List of tables
Table 1.1
Key dimensions of HLs cited by different authors
11
Table 1.2
Well-known scenarios from the language contact literature, with potential links to the study of heritage languages
12
Table 2.1
Features of different varieties related to the Dutch diaspora
28
Table 2.2
Canadian Italian vocabulary in Toronto (based on Danesi, 1984)
33
Table 2.3
Canadian Portuguese vocabulary in Winnipeg (based on Mota, 1997)
33
Table 3.1
Generational shift in Turkish Dutch communities
53
Table 5.1
A number of earlier studies and the data collection methods used
95
Table 6.1
The types of stability and change possible on the level of the individual and of the community (based on Labov, 1994)
132
Table 6.2
American Russian: Continuum of speakers (based on Polinsky, 2006, p. 253)
136
Table 8.1
The predictions of the umbrella hypothesis (adapted from Laleko & Polinsky (2016)
168
Table 8.2
Utterances used progressively with less context
174
Table 8.3
Utterances used progressively with more context
174
Table 8.4
Bilingual grammar compared to monolingual grammar
177
Table 8.5
Tableau for monolinguals in a less context situation
177
Table 8.6
Continuum between different models
181
Table 10.1
Census of 1981 and 2000/01 (adapted from Maurer, 1988, p. 143 and Kester & Fun, 2012, p. 238)
209
Table 10.2
Papiamentu past participle formation strategies
218