Index

• affixoid51

• Afrikaans6, 131–2, 134–135, 138, 146, 153, 155, 157, 201–204, 207
  • Orange River Afrikaans153, 155, 157

• apocope74, 94, 132, 157

• Auchinleck manuscript89, 101, 102, 103

• Ayenbite of Inwyt86–89, 91–6, 102

• Bastaards143, 144

• breaking15, 16
  • of consonants in Frisian266
  • Old English2–4, 15, 16, 22, 29, 317

• Bushmen (San)133

• borrowing, lexical,10, 19–22, 84, 91, 117, 158, 202, 286–96
  • structural202

• Canada110, 122, 123. 276, 277, 285, 295

• Cape Dutch Pidgin7, 131, 134–135, 137–139, 157

• Cape Dutch Vernacular6–7, 136, 152, 157–158

• Chaucer, Geoffrey27, 28, 75, 89–90, 91–93, 101, 103

• circumposition267

• compound,5, 7, 18, 19, 21, 28, 51–54, 56, 64, 66, 131, 137, 140, 142, 144, 146, 152–153, 155, 157

• Corpus of Middle English local documents (MELD)164, 169, 174–176, 178

• Creole Portuguese134, 137

• depositions170–171, 174, 175–176, 178, 179, 181, 182

• dialect contact103, 120, 124, 126, 219, 310, 311

• dialectology80, 310, 312, 313

• diphthongization2–3, 272

• Dutch East India Company.See Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie

• Early Modern Dutch4, 70, 103, 196, 198, 217

• Early Modern English5, 20, 24, 25, 28, 29, 75, 167, 171, 172

• ego-document8, 11, 177, 196–197, 213–214, 217, 223, 224, 227, 228, 237, 283–284, 296, 301, 302, 317, 318

• electronic text edition of depositions, An (ETED)7–8, 164, 169, 170, 174–176, 178–182

• enjambment,38

• epistolary forms of address9, 225, 236, 241–245, 247–249, 251

• epistolary formulae239, 248, 251–252

• Exeter,6, 81, 91, 101

• first-person singular oblique pronoun9, 225, 236, 239, 244, 245, 247, 249–252

• Fon-Gbe (language group)156

• Frisian: East Frisian71, 232, 246–248, 251–253
  • Frisian234, 261–262, 266
  • Late Old West Frisian74
  • Modern West Frisian74
  • North Frisian74, 232, 235–237, 242, 244–245, 251–253

• Friesland262

• Gower, John89, 91–93, 101, 103

• Great Trek143

• Holland expansion264

• grammaticalization,51–3

• hartebeest house140, 142–145, 150

• heritage language10, 204, 276–280, 282–283, 296, 314

• historical-comparative linguistics301, 305

• history of linguistics303, 304, 310,

• hypocorrection,24, 29

• immigrant language276

• implicative/implicational approach to analogy83, 99

• interference236, 238–240, 242, 252–253, 277, 282, 283, 295

• interjection237–238, 251

• Khoekhoe: languages7, 131, 132, 137, 146, 153, 155
  • people133–135, 142, 143, 146–152, 157

• Khoesan133, 135, 142

• language choice234, 246, 248–249, 251–253, 287, 316

• language contact8, 172, 173, 190, 200–202, 204, 206, 227, 234–236, 276–277, 280, 282, 296, 303, 315, 316
  • as facilitator of change200–207
  • Belgian Dutch-English283–285, 288, 294–296
  • Dutch-English282
  • Belgian Dutch-French285, 288, 294–296
  • Dutch-French282

• language ideology318

• language variation and change302, 303, 306, 312

• Linguistic Atlas of Early Middle English (LAEME)86–93, 95–97, 99–103

• literacy164–165, 167, 194, 229, 232

• loan phonology,116–117, 122

• loans (loanwords)10, 28, 86–87, 97, 116–117, 153, 277, 286, 295–296
  • indirect versus direct286
  • necessary versus luxury291

• London6, 27, 28, 81, 88, 89–90, 101, 104, 165–6, 168, 171, 172, 173, 178, 180, 182
  • koineization in102, 104

• Malay language134, 137, 138, 146

• Middle Dutch3, 6, 69–70, 72–74, 195, 196–198
  • Late Middle Dutch70, 74, 196

• Middle English5, 6, 25–29, 75, 76, 80–104, 167, 171, 173, 313
  • Early Middle English5, 15, 81, 83–89, 90, 167
  • Late Middle English24, 89, 109, 172, 173

• migrants9, 136, 142, 203, 207, 210, 211, 226, 232–234, 243, 295

• migration3–4, 6, 8, 10, 81, 102, 107, 118, 119–120, 122, 123, 126, 127, 131, 166, 167, 172, 207–211, 219, 225–227, 251, 276–280, 282, 296, 302, 305, 310, 314
  • Belgian migration to Canada278–279.; See also pre-migration context.

• multilingualism10, 226, 234, 235, 276–277, 294, 296, 303, 313, 316

• Neogrammarians306–308, 310.; See also pre-Neogrammarians.

• new dialect formation118, 120, 310

• Norwich7, 164–169
  • historical urban vernacular169–183

• Old English2, 3, 5, 14–16, 19, 22–25, 29, 37, 39, 47, 76, 83–85, 87, 89, 97–101, 173, 313, 317

• Old Saxon,5, 32, 33, 38–41, 47, 49

• open syllable lengthening (OSL)264–266

• origin story301, 304, 318,

• Ormulum,5, 15–16, 18–28, 29, 88

• orthoepists5, 25, 29

• orthographical and phonological features240–245, 249–251

• orthographic evidence,5, 15, 18, 20, 25, 114, 128, 244,247, 249–250

• Palatine German6, 107–113, 117–119, 121–122, 123–126, 127, 128

• Pennsylvania Dutch: Kitchener-Waterloo Pennsylvania Dutch110–3, 116–118, 122–126
  • Lancaster County Pennsylvania Dutch110, 113–114, 116, 126
  • Midwestern Pennsylvania Dutch110, 113, 114, 118

• periphrastic DO7, 164, 176–180, 182

• possessive dative267

• pre-migration context10, 295–296

• pre-Neogrammarians306, 308

• reflexive pronouns103, 246–248, 313

• Rückumlaut84

• Scandinavia225, 227, 232, 233. 243

• Scandinavians226,

• scribal error,20, 21, 29

• scribal practices,5, 8, 33, 34, 39, 46, 47, 183

• scribes33, 37, 39, 47, 48, 89, 102, 173, 175, 178, 196, 238, 243–244

• semi-affix,51–53, 66

• shortening of vowels: by analogy,19–21, 24, 28, 29
  • before consonant clusters,19, 27, 84
  • dialectal variation of,26–7
  • sporadic,17, 24–26, 28
  • of /uː/ before labials26

• shotgun house (shack)156

• Sir Firumbras6, 80, 81, 90–103

• slaves and slavery at the Cape of Good Hope133–136, 138, 143, 146, 150, 151

• social history9–11, 301, 316

• sociology304, 308, 316

• sound change, motivation for,5, 15, 22–24, 27, 29, 122

• standardization82, 164–167, 171, 182, 194, 282, 304, 310, 314

• standard language81, 269, 271–272, 282, 310, 312,

• standard language ideology280

• stemmatic relationship4, 5, 32, 33, 36,

• stress, alternating,194
  • low,19, 21
  • secondary,18, 19, 54, 97

• strong verbs.27, 28, 80–87, 90, 91–93, 97–101, 103, 267
  • j-present strong verbs89, 93, 98, 99

• supralocalization7–8, 164–167, 169, 171, 173, 177, 180–182

• syncope19, 23, 85, 97, 157, 267, 269

• third person present tense forms7, 164, 169, 171–176, 180–182, 285

• Twente dialects9, 260–261, 264–267, 269–272

• umlaut29, 73, 103, 263, 264, 268, 270, 313
  • primary umlaut263
  • secondary umlaut263, 266.; See also Rückumlaut.

• uniformitarianism3, 301, 305–306, 318

• urbanization81, 165, 166–9, 301

• urban vernaculars2, 7, 164, 165, 182, 183.; See also under Norwich

• Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie132

• Westphalian expansion267

• Wilmot-Tavistock-Milverton Deitsch123–6

• word-and-paradigm morphology83, 98

• word order, analysis of38, 41
  • variation of in Dutch two-verb clusters,8, 188, 189, 191–195, 198, 212–219