Research on the phonological acquisition of a third language (L3) is still in its infancy; therefore, the present contribution is intended to further investigate the area by focusing on the phenomenon of foreign accentedness and the widely disputed sources of cross-linguistic influence in L3 phonology. The study employs the technique of perceptual judgement of a foreign accent in a third language. It aims to determine whether trilingual speakers of typologically unrelated languages (i.e. L1 Polish, L2 French and L3 English) have a tendency toward L1- or L2-accented speech in L3 performance and whether this tendency is subject to change with respect to different L3 proficiency levels. The results, based on the raters’ identification of the subjects’ first language, point to the prevailing influence of the L1 Polish on the L3 English phonology irrespective of the level of L3 language proficiency, although some impact of the L2 French was also identified. Further research involving different language combinations is necessary to corroborate the directions and strength of the combined native and non-native cross-linguistic influence in the process of the acquisition of L3 phonology.
2024. Cross-linguistic influences on the production of third language consonant clusters by L1 Cantonese–L2 English–L3 German trilinguals. International Journal of Multilingualism 21:3 ► pp. 1700 ff.
Kopečková, Romana, Ulrike Gut, Magdalena Wrembel & Anna Balas
2023. Phonological cross-linguistic influence at the initial stages of L3 acquisition. Second Language Research 39:4 ► pp. 1107 ff.
Lloyd-Smith, Anika
2023. Perceived foreign accent in L3 English: the effects of heritage language use. International Journal of Multilingualism 20:3 ► pp. 753 ff.
Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna & Magdalena Wrembel
2022. Natural Growth Theory of Acquisition (NGTA): Evidence from (Mor)Phonotactics. In Theoretical and Practical Developments in English Speech Assessment, Research, and Training [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 281 ff.
Dziubalska-Kołaczyk, Katarzyna & Magdalena Wrembel
Nelson, Christina, Iga Krzysik, Halina Lewandowska & Magdalena Wrembel
2021. Multilingual learners’ perceptions of cross-linguistic distances: a proposal for a visual psychotypological measure. Language Awareness 30:2 ► pp. 176 ff.
Cal, Zuzanna & Jolanta Sypiańska
2020. The interaction of L2 and L3 levels of proficiency in third language acquisition. Poznan Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 56:4 ► pp. 577 ff.
Luo, Jingxin, Vivian Guo Li & Peggy Pik Ki Mok
2020. The Perception of Cantonese Vowel Length Contrast by Mandarin Speakers. Language and Speech 63:3 ► pp. 635 ff.
Rothman, Jason, Jorge González Alonso & Eloi Puig-Mayenco
2019. Third Language Acquisition and Linguistic Transfer,
2017. Broad scope and narrow focus: On the contemporary linguistic and psycholinguistic study of third language acquisition. International Journal of Bilingualism 21:6 ► pp. 639 ff.
Lloyd-Smith, Anika, Henrik Gyllstad & Tanja Kupisch
2016. Investigating the acquisition of phonology in a third language – a state of the science and an outlook for the future. International Journal of Multilingualism 13:4 ► pp. 395 ff.
Kopečková, Romana, Marta Marecka, Magdalena Wrembel & Ulrike Gut
2016. Interactions between three phonological subsystems of young multilinguals: the influence of language status. International Journal of Multilingualism 13:4 ► pp. 426 ff.
Qin, Zhen & Allard Jongman
2016. Does Second Language Experience Modulate Perception of Tones in a Third Language?. Language and Speech 59:3 ► pp. 318 ff.
Sypiańska, Jolanta
2016. Multilingual acquisition of vowels in L1 Polish, L2 Danish and L3 English. International Journal of Multilingualism 13:4 ► pp. 476 ff.
2015. Linguistic and cognitive motivations for the Typological Primacy Model (TPM) of third language (L3) transfer: Timing of acquisition and proficiency considered. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18:2 ► pp. 179 ff.
Rothman, Jason, José Alemán Bañón & Jorge González Alonso
2015. Neurolinguistic measures of typological effects in multilingual transfer: introducing an ERP methodology. Frontiers in Psychology 6
Kopečková, Romana
2014. Crosslinguistic Influence in Instructed L3 Child Phonological Acquisition. In Essential Topics in Applied Linguistics and Multilingualism [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 205 ff.
Kopečková, Romana
2016. The bilingual advantage in L3 learning: a developmental study of rhotic sounds. International Journal of Multilingualism 13:4 ► pp. 410 ff.
Wrembel, Magdalena
2013. Foreign Accent Ratings in Third Language Acquisition: The Case of L3 French. In Teaching and Researching English Accents in Native and Non-native Speakers [Second Language Learning and Teaching, ], ► pp. 31 ff.
Wrembel, Magdalena
2021. Multilingual acquisition property by property: A view from a wider perspective. Second Language Research 37:3 ► pp. 441 ff.
[no author supplied]
2022. Having an Accent in One of Your Languages. In The Mysteries of Bilingualism, ► pp. 45 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 27 december 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.