Index

• accommodation 29–30, 32, 206

• African American speech 14–15

• areal variation 227, 234–236, 244, 249, 256

• attitude 81–82, 84, 119–121, 124–126, 133–136, 159, 162–163, 166, 171, 173, 189–190, 192–194, 196–197

• Australian English13

• awareness 161, 172–174, 195–196

• Bavarian 205–208, 213, 216, 221

• British English 96, 255, 260, 265

• Canadian English 144–145

• change 19–20, 27–32, 50–52, 54, 92–93, 96, 114–115, 119–121, 124–125, 136, 141–142, 144, 148, 151–152, 154–156, 162–163, 172–174, 179–182, 188, 196–198, 204, 206, 219–221, 253–254, 265, 267–270, 273

• city 9–13, 23, 61–65, 148, 182

• colloquial German 207, 227–229, 244–249

• community 11–13, 121, 161. ; See also speech community

• commuting 64–65, 68, 70, 77, 81–85, 92

• counterurbanisation 89, 91, 114–115

• damped /i/ 179–199

• dative alternation 255, 260. ; See also ditransitive

• dialect attrition 27–28, 30, 41, 47, 50–51, 55, 57, 90, 115, 159

• dialect contact 29–30, 92–93

• dialect density 34, 40–46, 50–51, 54

• dialect identity 28, 36, 51, 54– 55, 58

• dialect levelling 27, 29–30, 32, 49, 54, 93–94, 98, 113–115, 181–182, 206, 208, 221

• dialectology 27–28, 31, 90, 148, 227, 254, 256

• diffusion 148, 156, 161, 205–206, 227, 244, 253–256, 262–264, 267–275

• diminutive 203–204, 206–208, 210–221

• ditransitive 255, 260–264, 272–273, 275

• East Anglian English 90, 94–97, 114–115

• encounter 11–14, 16, 23

• English 142–144, 206–261. ; See also Australian English; British English; Canadian English; East Anglian English; North American English

• everyday language 228–229, 235, 237–238

• geographical variation See areal variation

• German 32–33, 205, 207, 209, 229. ; See also Bavarian; colloquial German; Swabian

• heterogeneity 11, 13, 19

• hierarchical diffusion 254, 267, 269–270, 272–273, 275

• identity 13–15, 17, 27–28, 31–32, 36, 53–54, 65–66, 75, 82–85, 183, 190–194, 196–198, 221

• indexicality 163, 179–183, 190, 197–198, 204

• indexing 22, 82, 84, 161, 163, 172, 179–180, 182–183, 185, 195, 197–199, 221

• indicator 161–163, 173–174, 182

• individual speaker change See lifespan change

• Italian 121, 124–126, 134–136

• language attitude See attitude

• language contact 9, 119–120, 124, 182

• lifespan change 29, 40–41, 50–52, 54

• linguistic change 31–32, 141, 144, 163, 204, 206, 220

• marker 161–163, 173–174, 182

• merger 15, 68, 98–99, 105, 107–115

• metropolitan area 61–68, 82–85

• migration 13, 15–16, 18, 64, 119–124, 136

• mobility 11, 16–19, 27–32, 38, 46–47, 54, 89–93, 119–121, 123–124, 135–136

• North American English 159–161

• Northern Cities Shift (NCS) 69, 76, 159–165, 173–174

• phonological change 96, 114, 174, 182

• Pittsburghese 14–22

• place 27–28, 62

• place-based identity 28, 65–66, 72, 75, 81–85

• population density 253–256, 267–268, 270, 273, 275

• preposition drop 255, 265–267, 273–275

• prestige 125–126, 130–136, 204, 221

• pronominal quantifier 142–144, 146–148, 150–156

• regional standard 121, 125–126, 135

• regional variation See areal variation

• rural 54, 66, 89–95, 99, 114–115, 148–151, 153–154, 156, 179–181, 185, 188–189, 192, 194–199, 205–206, 212–217

• rurality 55, 180, 189, 199

• salience 90, 95, 113–114

• social variation 244, 249

• sociolinguistics 9–11, 27–28, 61, 254

• space62

• Spanish 18–19

• spatial diffusion 254, 267, 272–273, 275

• spatial variation See areal variation

• speech community 13–14, 23, 161. ; See also community

• standard language 30, 32, 36, 51, 95, 96, 120, 124–126, 181–182, 204–207, 220–221

• standard language ideology 119–121, 125

• standardization 120, 133, 136, 182

• suburb 61–85, 242, 247, 249

• suburbanization 66–65, 67–68

• Swabian 32–35, 54–55

• Swedish 187–188

• urban centre 148, 154, 156, 205–206, 221

• urbanization 9, 11, 31, 182, 206, 254

• urbanity 9, 55, 180, 185, 189, 196, 198–199, 208–209