Speaking about knowledge
Evidentiality and the ecology of language
We focus on the grammatical expression of four major groups of meanings related to knowledge: I. Evidentiality: grammatical expression of information source; II. Egophoricity: grammatical expression of access to knowledge; III. Mirativity: grammatical expression of expectation of knowledge; and IV. Epistemic modality: grammatical expression of attitude to knowledge. The four groups of categories interact. Some develop overtones of the others. Epistemic-directed evidentials have additional meanings typical of epistemic modalities, while egophoricity-directed evidentials combine some reference to access to knowledge by speaker and addressee. Over the past thirty years, new evidential choices have evolved among the Tariana – whose language has five evidential terms in an egophoricity-directed system – to reflect new ways of acquiring information, including radio, television, phone, and internet. Evidentials stand apart from other means of knowledge-related categories as tokens of language ecology corroborated by their sensitivity to the changing social environment.
Article outline
- 1.Knowledge through grammar: A starting point
- I.Evidentiality: Grammatical expression of information source, that is how one knows what one is talking about
- II.Egophoricity: Grammatical expression of preferential access to knowledge
- III.Mirativity: Grammaticalised expression of expectation of knowledge
- IV.Epistemic modality: Grammaticalised expression of attitude to knowledge – whether certain, uncertain, probable, possible, reliable, or unreliable
- 2.The web of knowledge: Interrelationships between the four groups of knowledge-related meanings
- 2.1Egophoricity-directed evidentials
- 2.2Mirativity-directed evidentials
- 2.3Epistemic-directed evidentials
- 3.How evidentials are special
- 4.In with the new: Evidentials in the changing world
- 5.To conclude: Evidentials as tokens of the ecology of language
- Acknowledgements
- Notes
- Abbreviations
-
References
References (95)
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