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Part of
Multifaceted Multilingualism
Edited by Kleanthes K. Grohmann
[
Studies in Bilingualism
66] 2024
► pp.
429
–
434
◄
previous
Index
A
additional language (L
n
)
17, 136
acquisition/learning
6, 123–124, 126–127, 129–130, 134–135, 138, 140–141, 144, 337
teaching
17, 137, 141, 144
see also
Another Language Learning (ALL); third language
advantages
6, 8–9, 68–69, 78, 99, 123–128, 130–140, 142, 144, 194, 204–206, 223–224, 292, 305
African American
47, 51, 54, 56, 58;
see also
English, African American (AAE)
agreement
12–13, 41, 48, 73–75, 86, 97, 124, 141, 169, 292–318, 402
allomorphy
75
American
53, 137, 399–400;
see also
English, American; English, General American (GAE)
American Sign Language (ASL)
234, 357
Another Language Learning (ALL)
81, 137, 327, 341, 345, 353
aphasia
6, 255–256, 258, 263, 296 (fn.)
Arabic
7, 132–134, 136, 141, 143, 154–160, 162, 166–170, 172–174, 272, 278, 294, 342, 399, 405
Palestinian (PA)
7, 154–157, 159–160, 162–164, 166–168, 172
Spoken (SpA)
154–157, 164, 166, 169, 171–172, 174–177
Standard (StA)
154–172, 174–178
assessment
5, 7–8, 18, 56, 70, 72, 76, 84–85, 128–129, 131, 136–137, 159, 178, 184–189, 191, 194–197, 205, 208–209, 214, 221, 263, 271, 279
Australia
10–11, 15–16, 254–256, 260–264, 274, 342–343, 394–395, 398, 404–407, 414–422;
see also
English, Australian; English, Melbourne
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
8–9, 204–205, 207–210, 215–224
awareness
53, 55, 110 (app.), 143, 145, 174, 186, 206, 233, 274, 311, 379, 389 (fn.), 421
clinical
7
critical language
270, 276–277, 281–282, 355
metalinguistic
124, 128–129, 140, 205, 360, 374–375, 382–384, 389
phonemic
164
phonological
165–166
semantic
8, 184, 186, 195
sociolinguistic
383, 389 (fn.)
stroke
10–11, 254, 256–260, 265
syntactic
184, 186, 195
tasks
186
B
Bangladesh
399
Barossa Valley
15–16, 414–417, 419–425;
see also
German, Barossa
baseline speakers
12–13, 292–293, 295, 299–303, 310–311, 314, 316–318
Basque
130, 134, 143, 342
Basque Country
128, 135, 143
beats
234
bidialect(al)ism
4, 8, 14, 52, 59–63, 184–185
bilectalism
2, 4, 206
bilingual advantage,
see
advantages
bilingual boost,
see
multilingual boost
bilingual curriculum
129, 134, 416
bilingualism
1–2, 5–6, 8–9, 13–15, 59, 123, 125–126, 129–130, 132, 135, 137–138, 156, 174, 177, 186, 195, 204–207, 215, 220, 222–224, 271, 273–274, 276–282, 284–285, 327–329, 369–373, 395, 397
additive
6, 126, 128–129, 328, 357
balanced
6, 123–124, 126–130, 132–133, 135–141, 144
heritage
123, 126, 130–133, 270–271, 274
sequential
2, 156, 297 (fn.)
simultaneous (2L1)
2, 109 (app.), 135, 156, 177, 209, 297
unbalanced
6, 123, 126, 133, 135–140, 144–145, 293
see also
multilingualism
biliteracy
129, 328–329;
see also
literacy; multiliteracies
biolinguistics
22–23
British
16, 50–51, 138, 398–402, 404, 414–415, 418;
see also
English, British
Bulgarian
311
C
Canada
1, 15, 75, 283, 395–396, 398, 405;
see also
English, Canadian; English, Toronto
Cantonese
272, 355, 399, 402, 405, 407
carers
10–11, 224, 254, 259, 261–265, 425 (fn.)
Castilian
135
Cat story
85
Catalan
134–135
Catalonia
128, 135
CHAT
85
child language
22, 27, 29–30, 37, 40
child second language acquisition (cL2A)
185, 188, 194–195
China
193, 342, 405
Chinese,
see
Mandarin; Cantonese
classroom
2–5, 11–14, 47, 51–63, 68, 71–73, 76, 78–83, 88, 90, 95–96, 98–99, 112ff. (app.), 128, 132, 136, 142–144, 239, 271, 273–275, 280–285, 337, 355–357, 360–361, 369–370, 374–377, 379, 390
co-speech/co-thought gestures
9–10, 232–235, 237–238, 241–248
code-mixing,
see
language mixing
code-switching
13, 58–60, 62, 72–73, 142, 156, 159 (fn.), 282, 306, 310–311, 327–329, 370, 374–377, 379, 383, 386–388, 422
cognate
139–140, 160–163
cognitive advantage,
see
advantages
cognitive development
79, 118 (app.), 124–125, 129, 135, 223 (fn.), 224, 233
cognitive load
9–10, 59, 231–236, 239, 241–245, 247–249
cognitive reserve
124–125
Common European Framework of Reference for Language (CEFR)
238
Communication units (C-units)
70
community language,
see
heritage language
competences
14, 25, 31, 43, 69, 71, 127–129, 140, 142, 187, 192, 264, 277, 369, 372, 375, 382, 388
comprehension
27–28, 76–77, 85, 90–91, 98, 140, 160–161, 186–187, 255, 296–298, 301, 309, 370, 374, 379, 381
conceptualizations
9–10, 232–234, 236–240, 243, 245–246, 248
COVID (Covid-19)
254
cross-linguistic influence (CLI)
124, 127, 138–140
culturally and linguistically diverse (CALD)
254–255, 257, 260–265
Cypriots
256–257, 369, 379;
see also
Greek, Cypriot; Turkish, Cypriot
Cyprus
14, 370, 376;
see also
Greek, Cypriot; Turkish, Cypriot
D
Das Blatt
414, 425
deictic
10, 232, 234, 240–243, 246–249
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
7–9, 154, 161–178, 184, 187–199, 194–197, 204–205, 207–210, 215–224;
see also
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
diagnosis
2, 7–8, 154–155, 176, 184, 187–189, 191, 195–196, 208–209, 260
dialects
4, 7–8, 17, 47–52, 55–61, 158, 162, 164, 169, 162, 164–166, 185–187, 190–197, 304, 329, 339, 342, 344, 359, 372–373, 376–377, 378 (fn.), 379–380, 382–383, 389–390
digital media
13, 327, 332, 345, 348–350, 347–350, 352–353, 358–362, 373
diglossia
7, 154–159, 161–162, 164–165, 167, 174–178, 370, 375
Dinka
407
diversity
14, 68–71, 95, 98, 110 (app.), 142, 255, 272, 345, 356, 361–362, 376, 388–389, 395, 397, 402, 406, 409;
see also
superdiversity
Dog story
85
Dravidian
5, 73
Dutch
41, 75, 133, 135, 400
East Indian
399
Ebonics
53
England
274, 398
English
4–6, 8–11, 15–17, 22, 24–25, 30–32, 34–39, 41–42, 50–53, 59–60, 62, 68–75, 77–78, 80–88, 90–91, 95–99, 109 (app.), 115 (app.), 119 (app.), 123, 128–137, 141, 143, 157, 177, 184–186, 189–193, 196, 232, 238, 240, 260, 274–276, 282, 297 (fn.), 301, 306, 308, 310–312, 328, 337, 341–345, 353, 355–356, 361, 395–396, 398–402, 405–409, 414, 416–417, 419–420, 422, 424
Aboriginal
344
African American (AAE)
4, 47–63
American
47, 55, 61, 128
Australian
15, 406, 409
Black
52
Canadian
398, 400, 402–404
Easy
254
General American (GAE)
48, 51, 55, 58–60, 62
global
17, 342
Lebanese Australian
406, 408
Melbourne
15, 406–408
Toronto
15, 395, 403, 408
as a Lingua Franca (ELF)
6, 123, 136
as Medium of Instruction (EMI)
5, 68, 72, 77, 79–80, 82, 85, 95, 341;
see also
medium of instruction (MoI)
E
ethnic discriminations
134, 402, 418, 420
ethnic orientation (EO)
402–404
ethnicity
4, 11, 16, 54, 255, 265, 402, 404, 408, 414
ethnolects
15, 395–398, 400, 402–404, 406–409
ethnolinguistic communities
14–15, 271–272, 274, 279, 403–405;
see also
superdiversity
evolution
3, 26, 43, 51, 332
executive control,
see
executive function (EF)
executive function (EF)
6, 8, 125, 135, 185–186, 195, 204–207, 211, 214–215, 217, 221
existential constructions
41, 402–403, 407–408
Faetar
402
features
12–13, 15, 50–51, 60, 86, 98, 306, 327, 330, 421
agreement
97, 301, 316
design
24–25, 273
discourse-pragmatic
15, 395, 402, 408–409
finiteness
74, 97
formal
305, 315 (fn.), 357
gender
13, 292–293, 294 (fn.), 295, 301, 303–304, 306 (fn.), 307, 310, 314–315, 317–318
grammatical
15, 69, 75, 128, 131–132, 292, 295, 403–404, 409
HCL
397–398, 401
lexical
99, 404
lingual
2
linguistic
48, 55, 62, 154, 336, 395, 402–403, 408–409
morphological
73, 316
morpho-syntactic
71, 99
number
13, 292–293, 294 (fn.), 301, 303–304, 310, 314–315, 318
perceptual
240, 246
phi
97, 293, 314, 316
phonetic/phonological
15, 162, 167, 403–404
semantic
69
syntactic
42, 99
tense
97
F
feminine
12, 156, 169, 294–295, 298–301, 303, 305–310, 312–314, 317, 344
Filipino
402
finiteness
5, 68, 73–75, 77–78, 86–94, 96–99
Finland
134, 356
Finnish
277
first language (L1)
5, 7–8, 17, 69–70, 72–76, 80–81, 85, 96–98, 119 (app.), 128, 130–132, 135–136, 141, 184–188, 191–197, 243, 292–293, 296, 311 (fn.), 317, 337, 370, 374, 386
false belief
9, 204, 214
French
134, 141, 316, 330, 398–399
Frisian
135
Friulan
134
G
gender (assignment/agreement)
12–13, 292, 294–296, 299–300, 303–304, 306–314, 317–318
General(ized) Linear Model (GLM)
78, 90–91, 184, 193
genitive
4, 22–23, 27–32, 34–35, 37, 39, 41–44
Georgian
14, 376, 378 (fn.), 384, 388
German
15–16, 75, 131–134, 141–143, 311 (fn.), 316, 330, 400, 406, 414–425
Barossa
16, 414–415, 421–422, 425
education in South Australia
414–417, 419, 424
heritage in South Australia
414, 419
identity in South Australia
414, 417, 419, 425
language renewal in South Australia
15–16, 414–415
-speaking immigrants in South Australia
16, 414–415, 425
suppression of
16, 414, 417
Germany
131–132, 134, 143, 417–421, 433
gesticulation
234
gesture duration
9–10, 232–234, 236, 240–241, 244–245, 247–249
gestures for conceptualization
9–10, 232–234, 237–240, 245–246, 248
Global South
71, 78–79
goal-attempt-outcome (GAO)
70
grammatical default
12, 292, 297, 303, 304 (fn.), 306–307, 309–311, 313–314, 316–317
grammatical gender
141, 292–293
Greece
208–209, 405
Greek
8–11, 14, 207–211, 254, 256–259, 283, 359, 361, 371, 379, 382 (fn.), 384–388, 400, 402, 405–407
Cypriot
14, 370, 375–379, 381 (fn.), 383, 388
Standard (Modern)
14, 369–371, 375–377, 378 (fn.), 379, 384, 388, 389 (fn.)
Gujarati
274, 399 (fn.)
H
Hebrew
71, 159 (fn.)
heritage language (HL)
2, 3, 6, 11–12, 16–17, 132, 142–143, 157, 270–285, 292–295, 303–304, 312–313, 318, 342, 353, 407, 423
classroom
271, 273–275, 280–285
education
271–272, 285–289, 291, 295, 341
grammar
292, 312, 314, 318
identity
26, 273, 278, 414, 419, 425
instruction
273, 275–276, 279–282, 357
learners
271, 273–278, 282
maintenance
11, 15–16, 272, 275, 279
speaker (HS)
142, 271, 292–304, 306–307, 312–318, 414, 422, 425
speaker, bilingual
124, 130, 297 (fn.)
students
283
heritage/community language (HCL)
14–15, 342, 395, 397–399, 401–402, 409;
see also
heritage language (HL)
Hindi
5, 78, 80–81, 85, 108 (app.), 399
Hungarian
40, 402
I
iconic
10, 232, 234, 240–243, 245–246, 248, 334
identity (ethnic)
4, 15–16, 47, 261, 264, 278, 342, 352, 355, 361, 373, 377, 395, 397–398, 400, 409, 414, 417, 419, 425
India
5, 68–72, 77–79, 81, 84–85, 95, 97–99, 108 (app.)
inhibition
6, 9, 124–125, 127, 130, 138–140, 143, 204, 206, 211, 213–214, 223;
see also
executive function (EF)
input
5, 13, 31, 38–40, 68, 70–72, 74–75, 78, 81–86, 88, 90, 95, 97–99, 159, 170, 176, 190, 195, 223 (fn.), 248, 292, 294, 299–300, 304–305, 307–310, 318
institutionalization
12, 270, 277–278, 374, 397
HL education
271, 277–279
planned multilingualism
6, 123, 133
intelligence
128, 235
artificial
347, 358–360, 362
full-scale IQ (FIQ)
207, 209–210, 215–216, 218–222
IQ
204, 207, 223
non-verbal
9
interdependence
6, 123, 126–127, 129
interfaces
8, 22, 183–187, 189, 191, 193–197, 224, 235, 305, 344, 350–352
Iranian
399 (fn.)
Ireland
135, 187, 272, 398
Irish (ethnicity)
399–402, 404, 425
Israel
7, 154, 159, 162
Italian
134, 141, 189, 311, 399–400, 402, 404–407
Italy
134, 187, 402 (fn.), 405
J
Japanese
274
K
Kaffee und Kuchen
423–425
Kannada
5, 80
knowledge processes
363–364
Korean
141, 276, 402
Kriol
342–345
L
Ladin
134
Lambadi
5, 80
language
abilities
5, 9, 60, 70, 72, 77, 98, 177, 196, 204–205, 208
disorder
2, 6–8, 32, 34, 154–155, 157–159, 175, 184–188, 191, 194–197, 204–205, 207, 210, 216–222, 255
documentation
16, 414, 420–421, 424–425
learners
6, 29–30, 51, 99, 150, 235, 270, 273, 283
maintenance
11, 15–16, 282, 293, 341, 399, 409, 414–415, 417, 419, 421–422, 424–425
mixing
72, 81–82, 96, 156, 276, 310, 328–329, 331, 336–337, 341, 345, 347, 356, 358–359, 370, 372, 377
tasks
9–10, 30, 130, 164, 172–173, 177–178, 196–197, 204, 208, 215–216, 221, 223, 276, 299, 304
teaching
11, 13–14, 17, 51–52, 56, 59, 61, 63, 81–82, 112 (app.), 134, 137, 141, 143–144, 275, 278, 280–284, 327–328, 332, 342, 345, 349, 352, 355–357, 370–371, 374–376, 388 (fn.), 389, 415, 419
languaging
348, 373
Latin
352, 354–357
Latinx
274
non-lexicalist approaches
13, 292, 306, 318
lexicalist approaches
295, 305
lexicon
7, 13, 28, 38, 69–72, 98–99, 124, 131, 139–140, 154, 156, 158–161, 167–168, 170, 172, 174, 176, 186, 197, 205, 208, 233–234, 244, 292–293, 295, 299–300, 305–307, 312–313, 315 (fn.), 316, 318–319, 336, 397 (fn.), 406, 421–422
Lingua Franca
6, 123, 136, 355
linguistic distance/proximity
7, 56, 123, 141, 154–159, 162–169, 171–172, 175–176, 178
literacy
4–5, 47, 49, 54–55, 58, 61–62, 68–69, 76–79, 84, 88, 90–91, 95, 98–99, 156, 174, 178, 209, 263, 271–272, 274, 283, 328, 337–344, 349, 356–357, 372 (fn.), 373, 377, 382, 389, 416–417, 419
critical
374
tasks
84–85, 98
Lutheran
415–417, 420, 423
M
macro-based approaches
275
macrostructure
70, 85
Malay
137
Mandarin
4, 8, 22, 24–25, 31, 34–39, 137, 184–186, 190–195, 272, 355, 399 (fn.)
Marathi
80
masculine
12, 156, 169, 292, 294–295, 298–301, 303–304, 306–310, 313–314, 317
medium of instruction (MoI)
68–72, 82, 341
memory
239, 243, 263, 338, 340, 360
phonological (short-term)
164–165, 167, 177
verbal short-term memory
75
working memory
125, 135, 206, 223, 235–236, 244, 248–249
Merge
3, 22–30, 37, 40, 43
meta-analyses
273, 279–281
metaphoric
10, 232, 234, 240, 242–243, 245–246, 248, 352
microstructure
5, 68, 70–73, 77–79, 85–92, 95–99
Minimalist Program
22, 25–26, 314
minority languages
2–3, 5–6, 16,–17, 68, 74 (fn.), 78, 80, 88, 90–92, 95, 98–99, 123, 134–135, 271, 277, 328, 414 (fn.)
mismatches
56, 59, 191, 297–299, 302, 308–309, 315
monodialectal
8, 184, 186–187, 191–195
monolectal
175
monolingualism
4, 9, 12, 14, 34, 69–72, 75–76, 78, 80, 82, 125–136, 138–144, 175, 186–188, 194–196, 204–211, 215–224, 276–277, 296–301, 303–307, 313–314, 328, 331, 350, 355–357, 369–372, 374, 376–379, 388, 390
parallel
350, 371–372, 374
morphology
4, 7, 12, 48, 70–75, 86–87, 96–97, 154, 156–159, 168–173, 176, 185, 187–189, 191, 275, 292–293, 303, 305, 307, 312–314, 316–317, 377, 381 (fn.)
multiform meanings
13, 327, 331–334, 336, 338–341, 346, 350, 358
multilingual advantage,
see
advantages
Multilingual Assessment Instrument for Narratives (MAIN)
85, 96
multilingual boost
9, 124, 134, 139, 144, 204–207, 223–224
multilingualism
1–18, 59, 62, 68–72, 76, 80, 84, 95, 99, 108 (app.), 112 (app.), 123–127, 132–134, 136–145, 187, 197, 204, 261, 270–272, 273, 276–281, 284–285, 327–330, 336, 353, 359–362, 369–372, 376, 389, 395–396, 398–399, 409;
see also
bilingualism
multiliteracies
13, 108 (app.), 112 (app.), 318, 330–332, 336, 353, 357, 359
multimodal
9, 232, 330–331, 333, 336, 373
N
narratives
5, 9–10, 57, 68, 70–73, 75, 77–79, 85–92, 95–99, 232, 234, 237, 241, 243, 245–248, 261
needs analysis
272
neuter
300 (fn.), 311, 313–314
NoAgree
73
non-finite
73, 316
non-lexicalist approaches
13, 295, 306, 318
North Frisian
134
Norway
134, 143
Norwegian
72, 76, 143, 311 (fn.), 313
O
opportunities, economic
272, 415
educational
51, 54, 95, 98, 120–121 (app.)
P
Pakistan
399 (plus fn.)
Panjabi
399 (fn.)
pedagogy
13–14, 17, 77, 83, 98, 143, 271, 275, 282–284, 327–330, 331, 336–337, 340–341, 343–346, 353–357, 362, 369––376, 378, 390
models
11, 270, 275, 280–281
practice
13, 81, 327–328, 338, 341, 353, 361, 378, 390
phonetics
15, 22, 347, 395, 397 (fn.), 402–403, 406–407, 409
phonology
4, 7, 15, 49, 154, 156, 158–160, 162–168, 172, 174, 177–178, 185, 208, 300, 307–308, 310, 312, 317–318, 349, 377, 395, 402–403, 407, 409
policies
11, 17–18, 135, 261, 270, 277, 279, 282, 357, 375, 389, 398, 404–405, 407
Polish
143, 272, 294, 402
Portuguese
38, 402
parameters
123, 125, 139, 141, 144, 163, 305, 373
processing
9, 140, 149, 157, 164, 168, 172, 175–177, 206, 214, 235–237, 243, 280, 304, 307, 316, 318
morphological
168–173, 275, 293, 307, 318, 377
phonological
160, 164–168, 172, 174, 177–178, 185, 208, 310, 318, 377
professional development
12, 61, 143, 278, 283
proto-grammars
43
Punjabi
108–109, 115, 399 (fn.), 402
Q
quotatives
403, 407
R
reaction time
130, 140, 220
reading
2–4, 7, 29, 47, 51–53, 55–62, 72, 76–78, 82, 84–85, 90–91, 98–99, 114 (app.), 124, 127–128, 130, 133, 136, 154, 156, 172, 176, 192, 349, 374, 416–417
comprehension
5, 68–69, 76–78, 84, 98, 124, 133, 136
recursion
3–4, 22–43
constraint
39–40
religion
116, 406, 415–417, 424
Russian
14, 72, 74, 96–97, 131–134, 143, 272, 275, 294, 300 (fn.), 313–314, 342, 376, 378 (fn.), 379, 384, 387–388, 402
S
Sámi
134
Sardinian
134
Saterfrisian
134
second language (L2)
5, 7–10, 17, 68, 70–72, 74–78, 85–86, 88, 91, 95–98, 127–128, 130–132,, 134, 136, 141, 184–188, 191–197, 232–234, 239, 248, 273, 293–294, 296, 305, 316, 355, 370, 374, 395
semantics
8, 23, 29, 35 (fn.), 41, 69, 170, 172, 184–197, 233, 240, 246, 317, 349, 352–353, 360
semiotics
329–330, 332–333, 336, 373–374, 389 (fn.), 390
sentence comprehension
9, 204, 208, 211, 215–216, 218–224
sentence-picture matching task
184, 211
settlers
15, 405, 415
short-term memory
75, 165
Singapore
137
socio-economic status (SES)
4–5, 9, 53–54, 57, 69, 76–77, 85, 89 (fn.), 95, 116, 133, 144, 164, 204, 207, 210 (fn.), 220–221, 376
sociolinguistics
7, 14–15, 17, 48, 154, 155, 271, 275–276, 284, 369, 372, 382–383, 389 (fn.), 395–398, 401–402, 407, 409
Sorbian
134–135
South Australia
15, 192, 256, 414–416, 419, 422
South Sudanese
407
Spanish
12, 59, 75, 130, 135, 142–143, 177, 189, 270, 272, 274, 281, 283–284, 292–297, 299–312, 317–318, 330, 337, 341–342, 345, 361, 399 (fn.)
Specific Language Impairment (SLI)
6, 296;
see also
Developmental Language Disorder (DLD)
spelling
4, 47, 52, 58, 160, 172, 343–344
Sprachinsel
16, 414 (fn.), 417–418, 422, 424–425
story retelling
5, 9–10, 68, 71–72, 77–78, 80, 85–86, 95, 97–99, 232, 239–242, 244, 247–248, 252 (app.)
stroke
10–11, 241, 254–265
Strong Minimalist Thesis
27–28, 37–38
subtractive bilingualism
6, 124, 126, 140, 328
superdiversity
14–15, 373, 395, 397–398, 409
surface cues
12–13, 292, 295–296, 298, 300–301, 304, 306–307, 309–313, 317–318
Sweden
134, 143, 277
Swedish
141, 311
Switzerland
133–134
syntax
3–5, 8, 13, 23–24, 26, 40–42, 48, 68–72, 75, 77–78, 86–89, 96–99, 158, 184–189, 191–197, 208, 215–216, 221, 224, 234, 275–276, 292–293, 302, 305, 311, 315–316, 318, 349, 402, 421–422
T
Tagalog
402
Tamil
137, 276–277, 399
task structures
232, 247
task-based language teaching (TBLT)
275–276
Telugu
5, 68, 72–74, 77–78, 80–82, 85–86, 95–97, 99, 109, 115
tense
48, 50–51, 73–75, 86–87, 92–93, 97, 124, 131, 275, 306, 312, 345, 381 (fn.)
thematic roles
194
theory of mind (ToM)
8–9, 204–206, 214–215, 219–221, 223–224
third language (L3)
17, 127–129, 131–134, 141
threshold hypothesis
126, 129
topic-comment structure
8, 184, 190, 196
translanguaging
2, 4, 11, 13–14, 59–60, 62, 72–73, 113 (app.), 143–144, 285, 327–331, 336–338, 340–347, 349–350, 353, 355–357, 359–361, 369–377, 379, 388–390
Transpositional Grammar
334–335, 340, 350, 353, 362, 377
truth value judgement task
4, 22, 31
Turkish
14, 131–134, 143, 370, 378 (fn.), 406
Cypriot
14, 370
typical language development (TLD)
3, 7–9, 71, 154, 164–177
typically developing (TD)
9, 168, 170, 188, 204–207, 210, 215–222
U
Ukrainian
402
United Arab Emirates
137
United Kingdom (UK)
283, 396, 405, 415
United States (U.S./US)
1, 4, 47, 49, 51, 52 (fn.), 53, 61 (fn.), 62, 270, 272, 274, 281–282, 284, 341, 425
Universal Grammar (UG)
23, 25–26, 38, 349
Urdu
5, 80, 109 (app.), 115 (app.), 399 (fn.)
V
variation
2, 14–15, 40, 50–53, 58–59, 61, 75, 142, 158–159, 186, 191, 205, 277, 282, 312, 331, 376, 389, 395, 399, 402–404, 406–407, 409
vernaculars
2–4, 7, 50, 52 (fn.), 95, 154, 156, 158–160, 164, 329, 337, 340–341, 345, 357, 389 (fn.), 434
Vietnamese
141, 405
Voddera
80
W
Wales
135
Welsh
135, 328, 337, 341, 345
word order
8, 131, 184–185, 189, 194
writing
2–4, 7, 47, 51–62, 82, 114 (app.), 127, 129, 136, 154–155, 240, 283, 333, 336, 339, 348–349, 361, 373, 375, 414–416
Wu
8, 184, 186–187, 190–196
Y
Yiddish
277
Z
Zulu
62