A cross-linguistic study of emphatic negative coordination
Iker Salaberri | University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)
The purpose of this paper is to provide a detailed cross-linguistic analysis of so-called emphatic negative
coordination (enc). This kind of clause linkage is illustrated by neither and nor in
She neither could nor would speak lightly of the accident. On the basis of a 250-language sample, the paper
lays out a new typology of enc meant to gain novel insights. It is shown that languages can combine enc types,
and that contact and borrowing are relevant triggers for the emergence of this sort of clause linkage. The article also reveals
that there is considerable variety in the etymological sources and grammaticalization paths of enc markers.
Keywords: negation, clause linkage, typology, language contact, grammaticalization
Article outline
- 1.Introduction
- 2.The domain of inquiry
- 3.Language sample: Description and analysis
- 3.1Choice of sampling method
- 3.2Sample generation and bias resolution
- 3.3Sample outline and analysis
- 4.Typological overview of emphatic negative coordination
- 4.1Cross-linguistic tendencies of emphatic negative coordination
- 4.2Areal tendencies of emphatic negative coordination
- 5.Grammaticalization paths leading to enc markers
- 6.Conclusions
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
-
References
Published online: 09 December 2021
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20047.sal
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.20047.sal
References
Adelaar, Alexander
Adelaar, Willem F. H.
2007 Ensayo de clasificación del
Katawixí dentro del conjunto Harakmbut-Katukina. In Andrés Romero-Figueroa, Ana Fernández-Garay & Ángel Corbera Mori (eds.), Lenguas
indígenas de América del Sur: Estudios descriptivo-tipológicos y sus contribuciones para la lingüística
teórica, 159–169. Caracas: Universidad Católica Andrés Bello.
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y.
Aguilera, Oscar E.
Ahland, Michael B.
2012 A grammar of Northern Mao (Màwés Aas’è). Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Alfira, David A., Timothy K. Kafi, Hassan K. kaki, Ali A. Hasan, Anjo K. Anjo, Dayan K. Jas & Sadik K. Sarukh
Alnet, Aimee J.
2009 The clause structure of the Shimaore dialect of Comorian (Bantu). Urbana: University of Illinois PhD dissertation.
Alruwaili, Shatha & Louisa Sadler
Anderson, Judi L.
Austing, John F. & Randolph Upia
Bakker, Dik
Banks, Jonathan
Barjasteh, Behrooz
Bearth, Thomas
Bernini, Giuliano & Paolo Ramat
Berry, Keith & Christine Berry
Bertinetto, Pier M.
Bickel, Balthasar, Bernard Comrie & Martin Haspelmath
2015 Leipzig
glossing rules. (Available online at https://www.eva.mpg.de/lingua/resources/glossing-rules.php, last
access 10 November
2021)
Black, Paul E.
Bolles, David & Alejandra Bolles
Blevins, Juliette
Bolanos, Katherine E.
2016 A grammar of Kakua. Amsterdam: Universiteit van Amsterdam PhD dissertation.
Bond, Oliver
Borgman, Donald M.
Bowler, Margit
Briley, David
Brown, Lea
2001 A grammar of Nias Selatan. Sydney: University of Sydney PhD dissertation.
Brown, Jason, Alex Muir, Kimberley Craig & Karika Anea
Brown, Keith & Jim Miller
Bunzel, Ruth L.
Bussmann, Hadumod
Camaj, Martin
Camp, Elizabeth L. & Millicent R. Liccardi
Čéplö, Slavomír & Christopher Lucas
Chávez, Heinrich A. H.
1984 Skizze einer Grammatik des Amarakaeri. Tübingen: Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen PhD dissertation.
Collord, Thomas L.
1968 Yokuts grammar: Chukchansi. Berkeley: University of California PhD dissertation.
Connell, Timothy M.
2013 A sketch grammar of Matéq: A Land Dayak language of West Kalimantan, Indonesia. Canterbury: University of Canterbury MA dissertation.
Cook, Dorothy M. & Linda L. Criswell
Crane, Thera M., Larry M. Hyman & Simon N. Tukumu
Cunha de Oliveira, Christiane
2005 The language of the Apinajé people of Central Brazil. Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Curnow, Timothy J.
1997 A grammar of Awa Pit (Cuaiquer): An indigenous language of south-western Colombia. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Cáceres, Natalia
2011 Grammaire fonctionnelle-typologique du ye’kwana: Langue caribe du Venezuela. Lyon: Université Lumière Lyon 2 PhD dissertation.
Davidson, Matthew
2002 Studies in Southern Wakashan (Nootkan) grammar. Buffalo: State University of New York PhD dissertation.
Davis, Henry
De Groot, Casper
De Jong, Lynda J.
2009 A grammar of Sierra Popoluca (Soteapanec, a Mixe-Zoquean language). Austin: University of Texas PhD dissertation.
De Swart, Henriëtte
Dik, Simon C.
Diouf, Jean L.
Dixon, Robert M. W.
Dos Anjos, Zoraide
2011 Fonologia
e gramáica katukina-kanamari. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit PhD dissertation.
Dpal, Ldan B.
Dryer, Matthew S.
Dunn, Michael J.
1999 A grammar of Chukchi. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Eberhard, David M.
2009 Mamaindê grammar: A Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PhD dissertation.
Eberhard, David M., Gary F. Simons & Charles D. Fennig
Edmonson, Barbara W.
1988 A descriptive grammar of Huastec
(Potosino dialect). New Orleans: Tulane University PhD dissertation.
Edygarova, Svetlana
Everett, Daniel L.
1983 A lingua pirahã e a teoria da sintaxe: Descrição, perspectivas e teoria. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas PhD dissertation.
Everett, Daniel L. & Barbara Kern
Fabre, Alain
Farr, Cynthia J. M.
Fernández, Ana V.
Flaherty, Virginia C.
1979 Schulenburg’s Tsimshian grammar. Corvallis: Oregon State University MA dissertation.
Foley, William A.
Fried, Robert W.
2010 A grammar of Bao’an Tu, a Mongolic language of northwest China. Buffalo: State University of New York PhD dissertation.
Giacon, John
2014 A grammar of Yuwaalaraay and Gamilaraay: A description of two New South Wales languages based on 160 years of records. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Girón, Jesús M.
2008 Una gramática del wánsojot (puinave). Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PhD dissertation.
Gravelle, Gloria J.
2010 A grammar of Moskona: An East Bird’s Head language of West Papua, Indonesia. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam PhD dissertation.
Green, Ian
1989 Marrithiyel: A language of the Daly River region of Australia’s Northern Territory. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Green, Rebecca
1995 A grammar of Gurr-goni (North Central Arnhem Land). Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Grimes, Barbara F.
Groth, Christa
Gunnink, Hilde
2018 A grammar of Fwe: A Bantu language of Zambia and Namibia. Ghent: Universiteit Gent PhD dissertation.
Hammarström, Harald
Hantgan, Abbie
2013 Aspects of Bangime phonology, morphology, and morphosyntax. Bloomington: Indiana University PhD dissertation.
Hammarström, Harald, Robert Forkel, Martin Haspelmath & Sebastian Bank
2020 Glottolog
4.3. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. (Available online at http://glottolog.org, las access 10
November 2021.)
Harvey, Mark
Hellenthal, Anneke C.
2010 A grammar of Sheko. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden PhD dissertation.
Haspelmath, Martin
Hayami-Allen, Rika
2001 A descriptive study of the language of Ternate, the Northern Moluccas, Indonesia. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh PhD dissertation.
Headland, Edna R.
1994 Diccionario bilingüe tunebo-español, español-tunebo con una breve gramática tuneba. Arlington: University of Texas PhD dissertation.
Heath, Jeffrey
Heine, Bernd & Christa Konig
Hemmings, Charlotte
2016 The Kelabit language, Austronesian voice and syntactic typology. London: University of London PhD dissertation.
Herrero, Joaquín & Federico Sánchez de Lozada
Idris, Nikodimos
1987 The Kunama and their language. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University MA dissertation.
Ishy de Magalhães, Priscila H.
Jacq, Pascale
2001 A description of Jruq (Loven): A Mon-Khmer language of the Lao PDR. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Jansen, Joana W.
2010 A grammar of Yakima Ichishkíin/Sahaptin. Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Jany, Carmen
2009 Chimariko grammar: Areal and typological perspective. Los Angeles: California State University PhD dissertation.
Jeretič, Paloma
2018 Hybrid
and optional negative concord in Turkish: A unified analysis. Indiana University Linguistics Club Working Papers 18(2):
Thematic Volume: Papers in Turkish and Turkic Linguistics https://scholarworks.iu.edu/journals/index.php/iulcwp/article/view/26053 (last
access 12 November
2021).
Jeschull, Liane
Johnson, Audrey F.
Kaiser, Stefan, Yasuko Ichikawa, Noriko Kobayashi & Hilofumi Yamamoto
Károly, Sándor
Kerr, Isabel J. & Marie L. Berg
Kilian-Hatz, Christa
Kimball, Geoffrey D.
1985 A descriptive grammar of Koasati. New Orleans: Tulane University PhD dissertation.
Koehn, Edward & Sally Koehn
Kofod, Frances M.
Konnerth, Linda A.
2014 A grammar of Karbi. Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Lacroix, Rene
2009 Description du dialecte laze d’Arhavi (caucasique du sud, Turquie): Grammaire et textes. Lyon: Universite Lumiere Lyon 2 PhD dissertation.
Lai, I-Wen
2009 Time
in the Iquito language. Austin: University of Texas PhD dissertation.
Lakfioui, Mena B. & Vermondo Brugnatelli
Lapenda, Geraldo
Launey, Michel
Layton, Bentley
Li, Charles N. & Sandra A. Thompson
Li, Xia, Jinfang Li & Yongxian Luo
Lindsay, Biddy Y., Rita Pirak, Francis Mijat & Dorothea Hoffmann
Lindström, Eva
2002 Topics in the grammar of Kuot, a non-Austronesian language of New Ireland, Papua New Guinea. Stockholm: Stockholms Universitet PhD dissertation.
Linn, Mary S.
2001 A grammar of Euchee (Yuchi). Lawrence: University of Kansas PhD dissertation.
Loughnane, Robyn
2009 A grammar of Oksapmin. Melbourne: University of Melbourne PhD dissertation.
Mahdmoudveysi, Parvin, Denise Bailey, Ludwig Paul & Geoffrey Haig
Mairal, Ricardo & Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza
Man, Edward H.
Martins, Joao V.
Matras, Yaron
Matthews, Stephen & Virginia Yip
Mauri, Caterina
McDonald, Robert
McEvoy, Richard S.
2008 Grammar of narrative discourse in Migabac, a Papuan (non-Austronesian) language. Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics MA dissertation.
McGregor, William B.
Meng, Chenxi
2018 A grammar of Tulil. Victoria: La Trobe University PhD dissertation.
Miestamo, Matti
Miestamo, Matti, Anne Tamm & Beáta Wagner-Nagy
Miestamo, Matti, Dik Bakker & Antti Arppe
Mithun, Marianne
Morgan, Lawrence R.
1991 A description of the Kutenai language. Berkeley: University of California PhD dissertation.
Moser, Mary B. & Stephen A. Marlett
Mous, Maarten
Munro, Pamela & Caitlin E. Gallagher
Murane, Elizabeth
Nagaraja, Keralapura S.
Neukom, Lukas & Manideepa Patnaik
Nicholas, Sally A.
2016 Ko te Karāma o te Reo Māori o te Pae Tonga o Te Kuki Airani: A grammar of Southern Cook Islands Māori. Auckland: University of Auckland PhD dissertation.
Nonato, Rafael B.
2008 Ainore Boe egore: um estudo descritivo da língua bororo e conseqüências para a teoria de caso e concordância. Campinas: Universidade Estadual de Campinas MA dissertation.
Noss, Philipp A.
Obata, Kazuko
2003 A grammar of Bilua: A Papuan language of the Solomon Islands. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Olsson, Bruno
2017 The Coastal Marind language. Singapore: Nanyang Technological University PhD dissertation.
Onishi, Masayuki
1994 A grammar of Motuna (Bougainville, Papua New Guinea). Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
O’Connor, Loretta
Pena, Jaime G.
2015 A grammar of Wampis. Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Patz, Elisabeth
Payne, John R.
Payne, Doris L.
1985 Aspects of the grammar of Yagua: a typological perspective. Los Angeles: University of California PhD dissertation.
Pearson, Karl
Pensalfini, Robert J.
1997 Jingulu grammar, dictionary, and texts. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation.
Perkins, Revere D.
Pukui, Mary K. & Samuel H. Elbert
Quirk, Randolph, Sidney Greenbaum, Geoffrey Leech & Jan Svartvik
Reesink, Ger P.
Refsing, Kirsten
Reid, Aileen A.
Reid, Nicholas J.
1991 Ngan’gityemerri: A language of the Daly River region, Northern Territory of Australia. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Ribeiro, Rosa M. de L.
Rijkhoff, Jan, Dik Bakker, Kees Hengeveld & Peter Kahrel
Robinson, Stuart P.
2011 Split intransitivity in Rotokas, a Papuan language of Bougainville. Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit PhD dissertation.
Rogers, Christopher
2010 A comparative grammar of Xinkan. Salt Lake City: University of Utah PhD dissertation.
Rojas, Mauricio P.
Rosés, Jorge E.
2015 The Mako language: vitality, grammar and classification. London: University of Western Ontario PhD dissertation.
Salamanca, Danilo
1988 Elementos de gramática del mískito. Cambridge: Massachusetts Institute of Technology PhD dissertation.
San Roque, Lila
2008 An introduction to Duna grammar. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Salminen, Mikko B.
2017 A grammar of Umbeyajts as spoken
by the Ikojts people of San Dionisio del Mar, Oaxaca,
Mexico. Cairns: James Cook University PhD dissertation.
Sánchez, Cristina
Savel’eva, Valentina N. & Čuner M. Taksami
Schachter, Paul & Fe T. Otanes
Schrock, Terrill B.
2014 A grammar of Ik (Icé-tód): Northern Uganda’s last thriving Kuliak language. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden PhD dissertation.
Schuh, Russell G.
1972 Aspects of Ngizim syntax. Los Angeles: University of California PhD dissertation.
Seki, Lucy
Silver, Shirley
1966 The Shasta language. Berkeley: University of California PhD dissertation.
Singer, Ruth
2001 The inclusory construction in Australian languages. Melbourne: University of Melbourne PhD dissertation.
Sippola, Eeva
Smith, Wikaliler D.
2014 A grammar of Guna: A community-centered approach. Austin: University of Texas PhD dissertation.
Smits, Helena J.
2017 A grammar of Lumun, a Kordofanian language of Sudan. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden PhD dissertation.
Soe, Myint
1999 A grammar of Burmese. Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Solano, Eliete de Jesus B.
2009 Descrição gramatical da língua Araweté. Brasilia: Universidade de Brasilia PhD dissertation.
Solnit, David B.
Spencer, Katharine
Sposato, Adam M.
2015 A grammar of Xong. Buffalo: State University of New York PhD dissertation.
Steeman, Sander
2011 A grammar of Sandawe: A Khoisan language of Tanzania. Leiden: Rijksuniversiteit te Leiden PhD dissertation.
Stenzel, Kristine S.
2004 A reference grammar of Wanano. Boulder: University of Colorado PhD dissertation.
Stilo, Donald
Stolz, Christel & Thomas Stolz
Sutcliffe, Edmund F.
Suttles, Wayne
Tate, Robert F.
Teshome, Belay
2015 A grammar of Khimt’anga. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University PhD dissertation.
Thiesen, Wesley & David Weber
Thompson, Sandra A., Joseph S. Park & Charles N. Li
Turner, Darryl
2016 The morphosyntax of Katcha nominals: A dynamic syntax account. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh PhD dissertation.
Valenzuela, Pilar
Van der Auwera, Johan
Van der Auwera, Johan, Motoki Nomachi & Olga Krasnoukhova
Van Gijn, Erik
2006 A grammar of Yurakaré. Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit PhD dissertation.
Vidal, Alejandra
2001 Pilagá grammar (Guaykuruan family, Argentina). Eugene: University of Oregon PhD dissertation.
Voorhoeve, Clemens L.
Wakasa, Motomichi
2008 A descriptive study of the modern Wolaytta language. Tokyo: University of Tokyo PhD dissertation.
Wang, Shan-Shan
2004 An ergative view of Thao syntax. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i PhD dissertation.
Watters, David
Weiss, Doris
2009 Phonologie et morphosyntaxe du Maba. Lyon: Université Lumière Lyon 2 PhD dissertation.
Whitehead, Carl R.
2004 A reference grammar of Menya, an Angan language of Papua New Guinea. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba PhD dissertation.
Wilson, Jennifer
2017 A grammar of Yeri: A Torricelli language of Papua New Guinea. Buffalo: State University of New York PhD dissertation.
Wojtylak, Katarzyna I.
2017 A grammar of Murui (Bue): A Witotoan language of Northwest Amazonia. Townsville: James Cook University PhD dissertation.
Woodbury, Hanni
Wright, Raymond E.
Yliniemi, Juha
2019 A
descriptive grammar of Denjongke (Sikkimese
Bhutia). Helsinki: University of Helsinki PhD dissertation.