List of figures
Figure 2.1
Map of Dublin
14
Figure 2.2
Map of inner city Dublin
15
Figure 5.1
Map of Dublin City with areas in which participants live at the time of
the interview and the number of informants from that area in circles. Arrows
indicate that participants live just outside the area displayed on the
map
54
Figure 5.2
Screenshot of annotated target word like as a quotative
marker in praat
60
Figure 5.3
Spectrogram of stop realisation in the word <that> produced by
Rachel
62
Figure 5.4
Spectrogram of aspirated stop in the word <lot> produced by
Emily
63
Figure 5.5
Spectrogram of affricate in the word <that> produced by
Rachel
63
Figure 5.6
Spectrogram of tap in <what I> produced by Jessica
64
Figure 5.7
Spectrogram of glottalised realisation in <that in> produced by
Rachel
64
Figure 5.8
Spectrogram of fricated realisation in the word <but> produced by
Rachel
65
Figure 5.9
Spectrogram of R realisation in the intervocalic context of <set
up> produced by James
66
Figure 5.10
Spectrogram of dropped/unreleased realisation of the word <right>
in prepausal position produced by James
67
Figure 6.1
Scatterplot of bark-normalised onset realisations across all speakers
with ellipses representing a 95% confidence interval,
n = 475
83
Figure 6.2
Density plot bark-normalised onset realisations across all speakers,
n = 475
84
Figure 6.3
Density plot of bark-normalised glide realisations across all speakers,
n = 475
85
Figure 6.4
Density plot of all tokens of like at glide,
highlighting the particle function, n = 475
87
Figure 6.5
Boxplot showing Euclidean Distance between F1 and F2 at vowel onset and
glide depending on the function of like,
n = 475
87
Figure 6.6
Usage of different functions of like as dependent on
occupation of speaker, n = 475
88
Figure 6.7
Density plot of all tokens of like at onset,
highlighting the grammatical function, n = 475
89
Figure 6.8
Density plot of all tokens of like at glide,
highlighting the grammatical function, n = 475
90
Figure 6.9
Density plot of all tokens of like at onset,
highlighting the quotative function, n = 475
91
Figure 6.10
Density plot of all tokens of like at onset,
highlighting the verbal function, n = 475
92
Figure 6.11
Density plot of all tokens of like at glide,
highlighting the verbal function, n = 475
93
Figure 6.12
Boxplots of normalised F1 values at onset (left) and glide (right),
n = 475
94
Figure 6.13
Boxplots of normalised F2 values at onset (left) and glide (right),
n = 475
95
Figure 6.14
Density plot of bark-normalised onset realisations across all speakers,
n = 465
98
Figure 6.15
Density plot of bark-normalised glide realisations across all speakers,
n = 465
99
Figure 6.16
Boxplot of vowel length in tokens of PRICE and verb
like, n = 295
99
Figure 6.17
Density plot of bark-normalised onset realisations across all speakers,
n = 416
101
Figure 6.18
Density plot of bark-normalised glide realisations across all speakers,
n = 416
101
Figure 7.1
Word-final /t/ realisations in simple codas and intervocalic or prepausal
position in RTÉ corpus, n = 184
112
Figure 7.2
Word-final realisations of /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position produced by politicians and political commentators in
RTÉ corpus, n = 76
113
Figure 7.3
Word-final realisations of /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position produced by live sports commentators in RTÉ corpus,
n = 20
114
Figure 7.4
Realisations of word-final /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position in percent for each speaker,
n = 1330
123
Figure 7.5
Realisation of word-final /t/ as dependent on position (intervocalic/prepausal) for all
speakers, n = 1330
127
Figure 7.6
Realisation of word-final /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position as dependent on occupation
(professional/pupil/student/unemployed) for all speakers,
n = 1330
128
Figure 7.7
Realisation of word-final /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position as dependent on gender (female/male) for all speakers, n = 1330
129
Figure 7.8
Realisation of word-final /t/ in simple codas and intervocalic or
prepausal position as dependent on residence (north/south) for all speakers,
n = 1330
129