When some dots turn a different color…
Thoughts on how (not) to determine whether or not reduplication is universal
This paper examines some of the problems which arise in connection with the question of whether or not reduplication is a language universal. The point of departure of the study is Moravcsik’s (1978) seminal paper on reduplicative constructions in cross-linguistic perspective. In the main body of the paper, the picture of the geo-linguistic distribution of reduplication that is painted in the World Atlas of Language Structures (Haspelmath et al. 2005) is critically evaluated. The results of the evaluation serve as background for the discussion of the current stalemate of opinions in the ongoing discussion of the supposed universality of reduplication. To resolve the impasse, a prototype-based approach is sketched which may allow us to recommence the collection of empirical data on an unprejudiced basis.
References (107)
Abbi, Anvita. 1992. Reduplication in South Asian languages: An areal, typological and historical study. New Dehli: Allied Publishers.
Aboh, Enoch O., Norval Smith & Anne Zribi-Hertz (eds.). 2012. Reduplication beyond the word level: A cross-linguistic view. In Enoch O. Aboh, Norval Smith & Anne Zribi-Hertz (eds.), Aboh/Smith/Zribi-Hertz 2012b, The morphosyntax of reiteration in creole and non-creole languages, 1–26. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Alhoniemi, Alho. 1993. Grammatik des Tscheremissischen (Mari). Hamburg: Buske.
Ammann, Andreas & Aina Urdze (eds.). 2007. Wiederholung, Parallelismus, Reduplikation: Strategien der multiplen Strukturanwendung. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Avrorin, Valentin A. 1959. Grammatika nanajskogo jazyka, Tom pervyj. Moskva, Leningrad: Izdatel’stvo Akademij Nauk SSR.
Avrorin, Valentin & B.V. Boldyrev. 2001. Grammatika oročskogo jazyka. Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo So Ran.
Benzing, Johannes. 1985. Kalmückische Grammatik zum Nachschlagen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Bickel, Balthasar. 2010. Absolute and statistical universals. In P.C. Hogan (ed.), The Cambridge encycolpedia of the language sciences, 77–79. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bollée, Annegret. 1978. Reduplikation und Iteration in den romanischen Sprachen. Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen und Literaturen 2151. 318–336.
Bosque, Ignacio, et al. 2009. Real Academia Española. Nueva gramática de la lengua española. Morfología, sintaxis I. Madrid: Asociación de Academias de la Lengua Española.
Brandstetter, Renward. 1917. Die Reduplikation in den indianischen, indonesischen und indogermanischen Sprachen. Luzern: Kantonatsschule.
Bulatowa, Nadeshda J. & Cotrozzi, Stefano. 2004. Ewenkische Erzählungen aus der Insel Sachalin. Grammatische Besonderheiten, Texte, Übersetzung und Wörterbuch. Bonn: VKW.
Bybee, Joan, Revere Perkins & William Pagliuca. 1994. The evolution of grammar: Tense, aspect, and modality in the languages of the world. Chicago, London: The University of Chicago Press.
Cincius, Vera. 1982. Negidalskij jazyk: Issledovanija i materialy. Leningrad: Nauka.
Corbett, Greville. 2005. The canonical approach in typology. In Zygmunt Frajzyngier, Adam Hodges & David S. Rood (eds.), Linguistic diversity and language theories, 25–49. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: Benjamins.
Cysouw, Michael. 2008. Using the World Atlas of Language Structures. STUF – Language Typology and Universals 61 (3). 181–185.
Cysouw, Michael, Mihai Albu & Andreas Dress. 2008. Analyzing feature consistency using dissimilarity marices. STUF – Language Typology and Universals 61 (3). 263–279.
De Rijk, Rudolf P.G. 2008. Standard Basque – a Progressive Grammar. Cambridge, MA, London: MIT Press.
Dezső, Pais, et al. 1961. A mai magyar nyelv rendszere. Leíró nyelvtan. I. Kötet: Bevezetés – Hangtan – Szótan. Budapest: Amkaémiai Kiadó.
Dryer, Matthew. 1997. Why statistical universals are better than absolute universals. Chicago Linguistic Society 331. 123–145.
El Zarka, Dina. 2005. On the borderline of reduplication: Gemination and other consonant doubling in Arabic morphology. In Bernhard Hurch (ed.), Studies on reduplication, 369–394. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Erelt, Matti. 1997. Reduplication in Estonian. In Matti Erelt (ed.), Estonian: Typological studies II1, 9–41. Tartu: University of Tartu.
Evans, Nicholas & Steven C. Levinson. 2009. The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 321. 429–448.
Fabricius, Anne H. 1998. A comparative survey of reduplication in Australian languages. München, Newcastle: LINCOM Europa.
Garry, Jane & Carl Rubino (eds.). 2001. Facts about the world’s languages: An encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present. New York, Dublin: Wilson.
Ghomeishi, Jila, Ray Jackendoff, Nicole Rosen & Kevin Russell. 2004. Contrastive focus reduplication in English (the SALAD-salad paper). Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 221. 307–357.
Gil, David. 2005a. Distributive numerals. In Martin Haspelmath, et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures, 222–225. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Gil, David. 2005b. From repetition to reduplication in Riau Indonesian. In Bernhard Hurch (ed.), Studies on reduplication, 31–64. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Gómez, Gale Goodwin & Hein Van der Voort. 2014. Reduplication in South America: An introduction. In Gale Goodwin Gómez & Hein Van der Voort (eds.), Reduplication in indigenous languages of South America, 1–16. Leiden: Brill.
Gorgoniev, Yu. A. 1976. The relationship between reduplication and some other grammatical means in Khmer. In Stanley Starosta (ed.), Austrasiatic Studies, Part I, 309–321. Honolulu: Hawaii University Press.
Haspelmath, Martin. 1993. A grammar of Lezgian. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Haspelmath, Martin. 2011. The indeterminacy of word segmentation and the nature of morphology and syntax. Folia Linguistica 45 (1). 31–80.
Haspelmath, Martin, et al. (eds.). 2005. The World Atlas of Language Structures. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Haspelmath, Martin & ApiCS Consortium. 2013. Functions of reduplication. In Susanne Michaelis, et al. (eds.), Atlas of pidgin and creole language structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. [[URL]]
Haugen, Jason D. 2009. Enhancement and diachrony in reduplication. Grazer Linguistische Studien 711. 39–58.
Hetzron, Robert. 2001. Hungarian. In Jane Garry & Carl Rubino (eds.), Facts about the world’s languages: An encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present, 314–316. New York, Dublin: Wilson.
Himmelmann, Nikolaus. 2000. Towards a typology of typologies. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 53 (1). 5–12.
Hualde, José Ignacio & Jon Ortiz de Urbina. 2003. A grammar of Basque. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hurch, Bernhard. 2002. Die sogenannte expletive Reduplikation im Tarahumara. Rehabilitation eines verpönten Begriffs: Euphonie. In M. Bommes, C. Noack & Doris Tophinke (eds.), Sprache als Form: Festschrift für Utz Maas zum 60. Geburtstag, 51–62. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.
Hurch, Bernhard. 2005a. Introduction. In Bernhard Hurch (ed.), Studies on reduplication, 1–10. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hurch, Bernhard (ed.). 2005b. Studies on reduplication. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Hurch, Bernhard & Veronika Mattes. 2005. Über die Entstehung von partieller Reduplikation. In Fenk-Oczlon, Gertraud & Winkler, Christian (eds.), Sprache und Natürlichkeit: Gedenkband für Willi Mayerthaler, 137–156. Tübingen: Narr.
Hurch, Bernhard & Veronika Mattes. 2007. The Graz database on reduplication. Faits de langues 291. 191–202.
Hurch, Bernhard & Veronika Mattes. 2009. Typology of reduplication: The Graz database. In Simon Musgrave, Martin Everaert & Alexis Dimitriades (eds.), The use of databases in cross-linguistic studies, 301–328. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Inkelas, Sharon & Cheryl Zoll. 2005. Reduplication: Doubling in morphology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Kallergi, Haritini. 2015. Reduplication at the Word Level. The Greek Facts in Typological Perspective. Berlin, Boston: de Gruyter Mouton.
Katzschmann, Michael. 2008. Chrestomathia Nganasanica: Texte – Übersetzung – Glossar – Grammatik. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.
Kiyomi, Setsuko. 1995. A new approach to reduplication: A semantic study of noun and verb reduplication in the Malayo-Polynesian languages. Linguistics 331. 1145–1167.
Kouwenberg, Silvia. 2003. Introduction. In Silvia Kouwenberg (ed.), Twice as meaningful: Reduplication in pidgins, creoles and other contact languages, 1–6. London: Battlebridge.
Kouwenberg, Silvia & Darlene LaCharité. 2013a. Review of Wiederholung, Parallelismus, Redupliation, edited by Andreas Ammann & Aina Urdze and The morphosyntax of reiteration in creole and non-creole languages, edited by Enoch Aboh, Norval Smith & Anne Zribi-Hertz. Linguistic Typology 17 (3). 476–484.
Kouwenberg, Silvia & Darlene LaCharité. 2013b. Review of Total Reduplication, by Thomas Stolz, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. Linguistic Typology 17 (3). 485–495.
Lafitte, Pierre. 1998. Grammaire basque (navarro-labourdin littéraire). Donostia: Elkarlanean.
Li, Fengxiang & Lindsay J. Whaley. 1998. The rise and fall of derivational morphology: The case of reduplication in Oroqen. Chicago Linguistic Society 34 (1). 259–268.
Li, Fengxiang & Lindsay J. Whaley. 2000. Emphatic reduplication in Oroqen and its Altaic context. Linguistics 38 (2). 355–372.
Maas, Utz. 2005. Syntactic reduplication in Arabic. In Bernhard Hurch (ed.), Studies on reduplication, 395–430. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Malchukov, Andrei L. 1995. Even. München, Newcastle: LINCOM Europa.
Maslova, Elena. 2003. A grammar of Kolyma Yukaghir. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Mattes, Veronika. 2014. Types of reduplication: A case study of Bikol. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.
Mattes, Veronika & Thomas Schwaiger. 2013. Review of Total Reduplication, by Thomas Stolz, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. Folia Linguistica 47 (2). 584–593.
Mattissen, Johanna. 2001. Nivkh. In Jane Garry & Carl Rubino (eds.), Facts about the world’s languages: An encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present, 515–519. New York, Dublin: Wilson.
Mel’čuk, Igor. 1996. Cours de morphologie générale. Vol. 3: Troisième partie: Moyens morphologiques. Quatrième partie: Syntactiques morphologiques. Montréal: Presse de l’Université de Montréal.
Michaud, Alexis & Aliyah Morgenstern. 2007. Présentation générale. Faits de langues 291. 5–8.
Moravcsik, Edith. 1978. Reduplicative constructions. In Joseph H. Greenberg (ed.), Universals of Human Language. Vol. 3: Word Structure, 297–334. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Moravcsik, Edith. 2011. Explaining language universals. In Jae Jong Song (ed.), The Oxford handbook of linguistic typology, 69–89. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Moravcsik, Edith. 2013. Introducing language typology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Müller, Hans-Georg. 2004. Reduplikationen im Türkischen: Morphonologische Untersuchungen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.
Nedyalkov, Igor. 1997. Evenki. London, New York: Routledge.
Nikolaeva, Irina. 2014. A grammar of Tundra Nenets. Berlin, New York: De Gruyter Mouton.
Nikolaeva, Irina & Maria Tolskaya. 2001. A grammar of Udihe. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Noonan, Michael. 1992. A grammar of Lango. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ozolinja, Larisa. 2001. Oroksko-russkij slovar’. Novosibirsk: Izdatel’stvo Soran.
Parkvall, Mikael. 2008. Which parts of language are the most stable? STUF – Language Typology and Universals 61 (3). 234–250.
Plank, Frans. 2009. WALS values evaluated. Linguistic Typology 13 (1). 41–76.
Pott, August Friedrich. 1862. Doppelung (Reduplikation, Gemination) als eines der wichtigsten Bildungsmittel der Sprache, beleuchtet aus Sprachen aller Welttheile. Lemgo, Detmold: Meyer’sche Hofbuchhandlung.
Raimy, Eric. 2000. The phonology and morphology of reduplication. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Reh, Mechthild. 1985. Die Krongo-Sprache (Nìinò Mó-Dì). Berlin: Reimer.
Rennison, John. 1997. Koromfe. New York, London: Routledge.
Renzi, Lorenzo, Giampaolo Salvi & Anna Cardinaletti. 1995. Grande grammatica italiana di consultazione. Bologna: Il Mulino.
Repetti, Lori. 2001. Italian. In Jane Garry & Carl Rubino (eds.), Facts about the world’s languages: An encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present, 341–344. New York, Dublin: Wilson.
Rose, Françoise. 2014. When vowel deletion blurs reduplication in Mojeño Trinitario. In Gale Goodwin Gómez & Hein Van der Voort (eds.), Reduplication in indigenous languages of South America, 375–400. Leiden: Brill.
Rožanskij, Fedor I. 2011. Reduplikacija: Opyt tipologičeskogo issledovanija. Moskva: Rossijskaja Adameija Nauk. Institut Jazykoznanija.
Rubino, Carl. 2005a. Reduplication: Form, function and distribution. In Bernhard Hurch (ed.), Studies on reduplication, 11–30. Berlin, New York: Mouton de Gruyter.
Rubino, Carl. 2005b. Reduplication. In Martin Haspelmath, et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures, 114–117. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Rubino, Carl. 2013. Reduplication. In WALS online [[URL] – accessed 19 August 2014].
Saltarelli, Mario. 1988. Basque. London: Routledge.
Schwaiger, Thomas. 2011. The relation between prototypical and marginal morphology: The case of reduplicative constructions. Linguistica 511.121–134.
Southern, Mark R.V. 2005. Contagious couplings: Transmission of expressives in Yiddish echo phrases. Westport, London: Praeger.
Stolz, Thomas, Nataliya Levkovych & Barbara Dewein. 2009. Reduplicative stem-formation: A comparative look at Maltese and Chamorro. ILSIENNA – Our Language 11. 87–133.
Stolz, Thomas, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. 2005. Comitatives and instrumentals. In Martin Haspelmath, et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures, 214–217. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Stolz, Thomas, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. 2011. Total reduplication: The areal linguistics of a potential universal. Berlin: Akademie.
Stolz, Thomas & Ljuba Veselinova. 2005. Ordinal numerals. In Martin Haspelmath, et al. (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures, 218–221. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Sunik, Orest. 1985. Ul’čskij jazyk: issledovanija i materialy. Leningrad: Nauka.
Tamanji, Pius N. & Gabriel M. Mba (eds.). 2012. Aspects of reduplication in languages of Cameroon and Senegal. München, Newcastle: LINCOM Europa.
Tompa, József. 1968. Ungarische Grammatik. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó.
Tompa, József. 1972. Kleine ungarische Grammatik. Leipzig: Enzyklopädie.
Topping, Donald. 1973. Chamorro reference grammar. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
Trask, R. Larry. 2001. Basque. In Jane Garry & Carl Rubino (eds.), Facts about the world’s languages: An encyclopedia of the world’s major languages, past and present, 72–76. New York, Dublin: Wilson.
Tucker, A.N. 1994. A grammar of Kenya Luo (Dholuo). Köln: Köppe.
Wälchli, Bernhard. 2005. Co-compounds and natural coordination. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wälchli, Bernahard. 2007. Ko-Komposita (im Vergleich mit Parellelismus und Reduplikation). In Andreas Ammann & Aina Urdze (eds.), Wiederholung, Parallelismus, Reduplikation: Strategien der multiplen Strukturanwendung, 81–108. Bochum: Brockmeyer.
Wichmann, Søren & David Kamholz. 2008. A stability metric for typological features. STUF – Language Typology and Universals 61 (3).251–262.
Wierzbicka, Anna. 1986. Italian reduplication: Cross-cultural pragmatics and illocutionary semantics. Linguistics 24 (2). 287–315.
Zribi-Hertz, Anne. 2013. Review of Total Reduplication, by Thomas Stolz, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. Language 89 (2). 375–378.
Cited by (2)
Cited by two other publications
Masini, Francesca & Simone Mattiola
2022.
Syntactic discontinuous reduplication with antonymic pairs: a case study from Italian.
Linguistics 60:1
► pp. 315 ff.
Paschen, Ludger
2022.
Trigger poverty and reduplicative identity in Lakota.
Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 40:3
► pp. 837 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 19 july 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.