Table of contents
Foreword
IX
Acknowledgements
XIII
Chapter 1.What is si?
1
A.A disconnect between category and use
1
B.The traditional distinction transitive/intransitive, and an alternative view
3
a.The traditional distinction transitive/intransitive
3
b.An alternative view: Introduction to Columbia School
5
c.The rendering of si + verb into English intransitives
12
C.
Si and the traditional category impersonal
14
D.
Si and the traditional category passive
16
E.
Si and the traditional category reflexive
18
F.Conclusion
20
Chapter 2.Opting out of sex and number: Si vs. other impersonals
23
A.The traditional category impersonal
23
B.A multiplicity of forms used impersonally
24
C.
Si vs. uno used impersonally
27
D.
Si vs. other pronouns used impersonally
34
E.Conclusion
36
Chapter 3.The System of Focus on Participants
39
A.The failure of the traditional category subject and the need for a new hypothesis
39
B.New categories: Focus and Degree of Control
44
C.The three degrees of Focus in Italian
46
D.The status of si in the System of Focus on Participants
52
E.
Another view of the System of Focus on Participants
58
Chapter 4.The System of Degree of Control
61
A.The three degrees of Control
61
B.The status of si and Degree of Control
70
C.Order of clitics and Degree of Control
83
Appendix to chapter 4The interlock of the Systems of Focus and Degree of Control
86
Chapter 5.Scale of Degree of Control: The view from the bottom
89
A.Subversion of the Focus-Control interlock: Si for Focus on low-controllers
90
B.That passive and impersonal are not categories of Italian grammar
97
C.That intransitive is not a category of Italian grammar
98
D.Absence of si with Focus on mid-controllers (no passivization of datives)
101
E.
Si vs. the participle
105
Chapter 6.Scale of Degree of Control: The view from the top
111
A.The traditional reflexive
111
B.Pronouns other than si that can be reflexive
113
a.
Si vs. sé
114
b.
Si vs. lui/lei
117
c.Why si is the only reflexive among the third-person clitics
119
C.Subversion of the Focus-Control interlock: Passive people
121
D.Neutralization of Degree of Control: People under the influence
126
E.Neutralization of Degree of Control: Self-regulated and self-interested people
130
a.Neutralization of high and low control
130
b.Neutralization of high and mid control
131
F.
Si interpreted reciprocally
134
Chapter 7.Grammatical constancy and lexical idiosyncrasy
139
A.
Aprire ‘open’
139
B.
Alzare ‘raise’
148
C.
Voltare ‘turn’
151
D.
Cambiare ‘change’
158
E.
Conclusion
163
Chapter 8.Grammar constrained by lexicon: The “inherently reflexive” verbs
165
A.The ostensible problem
165
B.Data coverage
166
C.Morphology
167
a.Infinitives
168
b.Gerunds
169
c.Participles
169
d.Inherently reflexive verbs with non-reflexive clitics
171
D.Semantics: Opting out of distinctions of Degree of Control
173
Chapter 9.Number and gender with si used impersonally
179
A.An apparent problem
179
B.Verb number in general
180
C.Verb number with impersonal si
182
D.Number of predicate nominative with impersonal si
188
E.Gender of predicate nominative with impersonal si
192
F.Further on number and gender with si used impersonally
193
G.Remarks on number and gender of participles with impersonal si
196
Chapter 10.Other related matters
201
A.Auxiliaries avere and essere in compound tenses
201
B.
Ci si: The “impersonal reflexive”
205
C.A morphemic re-analysis of si and se
211
D.Some properties of outer-Focus (e)ne
214
a.Lack of co-occurrence of (e)ne and (e)l+
214
b.Purported association of (e)ne with direct object
215
c.Adverbial (e)ne
218
Chapter 11.Background and Theory
221
A.Background
221
a.Diver on Latin (1969-1995)
221
b.García on Spanish (1975)
223
c.
García (1983)
229
d.
García (2009)
230
e.Gorup on Serbo-Croatian (2006)
231
f.Stern on English (2001–2006)
231
g.
Other treatments
232
B.Theory
235
a.Previous theoretical statements
236
b.Theoretical contributions of the present work
240
Sources of data and translation, with Abbreviations
243
References
245
Index of names
251
Subject index
253
This article is available free of charge.