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Part of
Understanding Language and Cognition through Bilingualism: In honor of Ellen Bialystok
Edited by Gigi Luk, John A.E. Anderson and John G. Grundy
[Studies in Bilingualism 64] 2023
► pp. 38–67

Chapter 3
Defining bilingualism as a continuum

Some tools and consequences for the study of bilingual mind and brain effects

| UiT the Arctic University of Norway | Universidad Nebrija
| UiT the Arctic University of Norway
| UiT the Arctic University of Norway
| Universidad Nebrija | UiT the Arctic University of Norway
| UiT the Arctic University of Norway
| King’s College London

The measurement of bilingualism is complex but essential for (psycho)linguistic, cognitive and neural research. In addition to the conventional group comparison approach, namely comparing monolinguals to bilinguals, recent research has adopted continuous or multi-dimensional approaches. The aim of this chapter is to review a series of tools, including self-report usage and proficiency measures used in the literature. These tools were used with samples across the lifespan in North America and Europe. We further examine the aspects of bilingualism extracted from these tools. Finally, we outline the limitations of existing bilingual measurement tools and the need for researchers to justify the choice of each tool. Importantly, we advocate for taking a more nuanced understanding of bilingualism beyond individual usage and consider this experience as fluid, continuous rather than categorical.

Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The Bilingual Language Experience Calculator (BiLEC)
    • 2.1What is it?
    • 2.2How is it measured?
    • 2.3Why is it used?
    • 2.4How has it been used?
    • 2.5What are some limitations?
  • 3.The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q)
    • 3.1What is it?
    • 3.2How is it measured?
    • 3.3Why is it used?
    • 3.4How has it been used?
    • 3.5What are some limitations?
  • 4.Entropy- a measure of social (language) interaction and language maintenance
    • 4.1What is it?
    • 4.2How is it measured?
    • 4.3Why is it used?
    • 4.4How has it been used?
    • 4.5What are some limitations?
  • 5.The Language and Social Background Questionnaire (LSBQ)
    • 5.1What is it?
    • 5.2How is it measured?
    • 5.3Why is it used?
    • 5.4How has it been used?
    • 5.5What are some limitations?
  • 6.The Bilingual Language Profile (BLP)
    • 6.1What is it?
    • 6.2How is it measured?
    • 6.3Why is it used?
    • 6.4How has it been used?
    • 6.5What are some limitations?
  • 7.Conclusion
  • Note
  • References
Published online: 6 June 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/sibil.64.03rot
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