns in Disyllabic Words of Beijing Dialect, Linguistic Sciences], 5(1), 3–22.Google Scholar
Wen, B.
(2010) 美国学生汉语元音习得的实验研究, 《汉语学习》 [A Study on the American Students’ acquisition of Chinese vowels, Chinese Language Learning], 3, 95–104.Google Scholar
Wen, X.
(1995) Second language acquisition of the Chinese particle le . International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 5(1), 45–62. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2010) Acquisition of the displacement BA-construction by English-speaking learners of Chinese. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 45(2), 73–100.Google Scholar
(2012) A daunting task? The acquisition of the Chinese Ba-construction by nonnative speakers of Chinese. Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 40(1), 216–240.Google Scholar
(2014) Pragmatic development: An exploratory study of requests by learners of Chinese. In Z. Han (Ed.), Studies in Second Language Acquisition of Chinese (pp. 30–56). New York: Multilingual Matters. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
White, L.
(2003) Second Language Acquisition and Universal Grammar. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wilkins, D. A.
(1972) Linguistics in Language Teaching. London: Arnold.Google Scholar
Wu, J.
(2010) The Way of Chinese Characters: The Origins of 450 Essential Words. Boston: Cheng & Tsui Company.Google Scholar
Wu, Z.-J.
(1990) 汉语普通话语调的基本类型, 《王力先生纪念文集》, 北京:商务印书馆 [Basic Types of Mandarin Chinese Intonation, In The Collection of Wang Li Memorial Essays, Beijing: The Commercial Press].Google Scholar
(2004) 试论普通话韵律规则与其他若干学科中韵律规则的共性, 《吴宗济语言学论文集》, 商务印书馆 [The commonality of Mandarin prosody with those of several other disciplines, In Wu Zongji Essays in Linguistics, The Commercial Press].Google Scholar
Xiang, X.
(1993) 《简明汉语史》, 北京:高等教育出版社 [A Concise History of Chinese,Beijing: Higher Education Press].Google Scholar
Xiao, R., & McEnery, T.
(2004) Aspect in Chinese: A Corpus-Based Study. Amsterdam and Philadelphia: John Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Xiao, R., McEnery, T. & Qian, Y.-F.
(2006) Passive constructions in English and Chinese: A corpus-based contrastive study. Languages in Contrast, 6(1), 109–149. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Xie, Y.
(2013) The acquisition of Mandarin basic vowels by American students: A comparison study of monosyllabic and disyllabic words. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 48(1), 91–108.Google Scholar
(2015) The acquisition of Mandarin basic vowels by American students: A comparison study of disyllabic words and sentences. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 50(1), 43–59.Google Scholar
Xing, J. Z.-Q.
(2006) Teaching and Learning Chinese as a Foreign Language: A Pedagogical Grammar. Hong Kong University Press.Google Scholar
(2011) 《国别化:对英汉语教学法—汉英对比分析》,北京大学出版社 [A Contrastive Model of Teaching Chinese to Native English Speakers. Beijing: Peking University Press].Google Scholar
Xu, Y.
(1997) Contextual tonal variations in Mandarin. Journal of Phonetics, 25, 61–83. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(1999) Effects of tone and focus on the formation and alignment of F0 contours. Journal of Phonetics, 27, 55–105. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2001) Sources of tonal variations in connected speech. Monograph series, Journal of Chinese Linguistics, 17,1–31.Google Scholar
(2013) Acquisition of Chinese relative clauses at the initial stage. In I. Kecskes (Ed.), Research in Chinese as a Second Language (pp. 215–234). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2020) Perfective -le use and consciousness-raising among beginner-level Chinese learners. Languages. Special issue: The acquisition of Chinese as a First and Second Language, 5(2), 16. 1–22. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yan, S.
(2004) Teaching and Learning Chinese in Higher Education. Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Yang, B.
(2012) The gap between the perception and production of tones by American learners of Mandarin: An intralingual perspective. Chinese as a Second Language Research, 1(1), 31–52. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2015) Perception and Production of Mandarin Tones by Native Speakers and L2 Learners. Verlag Berlin Heidelberg: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yang, C.-S.
(2007) Chinese Internet language: A sociolinguistic analysis of adaptations of the Chinese writing system. Language@ Internet. 4, article 2.Google Scholar
(2011) The Acquisition of Mandarin Prosody by American Learners of Chinese as a Foreign Language (CFL). PhD dissertation, Ohio State University.
Yang, C.-S. & Chan, M.
(2010) The perception of Mandarin Chinese tones and intonation by American learners. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers Association, 45(1), 7–36.Google Scholar
Yang, L.
(2014) The effects of pragmatics instruction on L2 learners’ acquisition of Chinese expressions of gratitude: A pilot study. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 49(1) 95–115.Google Scholar
(2015) 目的语环境中美国留学生汉语感谢言语行为的习得 《世界汉语教学》 [Acquisition of expressions of gratitude by American learners of Chinese in the target language environment, Chinese Teaching in the World], 29(4), 562–575.Google Scholar
(2018) Pragmatics learning and teaching in L2 Chinese. In C. Ke (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition (pp. 261–278). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yin, J.-H.
(2003) 美国大学生记忆汉字时使用的方法--问卷调查报告 [Methods used by American college students in memorizing Chinese characters]. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 38(3), 69–90.Google Scholar
Yip, M.
(1980) The Tonal Phonology of Chinese. MIT: PhD dissertation (published 1990) Garland Publishing.
(2002) Tone. Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Yuan, F.
(2012) Effects of consciousness-raising on le in L2 Chinese: A pilot study in a classroom setting. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 47(2), 65–90.Google Scholar
Zhan, W. & Bai, X.
(2016) Sentence types. In C. Huang, & D. Shi (Eds.), A Reference Grammar of Chinese (pp. 401–483). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, D., & Yu, Y.
(2008) Context of learning and requesting in Chinese as a second language: An exploratory study of students learning Chinese in study abroad and at home contexts. Journal of Chinese Language Teachers’ Association, 43(1), 73–92.Google Scholar
Zhang, H.
(2014) The third tone: Allophones, sandhi rules, and pedagogy. Journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, 49(1), 117–45.Google Scholar
(2016) The effect of theoretical assumptions on pedagogical methods, International Journal of Applied Linguistics, 27(2), 363–382. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2018) Second Language Acquisition of Chinese Tones – Beyond First-Language Transfer, Leiden: Brill. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
(2021) From individual tones to connected speech: The case of Tone 3. In Zhang, Y. and X. Gao (eds.) Frontiers of L2 Chinese Education: A Global Perspective, p.30–50, Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, H. M.
(2016) Does morphology play an important role in L2 Chinese vocabulary acquisition? Foreign Language Annals, 49(2), 384–402. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, J.
(2002) The Effects of Duration and Sonority on Contour Tone Distribution – A Typological Survey and Formal Analysis. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
(2013) Effects of providing the polysemy core meaning on inferring other meaning of polysemy. Applied Linguistics, 4, 127–136.Google Scholar
(2014) A learner corpus study of L2 lexical development of Chinese resultative verb compounds. Chinese as a Second Language, 49(3), 1–24.Google Scholar
(2019) Tone mergers in Cantonese: Evidence from Hong Kong, Macao, and Zhuhai. Asia-Pacific Language Variation 5(1):28–49. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, P.
(2021) Typing to replace handwriting: Effectiveness of the typing-primary approach for L2 Chinese beginners. Journal of Technology and Chinese Language Teaching, 12(2), 1–28.Google Scholar
Zhang, T. & Ke, C.
(2018) Research on L2 Chinese character acquisition. In C. Ke (Ed.), The Routledge Handbook of Chinese Second Language Acquisition (pp. 103–133). New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhang, Z.-S.
(2017) Dimensions of Variation in Written Chinese. New York: Routledge. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhou, J.
(2007) 语块在对外汉语教学中的价值与作用, 《暨南学报》 [The value and role of language chunks in teaching Chinese as a foreign language, Jinan Journal (Philosophy & Social Science Edition)], 29(1), 99–104.Google Scholar
Zhou, X., Marslen-Wilson, W., Taft, M., & Shu, H.
(1999) Morphology, orthography, and phonology in reading Chinese compound words. Language and Cognitive Processes, 14, 525–565. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Y.
(2003) The Historical Evolution of Chinese Languages and Scripts. Translated by Zhang Liqing. National East Asian Languages Resource Center, The Ohio State University.Google Scholar
Zhu, H. & Dodd, B.
(2000) The phonological acquisition of Putonghua (Modern Standard Chinese). Journal of Child Language, 27(1), 3–42. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Zhu, Y.
(2014) A study of the acquisition of Chinese resultative verb complements and corresponding teaching strategies. 《华语文教学研究》 [ Journal of Chinese Language Teaching ], 11(1), 1–32.Google Scholar