Article published in:
Spanish in Context
Vol. 11:3 (2014) ► pp. 381–401

Afro-Peruvian Spanish in the context of Spanish Creole Genesis

This study presents linguistic and sociohistorical data on Afro-Peruvian Spanish (APS), an Afro-Hispanic dialect spoken in the province of Chincha (coastal Peru) by the descendants of the slaves taken to this region to work on sugarcane plantations in the seventeenth century. The present work provides new information on the origin of APS. In so doing, it casts new light on the genesis and evolution of Afro-Hispanic languages in the Americas and shows that, in light of recent works on the nature of Venezuelan, Ecuadorian and Bolivian slavery (Díaz-Campos & Clements 2008; Sessarego 2013a, 2014), colonial coastal Peru did not represent a “canonical breeding ground” (McWhorter 2000,7) for a creole language to form.
Keywords: missing Spanish creoles, Spanish-creole debate, Afro-Peruvian Spanish
Published online: 08 December 2014
https://doi.org/10.1075/sic.11.3.04ses
References
Aguirre, Carlos
1997 “Peru.” In The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery, ed. by Junius Rodríguez, 501–502. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.Google Scholar
2005 Breve historia de la esclavitud en el Perú: Una herida que no deja de sangrar. Lima: Fondo Editorial del Congreso del Perú.Google Scholar
Bouisson, Emmanuelle
1997 “Esclavos de la tierra: Los campesinos negros del Chota-Mira, siglos XVII-XX.” Procesos, Revista Ecuatoriana de Historia 111: 45–67.Google Scholar
Bowser, Frederick
1974 The African Slave in Colonial Peru, 1524–1650. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Brockington, Lolita
2006 Blacks, Indians, and Spaniards in the Eastern Andes. Lincoln & London: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Bryant, Sherwin K
2005 “Slavery and the Context of Ethnogenesis: African, Afro-Creoles, and the Realities of Bondage in the Kingdom of Quito, 1600-1800.” Ph.D. diss., The Ohio State University.
Chaudenson, Robert
2001 Creolization of Language and Culture. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
CHSJ
2012 Casa Hacienda San José. www​.havciendasanjose​.com​.pe
Clements, Clancy
2009 The Linguistic Legacy of Spanish and Portuguese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Colmenares, Germán
1997 Historia Económica y Social de Colombia-II Popayán una Sociedad Esclavista 1680-1800. Cali: TM editores, Universidad del Valle, Banco de la República, Colciencias.Google Scholar
Cushner, Nicholas
1980 Lords of the Land: Sugar, Wine, and the Jesuit Estates of Coastal Peru. Albany: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Cuba, María del Carmen
2002 El castellano hablado en Chincha. Lima: Talleres Gráficos de Angélica Tapia M.Google Scholar
Díaz-Campos, Manuel, and Clancy Clements
2005 “Mainland Spanish Colonies and Creole Genesis: The Afro-Venezuelan Area Revisited.” In Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed. by Lotfi Sayahi, and Maurice Westmoreland, 41–53. Someville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
2008 “A Creole Origin for Barlovento Spanish? A Linguistic and Sociohistorical Inquiry.” Language in Society 371: 351–383. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Flores Galindo, Alberto
1984 Aristocracia y plebe: Lima 1760-1830 (Estructura de clases y sociedad colonial). Lima: Mosca Azul.Google Scholar
Flores Guzmán, Ramiro
2003 “Asientos, compañías, rutas, mercados y clientes: Estructura del tráfico de esclavos a fines de la época colonial (1770-1801).” In Etnicidad y discriminación racial en la historia del Perú. Vol II1, ed. by Ana Cecilia Carrillo, 11–42. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.Google Scholar
Gálvez Roncero, Antonio
1975 Monólogo desde las tinieblas. Lima: Inti Editores.Google Scholar
Goodman, Morris
1987 “The Portuguese Element in the American Creoles.” In Pidgin and Creole Languages: Essays in Memory of John E. Reinecke, ed. by Glenn. Gilbert, 361–405. Honolulu: University Press of Hawaii.Google Scholar
Granda De, Germán
1970 “Un temprano testimonio sobre las hablas ‘criollas’ en África y América.” Thesaurus 25 (1): 1–11.Google Scholar
1978 Estudios lingüísticos afrohispánicos y criollos. Madrid: Gredos.Google Scholar
1985 Estudios de lingüística afro-románica. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.Google Scholar
1988 Lingüística e historia: Temas afro-hispánicos. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.Google Scholar
Jacobs, Bart
2009 “The Upper Guinea Origins of Papiamentu. Linguistic and Historical Evidence.” Diachronica 26 (3): 319–379. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kouwemberg, Silvia, and Abigail Ramos-Michel
2007 “Papiamentu (Creole Spanish/Portuguese)”. In Comparative Creole Syntax, ed. by John Holm, and Peter Patrick, 307–332.Google Scholar
Laurence, Kemlin
1974 “Is Caribbean Spanish a case of decreolization?” Orbis 231: 484–99.Google Scholar
Lipski, John, and Maurizio Santoro
2007 “Zamboangueño (Creole Spanish).” In Comparative Creole Syntax, ed. by John Holm, and Peter Patrick, 373–398.Google Scholar
Lipski, John
1993 “On the Non-creole Basis for Afro-Caribbean Spanish.” http://​www​.personal​.psu​.edu​/jml34​/noncreol​.pdf
1994 “El lenguaje afroperuano: eslabón entre África y América.” In Anuario de Lingüística Hispánica, 179–216. Valladolid: Universidad de Valladolid.Google Scholar
2000 “Spanish-based creoles in the Caribbean.” http://​www​.personal​.psu​.edu​/jml34​/spcreole​.pdf
2005 A history of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries and Five Continents. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lockhart, James
1994 Spanish Peru, 1532-1560: A Social History. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press.Google Scholar
Macera, Pablo
1966 Instrucciones para el Manejo de las Haciendas Jesuitas del Perú, ss. XVII-XVIII. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.Google Scholar
McWhorter, John
1997 Towards a New Model of Creole Genesis. New York: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
2000 The Missing Spanish Creoles. Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages. Berkley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Megenney, William
1993 “Elementos criollo-portugueses en el español dominicano.” Montalbán 151: 3–56.Google Scholar
Mellafe, Rolando
1959 La introducción de la esclavitud negra en Chile, tráfico y rutas. Santiagó: Universidad de Chile.Google Scholar
Migge, Bettina
2003 Creole Formation as Language Contact: The Case of the Suriname Creoles. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mintz, Sidney
1971 “The Sociohistorical Background to Pidginization and Creolization.” In Pidginization and Creolization of Languages, ed. by Dell Hymes, 481–498. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Mufwene, Salikoko
1996 “The Founder Principle in Creole Genesis.” Diachronica 131: 83–134. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1997 “Jargons, Pidgins Creoles and Koines: what are they?” In The Structure and Status of Pidgins and Creoles, ed. by Arthur Spears, and Donald Winford, 35–70. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Romero, Fernando
1987 El negro en el Perú y su transculturación lingüística. Lima: Editorial Milla Btres.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin, and Kate Green
2007 “Palenquero (Creole Spanish).” In Comparative Creole Syntax, ed. by John Holm, and Peter Patrick, 273–306.Google Scholar
Schwegler, Armin
1993 “Rasgos (afro-)portugueses en el criollo del Palenque de San Basilio (Colombia).” In Homenaje a José Pérez Vidal, ed. by Carmen Díaz Alayón, 667–696. La Laguna, Tenerife: Litografia A. Romero S. A.Google Scholar
1999 “Monogenesis Revisited: The Spanish Perspective.” In Creole Genesis, Attitudes and Discourse, ed. by John Rickford, and Suzanne Romaine, 235–262. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2002 ““Review of John H. Mcwhorter, The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages.” .” Language in Society 311: 113–121. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2010 “State of the Discipline. Pidgin and Creole Studies: Their Interface with Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics.” Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 3 (2): 431–484. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Sessarego, Sandro
2011 “On the Status of Afro-Bolivian Spanish Features: Decreolization or Vernacular Universals?” In Proceedings of the Fifth Workshop on Spanish Sociolinguistics, ed. by Jim Michnowicz, and Robin Dodsworth, 125–141. Someville, MA: Cascadilla.Google Scholar
2013a Chota Valley Spanish. Madrid/Frankfurt: Iberoamericana/Vervuert. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013b “On the Non-creole Basis for Afro-Bolivian Spanish.” Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 28 (2): 367–407. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013c “Afro-Hispanic Contact Varieties as Conventionalized Advanced Second Languages. IBERIA 5 (1): 96–122.Google Scholar
2014 The Afro-Bolivian Spanish Determiner Phrase: A Microparametric Account. Columbus: The Ohio State University Press.Google Scholar
Studer, Elena
1958 La trata de negros en el Río de la Plata durante el siglo XVIII. Buenos Aires: Universidad de Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Távara, Santiago
1855 Abolición de la esclavitud. Lima: Imprenta del Comercio.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 8 other publications

No author info given
2015.  In Afro-Peruvian Spanish [Creole Language Library, 51], Crossref logo
Butera, Brianna, Sandro Sessarego & Rajiv Rao
2020.  In Hispanic Linguistics [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 26], ► pp. 230 ff. Crossref logo
Korfhagen, David, Rajiv Rao & Sandro Sessarego
2021.  In Aspects of Latin American Spanish Dialectology [Issues in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics, 32], ► pp. 155 ff. Crossref logo
Perez, Danae, Sandro Sessarego & Eeva Sippola
2017.  In Creole Studies – Phylogenetic Approaches, ► pp. 269 ff. Crossref logo
Romero, Rey & Sandro Sessarego
2018.  In Language Variation and Contact-Induced Change [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 340], ► pp. 63 ff. Crossref logo
Sessarego, Sandro
2016. A response to Perez. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 31:1 ► pp. 200 ff. Crossref logo
Sessarego, Sandro
2019.  In Language Contact and the Making of an Afro-Hispanic Vernacular, Crossref logo
Sessarego, Sandro & Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach
2018.  In Language Variation and Contact-Induced Change [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory, 340], ► pp. 85 ff. Crossref logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 18 april 2022. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.