Section I.Bilingualism is more than speaking two languages

Chapter 2. From the spatial ego to cognitive control Ellen Bialystok’s early work, 1976–1988 12 Chapter 3. Defining bilingualism as a continuum Some tools and consequences for the study of bilingual mind and brain effects 38 Chapter 4. Biliteracy 68 Chapter 5. Beyond bilingualism Code-switching and its cognitive and social correlates 86

Section II.Bilingualism in development and learning

Chapter 6. Bilingual cognitive differences within the context of socioeconomic status 122 Chapter 7. Bilingualism in development The good, the bad and the unknown 142 Chapter 8. Metalinguistic awareness in bilinguals 169 Chapter 9. Learning through bilingual education Cognitive and academic impacts 188

Section III.Cognition and neuroscience of bilingualism

Chapter 10. Models and metaphors Mapping language experience to cognition 210 Chapter 11. Bilingual language control during conversation 230 Chapter 12. Domain-general electrophysiological changes associated with bilingualism 245 Chapter 13. Bilingualism and functional connectivity The path to efficiency across the lifespan 272 Chapter 14. Bilingualism and brain structure Insights from healthy ageing and progressive neurodegenerative diseases 301

Section IV.Bilingualism, aging, and cognitive reserve

Chapter 15. The effects of bilingualism on cognitive functioning in older adults 318 Chapter 16. Role of bilingualism in neurodegenerative disease I Alzheimer’s 343 Chapter 17. Role of bilingualism in neurodegenerative disease II Beyond Alzheimer’s 357 Chapter 18. The road ahead Ellen Bialystok’s lasting legacy 374