This paper investigates the language of one person: an elderly bilingual lady who speaks Heritage Norwegian in addition to English. Her heritage language production reveals language that is different both from what we know of Heritage Norwegian from other sources and from European Norwegian, and which is taken to be the result of language attrition. Her language is therefore well-suited for studying the regression hypothesis (Jakobson 1941), i.e., whether what is learnt first is retained longest, and whether what is learnt last is lost first. After having established the order of acquisition, her morphological and syntactic production is investigated. The paper examines the noun-phrase-related categories of definiteness suffix, indefinite determiner, compositional definiteness and pronouns, as well as clause-related structures: verb second (V2) word order with topicalization, V2 with negation, and target V3 in subordinate clauses. The main result is that the regression hypothesis is supported.
Anderssen, Merete. 2006. The Acquisition of Compositional Definiteness in Norwegian. Tromsø, Norway: University of Tromsø dissertation.
Anderssen, Merete. 2007. “The Acquisition of Compositional Definiteness in Norwegian.”Nordlyd 34(3): 252–275.
Anderssen, Merete. 2010. “Tidlig tilegnelse av bestemt artikkel i norsk. [Early acquisition of the definite article in Norwegian].” Norsk Lingvistisk Tidsskrift [Norwegian Linguistics Journal] 28(2): 153–172.
Annear, Lucas and Kristin Speth. This volume. “Maintaining a Multilingual Repertoire: Lexical Change in American Norwegian.”
Bentzen, Kristine. 2004. “Cues and Economy in the Acquisition of Verb Movement.”Nordlyd 32(1): 156–175.
Bentzen, Kristine. 2007. Order and Structure in Embedded Clauses in Northern Norwegian. Tromsø, Norway: University of Tromsø dissertation.
Born, Renate. 2003. “Regression, Convergence, Internal Development: The Loss of the Dative Case in German-American Dialects.” In German Language Varieties Worldwide: Internal and External Perspectives, ed. by William D. Keel and Klaus J. Mattheier, 151–164. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.
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Eide, Kristin and Arnstein Hjelde. This volume. “Borrowing Modal Elements into American Norwegian: The Case of suppose(d).“
Faarlund, Jan Terje, Svein Lie and Kjell Ivar Vannebo. 1997. Norsk referansegrammatikk [Norwegian reference grammar]. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
Hjelde, Arnstein. This volume. “Changes in a Norwegian Dialect in America.”
Hjelde, Arnstein. 1992. Trøndsk talemål i Amerika. Trondheim: Tapir.
Jakobson, Roman. 1941. Kindersprache. Aphasie und allgemeine Lautgesetze. Uppsala: Almqvist.
Johannessen, Janne Bondi. 2015. The Corpus of American Norwegian Speech (CANS). In Béata Megyesi (ed.): Proceedings of the 20th Nordic Conference of Computational Linguistics, NODALIDA 2015, May 11–13, 2015, Vilnius, Lithuania. NEALT Proceedings Series 23. [URL]
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake. 2011. “Den amerikansk-norske dialekten i Midtvesten.” In Studier i dialektologi och sociolingvistik. Föredrag vid Nionde nordiska dialektologkonferensen i Uppsala 18–20 augusti 2010. Acta Academiae Regiae Gustavi Adolphi 116, ed. by Lars-Erik Edlund, Lennart Elmevik and Maj Reinhammar, 177–186. Uppsala: Kungl. Gustav Adolfs Akademien för svensk folkkultur.
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake. Forthcoming. “Eastern Norwegian as a Common Norwegian Dialect in the American Midwest.”Journal of Language Contact.
Johannessen, Janne Bondi and Signe Laake. This volume. “On two Myths of the Norwegian Language in America: Is it Old-Fashioned? Is it Approaching the Written Bokmål Standard?”
Julien, Marit. 2007. “Embedded V2 in Norwegian and Swedish.” Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 80.
Julien, Marit. 2008. “Så vanleg at det kan ikkje avfeiast: om V2 i innføydde setningar.“ In Språk i Oslo. Ny forskning omkring talespråk, ed. by Janne Bondi Johannessen and Kristin Hagen, 159–171. Oslo: Novus Forlag.
Julien, Marit. 2009. “The force of the argument.” Working Papers in Scandinavian Syntax 84:225–232.
Keijzser, Merel. 2007. Last in First Out? An Investigation of the Regression Hypothesis in Dutch Emigrants in Anglophone Canada. Utrecht: LOT publications.
Keijzser, Merel. 2010. “The Regression Hypothesis as a Framework for First Language Acquisition.”Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 13(1): 9–18.
Kristoffersen, Kristian E., Hanne Gram Simonsen, Dorthe Bleses, Sonja Wehberg, Rune Nørgård Jørgensen, Eli Anne Eiesland, and Laila Y. Henriksen. 2012. “The Use of the Internet in Collecting CDI Data – An Example from Norway.”Journal of Child Language 40(3): 567–585.
Kristoffersen, Kristian Emil and Hanne Gram Simonsen. 2012. Tidlig språkutvikling hos norske barn. MacArthur-Bates foreldrerapport for kommunikativ utvikling. Oslo: Novus forlag.
Larsson, Ida and Janne Bondi Johannessen. 2015a. “Embedded Word Order in Heritage Scandinavian.” In New trends in Nordic and General Linguistics (Linguae et Litterae series), ed. by Martin Hilpert, Jan-Ola Östman, Christine Mertzlufft, Michael Riessler, and Janet Duke. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 239–266.
Larsson, Ida and Johannessen Janne Bondi. 2015b. Incomplete Acquisition and Verb Placement in Heritage Scandinavian In Page, Richard S. and Putnam, Michael T. (eds.): Moribund Germanic Heritage Languages in North America: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings. Brill Academic Publishers.
Montrul, Silvina, Rebecca Foote and Silvia Perpiñán. 2008. “Gender Agreement in Adult Second Language Learners and Spanish Heritage Speakers: The Effects of Age and Context of Acquisition.”Language Learning 58: 503–553.
Polinsky, Maria. 2008. “Gender Under Incomplete Acquisition: Heritage Speakers’ Knowledge of Noun Categorization.”Heritage Language Journal 6(1): 40–71.
Polinsky, Maria. 2011. “Reanalysis in Adult Heritage Language: New Evidence in Support of Attrition.”Studies in Second Language Acquisition 33: 305–328.
Rothman, Jason. 2009. “Understanding the Nature and Outcomes of Early Bilingualism: Romance Languages as Heritage Languages.”International Journal of Bilingualism 13(2): 155–163.
Schmid, Monika S. and Barbara Köpke. 2008. “L1 Attrition and the Mental Lexicon.” In The Bilingual Mental Lexicon: Interdisciplinary Approaches, ed. by Aneta Pavlenko, 209–238. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.
Second Workshop on Immigrant Languages in America, Fefor, Norway, 2011: [URL].
Taranrød, Beate. 2011. Leddstillingen i relativsetninger i amerikansknorsk. Oslo, Norway: University of Oslo MA Thesis.
Waldmann, Christian. 2008. Input och output. Ordföljd i svenska barns huvudsatser och bisatser. Lund, Sweden: Lund University dissertation.
Westergaard, Marit. 2005. The Development of Word Order in Norwegian Child Language: The Interaction of Input and Economy Principles in the Acquisition of V2. Tromsø, Norway: University of Tromsø dissertation.
Westergaard, Marit and Merete Anderssen. This volume. “Word Order Variation in Norwegian Possessive Constructions: Bilingual Acquisition and Attrition.”
Wikström, Åsa. 2008. Den finita satsen i små barns språk. Nordlund 28. Småskrifter från Nordiska språk. Lund: Lund University.
2021. Heritage Languages around the World. In The Cambridge Handbook of Heritage Languages and Linguistics, ► pp. 11 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 24 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.