Previous research on language mixing has revealed similarities in written and oral production with respect to syntactic and pragmatic patterns (e.g. Callahan 2004). In this study we find, however, that the two modes of expression diverge in loanword gender assignment. English-origin NPs inserted into written Spanish discourse (e.g. un baggie) were analyzed and compared to English-origin NPs in oral Spanish discourse. Results showed that loanwords are assigned feminine gender at significantly higher rates in written than in oral data. Also, our study shows that the reasons for assigning feminine gender are different for written and oral production. Phonological factors appeared to be influential in the oral, but not written, data. The ‘analogical criterion’, according to which the gender of the Spanish translation equivalent determines the gender assigned to the loanword, e.g. una letter (una carta), was a strong predictor of feminine gender in the written data, but had a weaker effect in the oral data.
2024. Two gender systems in a bilingual mind: A study of gender assignment in code-switched Russian-Hebrew adjective-noun phrases. Ampersand 13 ► pp. 100189 ff.
2022. When semantics and phonology collide: Gender assignment in mixed Tsova-Tush–Georgian nominal constructions. International Journal of Bilingualism 26:3 ► pp. 257 ff.
Beatty‐Martínez, Anne L., Michelle R. Bruni, María Teresa Bajo & Paola E. Dussias
2021. Brain potentials reveal differential processing of masculine and feminine grammatical gender in native Spanish speakers. Psychophysiology 58:3
2019. Revisiting Masculine and Feminine Grammatical Gender in Spanish: Linguistic, Psycholinguistic, and Neurolinguistic Evidence. Frontiers in Psychology 10
2015. Lone English-origin nouns in Spanish: The precedence of community norms. International Journal of Bilingualism 19:4 ► pp. 459 ff.
Sankoff, Gillian
2013. Linguistic Outcomes of Bilingualism. In The Handbook of Language Variation and Change, ► pp. 501 ff.
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