Chapter published in:
Bilingual Cognition and Language: The state of the science across its subfields
Edited by David Miller, Fatih Bayram, Jason Rothman and Ludovica Serratrice
[Studies in Bilingualism 54] 2018
► pp. 251–280

Chapter 12
Different situations, similar outcomes

Heritage grammars across the lifespan

| Penn State University
| University of Konstanz | UiT The Artic University of Norway
| Texas Tech University

The rise of scientific inquiry focusing on bilingualism over the past few decades has also borne witness to an increase in the study of individuals and communities who speak a native language that is not the sociolinguistically dominant language of the environment in which they grew up. While it is common practice to refer to these diverse groups and individuals as “heritage speakers”, it is unclear whether it is appropriate to classify all of them under the same terminology. In this chapter, we take a closer look at three different groups: (i) children, (ii) young adults, and (iii) elderly, moribund bilinguals who have all been referred to as heritage speakers in the literature. After exploring aspects of phonological, (morpho)syntactic, and semantic/pragmatic developments, we show that a great deal of symmetry exists between them, thus justifying the cohesive, overarching label of “heritage speakers” to all three sub-groups. Finally, we outline what this broader definition of heritage speakers means for long-standing debates in the literature, such as those that concern the acquisition, development, and maintenance of the heritage grammar across the lifespan.

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Child HS development
    • 2.1Phonology
    • 2.2(Morpho-)syntax
    • 2.3Interfaces with semantics and pragmatics
    • 2.4Section summary
  • 3.Adult HL bilingualism
    • 3.1Phonology
    • 3.2(Morpho-)syntax
    • 3.3 Interfaces with semantics and pragmatics
    • 3.4Section summary
  • 4.Moribund HL bilingualism
    • 4.1Phonology
    • 4.2(Morpho)-syntax
    • 4.3The interface with semantics and pragmatics
    • 4.4Section summary
  • 5.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 08 March 2018
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.54.12put
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2019.  In Heritage Languages [Studies in Bilingualism, 58], Crossref logo
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2021.  In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 579 ff. Crossref logo
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2022.  In Bilingualism, Language Development and Processing across the Lifespan [Bilingual Processing and Acquisition, 15], Crossref logo
Bayram, Fatih, Maki Kubota, Alicia Luque, Diego Pascual y Cabo & Jason Rothman
2021. You Can’t Fix What Is Not Broken: Contextualizing the Imbalance of Perceptions About Heritage Language Bilingualism. Frontiers in Education 6 Crossref logo
Bayram, Fatih, David Miller, Jason Rothman & Ludovica Serratrice
2018.  In Bilingual Cognition and Language [Studies in Bilingualism, 54], ► pp. 1 ff. Crossref logo
Bousquette, Joshua
2020. From Bidialectal to Bilingual. American Speech 95:4 ► pp. 485 ff. Crossref logo
Bousquette, Joshua & Michael T. Putnam
2020. Redefining Language Death: Evidence From Moribund Grammars. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 188 ff. Crossref logo
D'Alessandro, Roberta, David Natvig & Michael T. Putnam
2021. Addressing Challenges in Formal Research on Moribund Heritage Languages: A Path Forward. Frontiers in Psychology 12 Crossref logo
Dehé, Nicole & Tanja Kupisch
2022. Prepositional phrases and case in North American (heritage) Icelandic. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 45:3 ► pp. 254 ff. Crossref logo
Dávila-Montes, José & Lyon Rathbun
2020. La Perastories: cognitive and cultural alignment of narrative production by bilinguals in the U.S. – Mexican borderlands. Language and Intercultural Communication 20:3 ► pp. 240 ff. Crossref logo
Flores, Cristina
2020. Attrition and Reactivation of a Childhood Language: The Case of Returnee Heritage Speakers. Language Learning 70:S1 ► pp. 85 ff. Crossref logo
Flores, Cristina & Esther Rinke
2020. The relevance of language-internal variation in predicting heritage language grammars. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 23:1 ► pp. 25 ff. Crossref logo
Lohndal, Terje, Jason Rothman, Tanja Kupisch & Marit Westergaard
2019. Heritage language acquisition: What it reveals and why it is important for formal linguistic theories. Language and Linguistics Compass 13:12 Crossref logo
Marian, Viorica & Sayuri Hayakawa
2021. Measuring bilingualism: The quest for a “bilingualism quotient”. Applied Psycholinguistics 42:2 ► pp. 527 ff. Crossref logo
Natvig, David
2022. Variation and stability of American Norwegian /r/ in contact. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 12:6 ► pp. 816 ff. Crossref logo
Petersen, Jan Heegård, Gert Foget Hansen, Jacob Thøgersen & Karoline Kühl
2021. Linguistic Proficiency: A Quantitative Approach to Immigrant and Heritage Speakers of Danish . Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory 17:2 ► pp. 465 ff. Crossref logo
Puig-Mayenco, Eloi, Ian Cunnings, Fatih Bayram, David Miller, Susagna Tubau & Jason Rothman
2018. Language Dominance Affects Bilingual Performance and Processing Outcomes in Adulthood. Frontiers in Psychology 9 Crossref logo
Putnam, Michael T., Lara Schwarz & Andrew D. Hoffman
2021.  In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 613 ff. Crossref logo
Sippola, Eeva
2022. Spanish contact influence in a Finnish heritage community in Misiones, Argentina. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 45:3 ► pp. 348 ff. Crossref logo
Sopata, Aldona & Kamil Długosz
2022. The effects of language input on word order in German as a heritage and majority language. Language Acquisition 29:2 ► pp. 198 ff. Crossref logo
Thane, Patrick, Michele Goldin, Abril Jimenez, Esther Hur, Julio Cesar Lopez Otero & Jennifer Austin
2022. Where we are and where we ought to be: The need for research-based assessments for dual language immersion learners. NABE Journal of Research and Practice 12:2 ► pp. 84 ff. Crossref logo
Uygun, Serkan & Harald Clahsen
2021. Morphological processing in heritage speakers: A masked priming study on the Turkish aorist. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 24:3 ► pp. 415 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 01 december 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.