Cover not available
Article published In:
Studies in Language
Vol. 47:4 (2023) ► pp.957–988

Simulative derivations in crosslinguistic perspective and their diachronic sources

ORCID logo | CNRS, CRLAO, EPHE, INALCO

This article deals with simulative derivations, meaning ‘pretend (to be) X’, where X stands for a verb or a noun. It shows that these derivations have three main origins: incorporation, denominal derivation and combination of reflexive and causative. It also systematically discusses the corresponding analytic constructions.

Keywords: simulative, pretence, causative, reflexive, incorporation, denominal verbalization
Article outline
  • 1.Introduction
  • 2.Basic definitions
  • 3.Predicative simulative derivations
    • 3.1Overview
    • 3.2Verbal vs. nominal base forms
    • 3.3Transitivity
    • 3.4Non-simulative meanings
      • 3.4.1Similative
      • 3.4.2Errative
      • 3.4.3Desiderative
      • 3.4.4Negation
    • 3.5Reduplication
    • 3.6Data collection
  • 4.Verbal compounds and incorporation
    • 4.1Verb compounding
    • 4.2Incorporation of simulee
    • 4.3Incorporation of simulative marker
  • 5.Predicative simulatives from nominal compounds
    • 5.1Simulative action nominals
    • 5.2Verbalization of non-predicative simulative compounds
  • 6.Reflexive and reciprocal
    • 6.1Reflexive and causative
      • 6.1.1Simulative and auto-estimative
    • 6.2Reflexive and incorporation
    • 6.3Reflexive and instrumental
    • 6.4Reciprocal
    • 6.5Fossilized reflexive
    • 6.6Reflexive in analytic simulative constructions
  • 7.Combination with other derivations and inflections
    • 7.1Valency-increasing derivations
    • 7.2Double exponence of reflexive
    • 7.3Negation
  • 8.Conclusion
  • Notes
  • Abbreviations
  • References
Published online: 24 January 2023
DOI logo
https://doi.org/10.1075/sl.22054.jac
References
Andrews, James Richard
2003 Introduction to Classical Nahuatl. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar
Aoki, Haruo
1994 Nez Perce dictionary. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bao Diop, Sokhna
2013 Description du baynunk guñaamolo, langue minoritaire du Sénégal : analyse phonologique, morphologique et syntaxique. Paris: INALCO PhD dissertation.
Bloomfield, Leonard
1957 Eastern Ojibwa : Grammatical sketch, texts and word list. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Blust, Robert
2003 A short morphology, phonology and vocabulary of Kiput, Sarawak. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Burling, Robbins
2004 The language of the Modhupur Mandi (Garo). New Delhi: Bibliophile South Asia/Promilla and Co.Google Scholar
Chelliah, Shobhana L.
1997 A grammar of Meithei. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Copin, François
2012 Grammaire wayampi. Paris: Paris VII PhD dissertation.
Cowell, Andrew & Alonzo Sr. Moss
2006 The Arapaho language. Boulder: University Press of Colorado.Google Scholar
Creissels, Denis
2002 Valence verbale et voix en tswana. Bulletin de la société linguistique de Paris 971. 371–426. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Creissels, Denis & Alain Christian Bassène
In preparation. Grammaire du jóola fóoñi.
Creissels, Denis & Pierre Sambou
2013 Le mandinka : phonologie, grammaire, textes. Paris: Karthala.Google Scholar
Daudey, Henriëtte
2014 A grammar of Wadu Pumi. Melbourne: LaTrobe University PhD dissertation.
Diallo, Abdourahmane
2015 Précis de grammaire et de lexique du peul du fouta djallon. Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.Google Scholar
Dieye, El Hadji
2011 Description d’une langue cangin du Sénégal : le laalaa (léhar). Paris: INALCO PhD dissertation.
Diouf, Jean Léopold
2009 Grammaire du wolof contemporain. Paris: L’Harmattan.Google Scholar
Erdal, Marcel
2004 A grammar of Old Turkic. Leiden: Brill. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Fabre, Alain
2016 Gramática de la lengua nivaclé (familia mataguayo, Chaco paraguayo). Munich: Lincom Europa.Google Scholar
Faye, Waly Coly
1979 Etude morphosyntaxique du sereer singandum (région de Jaxaaw-Naaxar). Granoble: Université Stendhal PhD dissertation.
Feldman, Harry
1986 A grammar of Awtuw. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics.Google Scholar
Fisher, Louise, Wayne Leman, Leroy Pine Sr. & Marie Sanchez
2017 Cheyenne dictionary. Lame Deer: Chief Dull Knife College. Available at [URL] (last access 15 December 2022).
Fortescue, Michael, Steven Jacobson & Lawrence Kaplan
2010 Comparative Eskimo dictionary, with Aleut cognates. Fairbanks: Alaska Native Language Center.Google Scholar
Frantz, Donald & Norma Russell
2017 Blackfoot dictionary of stems, roots, and affixes. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Giacon, John
2014 A grammar of Yuwaalaraay and Gamilaraay: a description of two New South Wales languages, based on 160 years of records. Canberra: Australian National University PhD dissertation.
Goddard, Ives
1990 Primary and secondary stem derivation in Algonquian. International Journal of American Linguistics 56(4). 449–483. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
1994 The west-to-east cline in Algonquian dialectology. In William Cowan (ed.), Actes du vingt-cinquième congrès des algonquin istes / Papers of the twenty-fifth Algonquian conference, 187–211. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada.Google Scholar
Goddard, Ives & Lucy Thomason
2005 A Meskwaki-English and English Meskwaki dictionary. Sudbury: Johns and Barlett Publishers.Google Scholar
Graczyk, Randolph
2007 A grammar of Crow. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Haude, Katharina
2006 A grammar of Movima: Nijmegen: Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen PhD dissertation.
Heath, Jevon
2014 Assertive verb doubling in Sereer: Reduplication or repetition? UC Berkeley PhonLab Annual Report 10(10). 209–229. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Hopi Dictionary Project
1998 Hopi dictionary/Hopìikwa lavàytutuveni: A Hopi-English dictionary of the Third Mesa dialect. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Bradley L.
1995 Contribution à une étude de la syntaxe diola-fogny. Dakar: Société Internationale de Linguistique.Google Scholar
Huber, Juliette
2011 A grammar of Makalero, a Papuan language of East Timor. Leiden: Leiden University PhD dissertation.
Jacques, Guillaume
2021 A grammar of Japhug. Berlin: Language Science Press. Available at [URL] (last access 15 December 2022).
ahead of print. Estimative constructions in crosslin guistic perspective. Linguistic Typology. DOI logo
to appear. Simulative complements in Archaic Chinese in typological perspective: a special function of 者 tɕæX in the dialect of the Zuozhuan. Bulletin of Chinese Linguistics.
Jacques, Guillaume, Aimée Lahaussois, Dhan Bahadur Rai & Yadav Kumar
2015 Khaling-Nepali-English dictionary, version 1.0. Paris: Projet HimalCo. Available at [URL] (last access 15 December 2022).
Joseph, Umbavu Varghese
2007 Rabha. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Joüon, Paul & Takamitsu Muraoka
2006 A grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Rome: Editrice Pontifico Istituto Biblico.Google Scholar
Kaufman, Daniel
to appear. The languages of central and southern Philippines. In Antoinette Schapper & Sander Adelaar eds. Oxford handbook of Western Austronesian languages Oxford Oxford University Press
Lai, Yunfan
2017 Grammaire du khroskyabs de Wobzi. Paris: Université Paris III PhD dissertation.
LeSourd, Philip S.
1986 Kolusuwakonol, Passamaquoddy-Maliseet and English dictionary. Pleasant Point: Micmac-Maliseet Institute.Google Scholar
Macauley, Monica
(ed.) 2016 Menominee-English dictionary. Mawaw Cenesiyah. Available at [URL] (last access 15 December 2022).
Marsault, Julie
2021 Valency-changing operations in Umónhon: Affixation, incorporation and syntactic constructions. Paris: Université Paris III PhD dissertation.
Merlan, Francesca C.
1994 A grammar of Wardaman. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Michelson, Karin & Mercy Doxtator
2002 Oneida-English / English Oneida dictionary. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Miyaoka, Osahito
2012 A grammar of Central Alaskan Yupik. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ndao, Dame
2010 Phonologie, morphologie et structures syntaxiques du pepel. Paris: INALCO PhD dissertation.
Nichols, John D. & Earl Nyholm
1995 A concise dictionary of Minnesota Ojibwe. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Pouye, Abdoulaye
2015 Pour une sauvegarde des langues en danger au Séné gal: Description synchronique du saafi-saafi. Saint-Denis: Edilivre.Google Scholar
Rigsby, Bruce
1986 Gitksan grammar. Unpublished document, University of Queensland.Google Scholar
Rogava, G. B. and Kerasheva, Z. I.
1966 Грамматика адыгейского языка [A grammar of Adyghe]. Majkop: Krasnodarskoe Knizhnoe izdatel’stvo.Google Scholar
Rose, Françoise
2003 Morphosyntaxe de l’émérillon. Lyon: Université Lyon II PhD dissertation.
Rubino, Carl Ralph Galvez
2000 Ilocano dictionary and grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ryding, Karin C.
2005 A reference grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Sambou, Pierre
2014 Relations entre les rôles syntaxiques et les rôles sémantiques dans les langues joola. Dakar. Dakar: Université Cheikh Anta Diop PhD dissertation.
Schachter, Paul & Fe T. Otanes
1972 Tagalog reference grammar. Berkeley: University of California Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Shimelman, Aviva
2017 A grammar of Yauyos Quechua. Berlin: Language Science Press.Google Scholar
Smeets, Ineke
2008 A grammar of Mapuche. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar
Suttles, Wayne
2004 Musqueam reference grammar. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Tabulova, N. T.
1976 Грамматика абазинского языка. Фонетика и морфология [A grammar of Abaza. phonetics and morphology]. Cherkessk: Karachaevo-Cherkesskoe otdelenie Stavropol’skogo knizhnogo izda tel’stva.Google Scholar
Thornell, Christina, Marie Diouf, Mamadou Diouf, Ibrahima Ciss & Abdoulaye Diouf et Fatou Diouf
2016 Grammaire de base sur la langue paloor au Sénégal. Dakar: ASPAD.Google Scholar
Tsunoda, Tasaku
2011 A grammar of Warrongo. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Ullrich, Jan
2008 New Lakota dictionary. Bloomington: Lakota Language Consortium.Google Scholar
Valentine, J. Randolph
2001 Nishnaabemwin reference grammar. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Vasilevich, G. M.
1958 Эвенкийско-русский словарь [An Evenki-Russian dictionary]. Moskva: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel’stvo inostrannyx i na cional’nyx slovarej.Google Scholar
Voisin, Sylvie
to appear. Verbal extensions of Atlantic languages. In Lüpke Friederike ed. The Oxford guide to the Atlantic languages of West Africa Oxford Oxford University Press
van der Voort, Hein
2004 A grammar of Kwaza. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Vuillermet, Marine
2012 A grammar of Ese Ejja, a Takanan language of the Bolivian Amazon. Lyon: Université Lyon II PhD dissertation.
Watters, David E.
2002 A grammar of Kham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wimmer, Alexis
2006 Dictionnaire de la langue nahuatl classique. Available at [URL] (last access 15 December 2022).
Wojdak, Rachel
2008 The linearization of affixes, evidence from Nuu-chahnulth. Dordrecht: Springer. DOI logoGoogle Scholar
Wolvengrey, Arok
2001 Nêhiyawêwin: itwêwina. Cree: Words. Regina: Canadian Plains Research Center.Google Scholar
Young, Robert W. & William Morgan
1987 The Navajo language. A grammar and colloquial dictionary. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.Google Scholar
Zariquiey, Roberto
2018 A grammar of Kakataibo. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Google Scholar