The main purpose of this paper is to show what kind of category adverbs form. It is demonstrated that the words of a language are in general categorized in two different ways, based on different properties and serving different purposes. First, they form a small set of part-of-speech categories which are prototypical in nature, serve the cognitive structuring of the lexical inventory of a language, but as such have no single grammatical function. Second, they form numerous syntactic distributional categories whose members share a fixed set of syntactically relevant properties that determine their distribution. It is argued that adverbs are also subject to both types of categorization, though with particular properties that explain their often-stated heterogeneity.
Bhat, D.N. Shankara. 1984. The Adjectival Category. Criteria for Differentiation and Identification [Studies in Language Companion Series 24]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
Biber, Douglas, Conrad, Susan & Leech, Geoffrey. 2002. Longman Student Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Pearson Education.
Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Boas, Franz. 1911. Handbook of American Indian Languages, Part I. Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution.
Chomsky, Noam. 1965. Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Chomsky, Noam. 1970. Remarks on nominalization. In Readings in English Transformational Grammar, Roderick A. Jacobs & Peter S. Rosenbaum (eds), 184–221. Waltham MA: Ginn.
Chomsky, Noam. 1981. Lectures in Government and Binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
Chomsky, Noam. 1986. Barriers. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 1999. Adverbs and Functional Heads – A Cross Linguistic Perspective. Oxford: OUP.
Cinque, Guglielmo. 2004. Issues in adverbial syntax. Lingua 114: 683–710.
Costa, João. 1996. Adverb positioning and V-movement in English: Some more evidence. Studia Linguistica 50: 22–34.
Costa, João. 2000. Adverbs as adjuncts to non-universal functional categories: evidence from Portuguese. In Adverbs and Adjunction, Artemis Alexiadou & Peter Svenonius (eds), 19–32. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
Cresswell, Max J. 1981. Adverbs of causation. In Words, Worlds, and Contents. New Approaches in Word Semantics, Hans-Jürgen Eikmeyer & Hannes Rieser (eds), 21–37. Berlin: De Gruyter.
Curme, George O. 1935. A Grammar of the English Language, Vol. II: Parts of Speech and Accidence. Boston MA: D.C. Heath.
Davidson, Thos. 1874. The grammar of Dionysios Thrax: Translated from the Greek. Journal of Speculative Philosophy 8: 326–339.
Ernst, Thomas. 2002. The Syntax of Adjuncts. Cambridge: CUP.
Ernst, Thomas. 2003. Semantic features and the distribution of adverbs. In Modifying Adjuncts, Ewald Lang, Claudia Maienborn & Cathrine Fabricius-Hansen (eds), 307–334. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
Ernst, Thomas. 2004a. Principles of adverbial distribution in the lower clause. Lingua 114: 755–777.
Huddleston, Rodney. 1984. Introduction to the Grammar of English. Cambridge: CUP.
Huddleston, Rodney & Pullum, Geoffrey K. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: CUP.
Jackendoff, Ray. 1973. The base rules for prepositional phrases. In A Festschrift for Morris Halle, Stephen Anderson & Paul Kiparsky (eds), 345–354. New York NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Laenzlinger, Christopher. 2000. More on adverb syntax. In Linguistics in Potsdam, Vol. 6, Artemis Alexiadou & Peter Svenonius (eds), 103–132. Potsdam: Universität Potsdam.
Langacker, Ronald W. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar, Vol. 2: Descriptive Application. Stanford CA.: Stanford University Press.
Langacker, Ronald W. 2003. Constructions in Cognitive Grammar. English Linguistics 20: 41–83.
Mervis, Carolyn B. 1980. Category structure and the development of categorization. In Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension, Rand J. Spiro, Bertram C. Bruce & William F. Brewers (eds), 279–307. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Miller, George A. 1956. The magical number seven, plus or minus two. Some limits on our capacity to process information. The Psychological Review 63: 81–87.
Nilsen, Don L.F. 1972. English Adverbials. The Hague: Mouton.
Pittner, Karin. 2002. Adverbien der Art und Weise im Deutschen und Englischen: Zu ihrer Stellung und Interpretation. In Adverb – Zentrum und Peripherie einer Wortart, Friederike Schmöe (ed.), 43–59. Wien: Edition Praesens.
Pollard, Carl & Sag, Ivan A. 1987. Information-Based Syntax, Vol.1 : Fundamentals [CLSI Lecture Notes]. Chicago IL: Chicago University Press.
Pollard, Carl & Sag, Ivan A. 1994. Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar. Chicago IL: The University of Chicago Press.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan. 1972. A Grammar of Contemporary English. London: Longman.
Quirk, Randolph, Greenbaum, Sidney, Leech, Geoffrey & Svartvik, Jan. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of English. London: Longman.
Ramat, Paolo & Davide Ricca. 1994. Prototypical adverbs: On the scalarity/radiality of the notion ADVERB. Revista di Linguistica 6: 289–326.
Rauh, Gisa. 1999. Adverb oder Präposition? Von der Notwendigkeit einer Abgrenzung von Wortarten und grammatischen Kategorien und der Gefahr einer terminologiscen Falle. In Florilegium Linguisticum: Festschrift für Wolfgang P. Schmid zum 70. Geburtstag, Eckhard Eggers, Joachim Becker, Jürgen Udolph & Dieter Weber (eds), 367–392. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.
Rauh, Gisa. 2000. Wi(e)der die Wortarten! Zum Problem linguistischer Kategorisierung. Linguistische Berichte 184: 485–507.
Rauh, Gisa. 2002a. Zum Problem der Wortarten in der Grammatik InGrammatik und Fremdsprachenunterricht: kognitive, psycholinguistische und erwerbstheoretische Perspektiven, Wolfgang Börner & Klaus Vogel (eds), 3–26. Tübingen: Narr.
Rauh, Gisa. 2002b. Word classes as prototypical categories. In Language and Cognition: Papers in Honour of Wolf-Dietrich Bald’s 60th Birthday, Sybil Scholz, Monika Klages, Evelyn Hantson & Ute Römer (eds), 259–270. Munich: Langenscheidt-Longman.
Rauh, Gisa. 2010. Syntactic Categories: Their Identification and Description in Linguistic Theories. Oxford: OUP.
Rosch, Eleanor. 1977. Human categorization. In Studies in Cross-Cultural Psychology, Vol. I, Neil Warren (ed.), 1–49. Cambridge: CUP.
Rosch, Eleanor. 1978. Principles of categorization. In Cognition and Categorization, Eleonor Rosch & Barbara B. Lloyds (eds), 27–48. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Rosch, Eleanor & Mervis, Carolyn B. 1975. Family resemblances: studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology 8: 573–605.
Schachter, Paul. 1985. Part-of-speech systems. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description. Clause Structure, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 3–61. Cambridge: CUP.
Sweet, Henry. 1891A New English Grammar: Logical and Historical. Oxford: Clarendon.
Taylor, John R. 2003. Linguistic Categorization, 3rd edn. Oxford: OUP.
Trager, George L. & Smith, Henry L. 1957. An Outline of English Structure. Washington DC: American Council of Learned Societies.
2022. Chinese adverbs. Review of Cognitive Linguistics 20:2 ► pp. 330 ff.
Strik Lievers, Francesca, Marianna Bolognesi & Bodo Winter
2021. The linguistic dimensions of concrete and abstract concepts: lexical category, morphological structure, countability, and etymology. Cognitive Linguistics 32:4 ► pp. 641 ff.
Geuder, Wilhelm
2019. Eine Art Wortart: Das Adverb im Deutschen. Zeitschrift für Sprachwissenschaft 38:2 ► pp. 191 ff.
This list is based on CrossRef data as of 26 september 2024. Please note that it may not be complete. Sources presented here have been supplied by the respective publishers.
Any errors therein should be reported to them.