Gender assignment to Spanish-English mixed DPs
Singleton vs. multiword switches
Previous studies on gender assignment to Spanish-English mixed Determiner Phrases (DPs) have noticed a tendency to default to the
masculine gender (e.g. el store). However, some studies have revealed that other factors such as the gender of
the Spanish translation equivalent (analogical criterion) are also relevant, particularly in written discourse (e.g. la
conference). Further, it has been hypothesized that feminine-marked mixed DPs in oral discourse, which are viewed as
exceptions to the default gender strategy, should be highly restricted to singleton switches (Valdés Kroff 2016). This paper investigates if feminine-marked mixed DPs are restricted to singleton switches in
written discourse by analyzing a mixed-language text, which contains both types of switches (singleton and multiword). The results
confirm the importance of the analogical criterion in written discourse and show that feminine-marked DPs are not restricted to
singleton switches, and that the analogical criterion is relevant to both singleton and multiword switches.
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.Criteria for gender assignment
- 3.Studies of gender assignment to loanwords and switches
- 3.1Gender assignment to loanwords
- 3.2Determiner-noun code-switching
- 4.Gender assignment in written multiword English sequences
- 4.1Methodology
- 4.2Results and Discussion
- 5.Conclusions and suggestions for further research
- Notes
-
References
References
Aguirre, Adalberto
1976 “
Acceptability Judgements of Code-switching Phrases by Chicanos: Some Preliminary Findings.” ERIC Document ED 129122. Springfield, VA.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Balam, Osmer, and Ana de Prada Pérez
Barkin, Florence
1980 “
The Role of Loanword Assimilation in Gender Assignment.
Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe, 7(2): 105–112.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Belazi, Hedi M., Edward Rubin, and Almeida J. Toribio
1994 “
Code-switching and X-bar Theory: The Functional Head Constraint.”
Linguistic Inquiry 251: 221–237.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bergen, John J.
1978 “
A Simplified Approach for Teaching the Gender of Spanish Nouns.”
Hispania 611: 865–876.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Braschi, Giannina
1998 Yo Yo Boing! Pittsburgh: Latin American Literary Review Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Budzhak-Jones, Svitlana
1998 “
Against Word-internal Code-switching: Evidence from Ukrainian-English Bilingualism.
International Journal of Bilingualism 2(2): 161–182.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bull, William E.
1965 Spanish for Teachers: Applied Linguistics. New York: John Wiley.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Bullock, Barbara E. and Almeida J. Toribio
(eds.) 2009 The Cambridge Handbook of Linguistic Code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Butt, John, and Carmen Benjamin
1994 A New Reference Grammar of Modern Spanish. Lincolnwood: NTC.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Callahan, Laura
2002 “
Code-switching in Antonio Muñoz Molina’s Carlota Fainberg: Determiner gender and noun phrase status.”
Sintagma 141: 21–37.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cantone, Katja Francesca, and Natascha Müller
2008 “
Un nase or una nase? What Gender Marking within Switched DPs Reveals about the Architecture of the Bilingual Language Faculty.”
Lingua 1181: 810–826.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chaston, John M.
1996 “
Sociolinguistic Analysis of Gender Agreement in Article/noun Combinations in Mexican American Spanish in Texas.”
Bilingual Review / La Revista Bilingüe 21 (3): 195–202.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Chávez-Silverman, Susana
2004 Killer Crónicas. Bilingual Memories. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Clegg, Jens H.
2010 “
Native Spanish Speaker Intuition in Noun Gender Assignment.”
Language Design 121: 5–18.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Corbett, Greville
1991 Gender. Cambridge: Cambridge Univeristy Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Correa-Zoli, Yole
1973 “
Assignment of Gender in American Italian.”
Glossa 71: 123–128.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
De la Cruz Cabanillas, Isabel, Cristina Tejedor Martínez, Mercedes Díez Prados, and Esperanza Cerda Redondo
2007 “
English Loanwords in Spanish Computer Language.”
English for Specific Purposes 26 (1): 52–78.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Derrick, Roshawnda
2015 Code-switching, Code-mixing and Radical Bilingualism in U.S Latino texts. Doctoral dissertation. Wayne State University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
DuBord, Elise M.
2004 “
Gender Assignment to English Words in the Spanish of Southern Arizona.”
Divergencias. Revista de estudios lingüísticos y literarios 2 (2): 27–39.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fairchild, Sarah, and Janet G. van Hell
2017 “
Determiner-noun Code-switching in Spanish Heritage Speakers.”
Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 20 (1): 150–161.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Fuller, Janet M., and Heike Lehnert
2000 “
Noun-phrase Structure in German-English Code-switching: Variation in Gender Assignment and Article Use.”
International Journal of Bilingualism 41: 399–420.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope
2009 Code-Switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Gómez Capuz, Juan
2008 “
La asimilación gramatical de los anglicismos en un corpus de español coloquial (I): La asignación de género a los sustantivos.”
Lingüística Española Actual 301: 109–133.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Harris, James
1991 “
The Exponence of Gender in Spanish.”
Linguistic Inquiry 221: 27–62.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Herring, Jon Russell, Margaret Deuchar, M. Carmen Parafita Couto, and Mónica Moro Quintanilla
2010 ‘
I saw the madre’: Evaluating Predictions about Code-switched Determiner-Noun Sequences Using Spanish-English and Welsh-English Data.
Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism 131: 553–573.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hockenberger, Erin
2015 Gender Assignment of English Technology-related Loanwords in Spanish-language Newspapers. MA essay. Wayne State University.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Hockett, Charles. F.
1958 A Course in Modern Linguistics. New York: Macmillan.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Ibrahim, Muhammad Hassan
1973 Grammatical Gender: Its Origin and Development. The Hague: Mouton.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Jake, Janice L., Carol Myers-Scotton, and Steven Gross
2002 “
Making a Minimalist Approach to Codeswitching Work: Adding the Matrix Language.”
Bilingualism, Language and Cognition 5 (1): 69–91.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Kilarski, Marcin
2003 “
Gender Assignment in Danish, Swedish and Norwegian: A Comparions of the Status of Assignment Criteria.”
Proceedings of the 19th Scandinavian Conference of Linguistics 31 (2): 261–274.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Liceras, Juana M., Raquel Fernández Fuertes, Susana Perales, Rocío Pérez-Tattam and Kenton Todd Spradin
2008 “
Gender and Gender Agreement in Bilingual Native and Non-native Grammars: A View from Child and Adult Functional-lexical Mixings.”
Lingua 1181: 827–851.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacSwan, Jeff
1999 A Minimalist Approach to Intrasentential Code switching. New York: Routledge.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacSwan, Jeff
2000 “
The Architecture of the Bilingual Language Faculty: Evidence from Intrasentential Codeswitching.”
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 3.11: 37–54.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
MacSwan, Jeff
2004 “
Code Switching and Linguistic Theory.” In
The Handbook of Bilingualism, ed. by
Tej K. Bhatia and
William C. Ritchie, 415–462. Oxford: Blackwell.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Montes-Alcalá, Cecilia, and Naomi Lapidus Shin
Morin, Regina
2006 “
Spanish Gender Assignment in Computer and Internet Related Loan Words.”
Journal of Italian Linguistics 18(2): 325–354.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Muñoz Molina, Antonio
1999 Carlota Fainberg. Madrid: Alfaguara.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Muysken, Pieter
2000 Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code-Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Myers-Scotton, Carol, and Janice L. Jake
2000 “
Testing the 4-M Model: An Introduction.”
International Journal of Bilingualism 4 (1):1–8.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Natalicio, Diana
1983 “
Native Speaker Intuitions as a Basis of determining Noun Gender Rules in Spanish.
Southwest Journal of Linguistics 61: 49–55.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Otheguy, Ricardo, and Naomi Lapidus
Parafita Couto, M. Carmen, Amaia Munarriz, Irantzu Epelde, Margaret Deuchar, and Beñat Oyharcabal
2015 “
Gender Conflict Resolution in Spanish-Basque Mixed DPs.”
Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 18 (2): 304–323.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Pfaff, Carol
1979 “
Constraints on Language Mixing: Intrasentential Code-switching and Borrowing in Spanish/English.”
Language 55 (2): 291–318.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Poplack, Shana
1980 “
Sometimes I’ll Start a Sentence in English y Termino en Español.”
Linguistics 181: 581–618.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Poplack, Shana, Alicia Pousada, and David Sankoff
1982 “
Competing Influences on Gender Assignment: Variable Process, Stable Outcome.”
Lingua 57 (1): 1–28.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Prado, Marcial
1982 “
El género en español y la teoría de la marcadez.”
Hispania 65 (2): 258–266.
![DOI logo](https://benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodríguez González, Félix
1980 Estudio lingüístico de las siglas en español actual. Doctoral dissertation. University of Alberta.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodríguez González, Félix
1983 “
Problemas planteados en la asignación del género de siglas extranjeras.” In
Actas del I Congreso Nacional de Lingüística Aplicada (AESLA), 277–286. Murcia: Universidad de Murcia.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodríguez González, Félix
1984 “
El género de las siglas.”
Revista Española de Lingüística 14.21: 311–366.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodríguez González, Félix
2002 “
Spanish.” In
English in Europe, ed. by
Manfred Görlach, 128–150. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Rodríguez Segura, Delia
1999 Panorama del anglicismo en español. Almería: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Almería.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Sánchez, María F.
1995 Clasificación y análisis de préstamos de inglés en la prensa de España y México. Lewiston: Edwin Mellen Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Santiago, Bill
2008 Pardon my Spanglish. Philadelphia: Quirk books.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Smead, Robert N.
2000 “
On the Assignment of Gender to Chicano Anglicisms: Processes and Results.”
Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe 25 (3): 277–297.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Teschner, Richard, and William M. Russell
1984 “
The Gender Patterns of Spanish Nouns: An Inverse dictionary-based Analysis.
Hispanic Linguistics 11: 115–132.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Torres, Lourdes, and Kim Potowski
Torres Cacoullos, Rena, and Jessi E. Aaron
2003 “
Bare English-origin Nouns in Spanish: Rates, Constraints, and Discourse Functions.”
Language Variation and Change 151: 289–328.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Valenzuela, Elena, Ana Faure, Alma P. Ramírez-Trujillo, Ewelina Basrki, Yolanda Pangtay, and Adriana Díez
2012 “
Gender and Heritage Spanish Bilingual Grammars; A Study of Code-mixed Determiner Phrases and Copula Constructions.”
Hispania 95 (3): 481–494.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Whitley M. Stanley
1986 Spanish/English Contrasts: A Course in Spanish Linguistics. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Zamora Munné, Juan Clemente
1975 “
Morfología bilingüe: la asignación de género a los préstamos.”
Bilingual Review/La Revista Bilingüe 2 (3): 239–247.
![Google Scholar](https://benjamins.com/logos/google-scholar.svg)
Cited by
Cited by 1 other publications
Beatty-Martínez, Anne L., Christian A. Navarro-Torres & Paola E. Dussias
2020.
Codeswitching: A Bilingual Toolkit for Opportunistic Speech Planning.
Frontiers in Psychology 11
![DOI logo](//benjamins.com/logos/doi-logo.svg)
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 june 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.