Cover not available
Article published In:
Studies in Language
Vol. 42:3 (2018) ► pp.505–528

Quechuan terms for internal organs of the torso

Synchronic, diachronic, and typological perspectives

| University of Tübingen

This article discusses the terminology for the major internal organs of the torso across the Quechuan language family. From both semasiological and onomasiological points of view, differences in the synchronic organization of the semantic field across individual Quechua varieties as well as the diachronic developments that brought them about are described. Particular attention is also paid to semantic reconstruction within the field at the proto-Quechua level, and, with recourse to recent efforts at internal reconstruction, also beyond. Another recurrent theme is the interrelation between lexical data and the conceptions of anatomy and bodily functions encountered in quechua-speaking communities. A major conclusion is that an engagement with such perspectives allows for a considerably richer understanding of lexical organization in synchrony and diachrony than linguistic data alone could provide.

Keywords: Quechuan languages, lexical typology, semasiology, onomasiology, semantic reconstruction
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.The Quechuan language family
  • 3.Extant linguistic and anthropological perspectives on the body in the Quechuan-speaking Andes
  • 4.Data and sources for the present study
  • 5.*šunqu and the ‘heart’
    • 5.1Extension and intension of reflexes of *šunqu
    • 5.2Lungs and liver, black and white *šunqus
    • 5.3‘Heart of people’ and ‘heart of animals’
  • 6.The lungs, beyond *šunqu
  • 7.The stomach, beyond *šunqu
  • 8.*ñati(n) and the liver
  • 9.The early prehistory of the semantic field
  • 10.Conclusion
  • Acknowledgements
  • Notes
  • References
Published online: 19 October 2018
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.16081.urb
References
Absi, Pascale
2005 Los ministros del diablo. El trabajo y sus representaciones en las minas de Potosí. La Paz: Instituto de Investigación para el Desarrollo/Embajada de Francia en Bolivia/Instituto Francés de Estudios Andinos. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Adelaar, Willem. F. H.
1977 Tarma Quechua. Grammar, texts, dictionary. Lisse: Peter de Ridder Press.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F. H.
1982 Léxico del Quechua de Pacaraos. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Centro de Investigación de Lingüística Aplicada.Google Scholar
Adelaar, Willem F. H., with the collaboration of Pieter C. Muysken
2004 The languages of the Andes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bastien, Joseph W.
1978 Mountain of the condor. Metaphor and ritual in an Andean ayllu . Long Grove: Waveland Press.Google Scholar
1985 Qollahuaya-Andean body concepts: a topographical-hydraulic model of physiology. American Anthropologist 87(3). 595–611. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blank, Andreas
1997 Prinzipien des lexikalischen Bedeutungswandels am Beispiel der Romanischen Sprachen. Tübingen: Niemeyer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blust, Robert
2005 Liver and lungs: a semantic dyad in Austronesian languages. Oceanic Linguistics 44(2). 537–543. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Bravo, Domingo A.
1977 Diccionario castellano-quichua santiagueño. Buenos Aires: Editorial Universitaria de Buenos Aires.Google Scholar
Brosseder, Claudia
2014  The power of huacas. Change and resistance in the Andean world of colonial Peru. Austin: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar
Carranza Romero, Francisco
2003 Diccionario quechua ancashino-castellano. Ed. by Wolf Lustig. Madrid: Iberoamericana / Frankfurt: Vervuert. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Castellón Quiroga, Iván
1997 Abril es tiempo de Kharisiris. Campesinos y médicos en comunidades andino-quechuas. Cochabamba: Editorial Serrano.Google Scholar
Cerrón-Palomino, Rodolfo
1976 Diccionario quechua: Junín-Huanca. Lima: Ministerio de Educación/Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Classen, Constance
1993 Inca cosmology and the human body. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Crowley, Terry
2003 A new Bislama dictionary. 2nd ed. Suva/Port Vila: Institute of Pacific Studies, University of the South Pacific/Pacific Languages Unit, University of the South Pacific.Google Scholar
Cusihuamán, G. Antonio
1976 Diccionario quechua: Cuzco-Collao. Lima: Ministerio de Educación/ Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Dedenbach, Sabine
1979 The lexical unit sonqo ‘heart’, its derivatives and compounds: use and treatment in the Quechua dictionaries. St. Andrews: University of St. Andrews, Centre for Latin American Linguistic Studies.Google Scholar
Delgado Sumar, Hugo E.
1999 El ‘tikray’ y los órganos volteados. Lima: Ministerio de Salud/Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tradicional/Dirección General de Investigación y Tecnología.Google Scholar
Enfield, N. J.
2003 Linguistic epidemiology. Semantics and grammar of language contact in Mainland Southeast Asia. London/New York: RoutledgeCurzon.Google Scholar
Emlen, Nicholas Q.
2017 Perspectives on the Quechua-Aymara contact relationship and the lexicon and phonology of Pre-Proto-Aymara. International Journal of American Linguistics 83(2). 307–340. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
In prep. On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechua roots.
Evans, Nicholas
1992 Multiple semiotic systems, hyperpolysemy, and the reconstruction of semantic change in Australian languages. In Günter Kellerman & Michael D. Morrissey (eds.), Diachrony within synchrony, 475–508. Bern: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
François, Alexandre
2008 Semantic maps and the typology of colexification: intertwining polysemous networks across languages. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), From polysemy to semantic change. Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations, 163–215. Amsterdam: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Golte, Jürgen
1973 El concepto de SONQO en el RUNA SIMI del siglo XVI. Indiana 11. 213–218.Google Scholar
Gonçalez Holguin, Diego
1608 Vocabvlario de la lengva general de todo el Perv llamada lengua Qquichua, o del Inca. Ciudad de los Reyes: Francisco del Canto.Google Scholar
Gómez Rendón, Jorge A.
2009 Imbabura Quechua vocabulary. In Haspelmath and Tadmor (eds.), World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [URL] DOI logo
Heggarty, Paul
2005 Enigmas en el origen de las lenguas andinas: aplicando nuevas técnicas a las incógnitas por resolver. Revista Andina 401. 9–57.Google Scholar
Hornberger S. Esteban & Nancy H. Hornberger
1978 Diccionario tri-lingue: Quechua of Cusco/English/Spanish. Tri-lingual dictionary: Quechua de Cusco/Inglés/Español. Vol. 3: Español Quechua. Qosqo: Quechua Community Ministry.Google Scholar
Koch, Peter
2001 Lexical typology from a cognitive and linguistic point of view. In Martin Haspelmath, Ekkehard König, Wulf Oesterreicher & Wolfgang Raible (eds.), Language typology and language universals, vol. 21, 1142–1178. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2008 Cognitive onomasiology and lexical change. Around the eye. In Martine Vanhove (ed.), From polysemy to semantic change. Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations, 107–137. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Koptjevskaja-Tamm, Maria
2016 ‘The lexical typology of semantic shifts’: an introduction. In Päivi Juvonen & Maria Koptjevskaja-Tamm (eds.), The lexical typology of semantic shifts, 1–20. Berlin/Boston: Walter de Gruyter.Google Scholar
Lira, Jorge A.
1944 Diccionario Kkechuwa-Español. Tucumán: Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Departamento de Investigaciones Regionales, Instituto de Historia, Lingüistica y Folklore.Google Scholar
List, Johann-Mattis, Thomas Mayer, Anselm Terhalle & Matthias Urban
2014 CLICS: Database of Cross-Linguistic Colexifications. Marburg: Forschungszentrum Deutscher Sprachatlas. [URL]
Mannheim, Bruce
2015 All translation is radical translation. In Carlo Severi & William F. Hanks (eds.), Translating worlds. The epistemological space of translation, 199–219. Chicago: HAU.Google Scholar
Matisoff, James A.
1978 Variational semantics in Tibeto-Burman. The ‘organic’ approach to linguistic comparison. Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues.Google Scholar
Pache, Matthias
2014 Lexical evidence for pre-Inca language contact of Mapudungun (Mapuche) with Quechuan and Aymaran. Journal of Language Contact 71. 345–379. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Park, Marinell, Nancy Weber & Victor Cenepo Sangama
1976 Diccionario quechua: San Martín. Lima: Ministerio de Educación/Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Parker, Gary John
1969a Ayacucho Quechua grammar and dictionary. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.Google Scholar
Parker, Gary J.
1969b Comparative Quechua phonology and gramar III: Proto Quechua lexicon. University of Hawaii Working Papers in Linguistics 41. 1–61.Google Scholar
Parker, Gary J. & Amancio Chávez
1976 Diccionario quechua: Ancash-Huailas. Lima: Ministerio de Educación/Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Quesada, C. Felix
1976 Diccionario quechua: Cajamarca-Cañaris. Lima: Ministerio de Educación/Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.Google Scholar
Ramírez, Susan Elizabeth
2005 To feed and be fed. The cosmological bases of authority and identity in the Andes. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Santo Tomás, Domingo de
1560 Lexicon, o vocabulario de la lengua general del Peru. Valladolid: Francisco Fernandez de Cordoua.Google Scholar
Soto Ruiz, Clodoaldo
1976 Diccionario quechua: Ayacucho-Chanca. Lima: Ministerio de Educación.Google Scholar
Stark, Louisa R.
1969 The lexical structure of Quechua body parts. Anthropological Linguistics 11(1). 1–15.Google Scholar
Taylor, Gerald
1974  Camay, camac et camasca dans le manuscript quechua de Huarochirí. Journal de la Société des Américanistes 631. 231–244. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1979 Diccionario normalizado y comparativo quechua: Chachapoyas- Lamas. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
1980 Rites et traditions de Huarochirí: manuscrit quechua de début du 17e siècle. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Tödter, Christa, William Waters & Charlotte Zahn
2002 Shimikunata asirtachik killka inka-kastellanu. Diccionario inga-castellano (Quechua del Pastaza). Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Torero, Alfredo
1964 Los dialectos quechuas. Anales Científicos de la Universidad Agraria 2(4). 446–478.Google Scholar
Urban, Matthias
2012 Analyzability and semantic associations in referring expressions: a study in comparative lexicology. Leiden: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology/Leiden University Dissertation.Google Scholar
2014 Semantic change and semantic reconstruction. In Claire Bowern & Bethwyn Evans (eds.), The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics, 374–392. Abingdon/New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
In prep. What color are your hearts? ‘Liver’ and ‘lungs’ in some Quechuan varieties and beyond. Linguistic Typology.
Vanhove, Martine
(ed.) 2008 From polysemy to semantic change. Towards a typology of lexical semantic associations. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: Benjamins. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vega, Garcilaso de la
1829 Primera parte de los comentarios reales, que tratan del orígen de los Incas, reyes que fueron del Perú, de su idolatría, leyes y gobierno, en paz y en guerra, de sus vidas y conquistas, y de todo lo que fue aquel imperio y su república antes que los españoles pasáran á él, vol. 2. Madrid: Hijos de Doña Catalina Piñuela.Google Scholar
Weber, David John, Félix Cayco Zambrano, Teodoro Cayco Villar & Marlene Ballena Dávila
1998 Rimaycuna. Quechua de Huánuco. Diccionario del quechua del Huallaga con índices castellano e inglés. Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano.Google Scholar
Wilkins, David P.
1996 Natural tendencies of semantic change and the search for cognates. In Mark Durie & Malcolm Ross (eds.), The comparative method reviewed: regularity and irregularity in language change, 264–304. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yánez del Pozo, José
2005 ALLIKAI. Bienestar/estar bien. La salud y la enfermedad desde la perspectiva indígena. Quito: Abya-Yala.Google Scholar
Zauner, Adolf
1902 Die Romanischen Namen der Körperteile. Eine onomasiologische Studie. Erlangen: Junge & Sohn.Google Scholar
Cited by

Cited by 3 other publications

Emlen, Nicholas Q. & Johannes Dellert
2020. On the polymorphemic genesis of some Proto-Quechuan roots. Diachronica 37:3 ► pp. 318 ff. DOI logo
Mora-Marín, David F., Megan Fletcher & Elizabeth Gorman
2023. Lexico-semantic stability in the anatomical domain in the Mayan language family. Journal of Historical Linguistics DOI logo
Urban, Matthias
2022. Red, black, and white hearts: ‘heart’, ‘liver’, and ‘lungs’ in typological and areal perspective. Linguistic Typology 26:2 ► pp. 349 ff. DOI logo

This list is based on CrossRef data as of 14 april 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers. Any errors therein should be reported to them.