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Part of
Imperatives and Directive Strategies
Edited by Daniël Van Olmen and Simone Heinold
[Studies in Language Companion Series 184] 2017
► pp. 319–319

Index

A

  • absential imperative 22, 53–54, 59, 72
  • actualization 6, 14, 19 ; see also non-actualization
  • advice 6–7, 12, 17–19, 30–32, 39, 97, 122, 160, 209, 211–212, 220, 225–229, 232–235, 244, 266, 269, 274, 277, 279–280, 296
  • Afrikaans 5
  • age 40, 248, 253, 257, 260–261
  • agent 9, 12, 19, 70, 125, 161, 270–271, 275
  • agentivity 265, 267–268, 274–275, 277–279, 286, 293
    • degree of, degree of agentivity
  • Alamblak 21
  • anaphoricity 39, 209, 212, 222–224, 229, 232–233, 235
  • apodosis 100, 231, 296 ; see also conditional clause, protasis
  • aspect 14, 19–20, 33, 39, 55, 58, 91–92, 126, 128, 181, 186–188, 190, 243, 311
  • assertion 22, 58–59, 68, 79, 81–82, 85, 94–97, 99, 102–103, 105–106
  • assertive/assertoric 3, 7, 12, 82, 85, 95, 102
  • asymmetric or construction 15–16
  • attenuation 67, 137, 165–166, 296–297 ; see also downtoning, mitigation
  • atypical directivity 273
  • authority 31, 160, 189, 245, 253, 258, 262, 273
  • auxiliary 24, 28, 98, 124–126, 145, 243, 247, 250, 254, 259, 296

B

  • b-index 126, 128–135, 139, 152
  • Badiotto 122, 152
  • bald imperative 159, 164–165, 170–174, 177
  • benefactive 19, 33, 39–40, 242, 247–250, 254–255, 257, 259–260
  • benefit 9–10, 17–18, 37, 242, 244, 247, 250, 254, 266, 297
  • boosting 165–166 ; see also intensification, reinforcement

C

  • canonical imperative 2, 4, 7, 39, 66, 85–86, 93, 97, 121, 164, 181–184, 186–191, 193–197, 204 ; see also non-canonical imperative
  • capability 9, 266, 297
  • Catalan Sign Language 22, 111, 113, 144 ; see also LSC
  • causee 9, 271, 293
  • causer 9, 271
  • circumstantial modality 100–101
  • cognitive linguistics 2, 9
  • collocational analysis 37
  • collostructional analysis 18
  • command 6–7, 13, 18–19, 39, 53–54, 57, 61–62, 64, 66–75, 79, 85, 88, 96–97, 106, 113–117, 128, 131, 134, 136–140, 144, 146, 148, 159–160, 166, 169, 172–173, 189, 195, 197, 199, 203, 241–246, 248–253, 257–258, 260–261, 266, 269, 273, 286, 292–297, 302, 306, 308, 310–311
  • common ground 39, 209, 222–223, 232, 235
  • comparative concept 6–7
  • comparative research 112, 151, 233
  • complement
    • clause 35, 39–40, 209, 225, 232, 311
    • insubordination 209, 211, 220, 229, 235, 266
  • complementation 209, 211–212, 229, 232, 235
  • compliance 9, 17, 19, 37, 161 ; see also non-compliance
  • conditional
    • and construction 9
    • clause 39, 123, 168, 214, 218, 230–231 ; see also apodosis, protasis
    • imperative 13, 17, 94, 105
    • insubordination 209, 213, 235–236
  • conditionality 209, 211, 229, 231, 235, 293
  • conjunct 15–16, 142
  • conjunct order 57–58, 60–61, 68
  • construction grammar 15–16, 267
  • control 40, 197, 218, 224, 269, 271–272, 277 ; see also non-controllable
  • conventionalization 7, 14, 100, 167–168, 172, 209, 214, 230–231, 271, 274, 279, 284, 286, 301–302, 311
  • conversation analysis 2, 36–37
  • conversational discourse 268–269, 285
  • corpus linguistics 41
  • cost 9, 35–36, 244, 250, 266, 274, 297
  • counterfactuality 14, 58, 94

D

  • Danish 39, 209, 212–213, 216, 229, 233–236
  • declarative 4, 10–11, 21, 24–25, 29, 72–73, 79–80, 111, 115–116, 118, 120–121, 123, 125, 133–135, 139, 142, 144, 148–152, 164, 168–170, 172, 175, 183, 186, 200, 269, 292–294, 301, 311
  • defectiveness 119, 310
  • degree of agentivity 265, 275, 277, 279, 286
  • delayed imperative 64, 67, 70, 72 ; see also future imperative
  • demand 30, 79, 293
  • deontic modality 37, 101, 116, 122
  • desirable 215, 219, 227–228, 231 ; see also undesirable
  • desire 6, 9, 16, 21, 30, 162, 196, 244, 248, 266, 271, 273, 296–297, 311
  • diachrony 14, 20–22, 182, 202, 204, 211, 232–236, 292, 310, 312, 314
  • direct
    • directive 160, 173
    • imperative 161, 164
  • directivesee also non-directive
  • direct, direct directive
  • displaced, displaced directive
  • force 79–80, 97–98, 117, 174, 268–270, 273–274, 283–286, 295
  • hearer-interested, hearer-interested directive
  • imperative 9, 11–12, 16, 19, 98, 106
  • indirect, indirect directive
  • infinitive 32, 37–38
  • insubordination 236
  • meaning 80, 82, 97, 104, 117, 209, 213, 224, 235, 242, 247, 252
  • operator 82, 120
  • past participle 27, 31–32
  • speech act 6–7, 36, 79–82, 84, 95, 97, 102, 105–106, 215–216, 243, 269, 273, 280–281, 286, 292
  • strategy 1–3, 7, 22–23, 25–28, 30, 33–41, 54, 61, 63, 67, 75, 159, 181, 202, 204, 212, 233, 241–243, 250, 254, 257–261, 267, 275, 291
  • third person, third person directive
  • type 211–212, 216, 219–220, 229, 233, 235–236
  • use 12–13, 17, 25, 27, 32–33, 39, 220
  • directivity 1, 6–8, 10–14, 21–22, 97, 105, 249, 251
    • atypical, atypical directivity
  • discourse marker 18, 34, 306, 313
  • displaced directive 265, 273
  • distal imperative 19, 71 ; see also proximal imperative
  • downtoning 197–199, 204 ; see also attenuation, mitigation
  • dramatic imperative 13–14
  • Dutch 9, 14, 16, 18, 26–27, 31–32, 37–39, 209–214, 216–218, 220–222, 224–226, 228–229, 233–236, 267

E

  • elicitation 36, 41, 54, 113–114, 117, 126–127, 142, 265, 293, 296–297, 302
  • elided imperative 27, 164–165, 170–174
  • embedded imperative 3, 122
  • embedding 79, 121–122, 143, 151
  • encouragement 32
  • English 1, 4–5, 7–9, 13, 18, 25, 29, 35–40, 54, 63, 67, 115–118, 121–122, 124, 141, 160–161, 163–164, 209, 211–213, 215–216, 229, 233–236, 310
  • Epena 19
  • epistemic modality 37, 58–59, 73, 84, 100–102, 216
  • Estonian 14–15, 26
  • evidentiality 20, 22–23, 53–54, 59–60, 70–75
  • exhortation 18, 30–31, 33, 119, 140, 160, 272, 295, 307–308
  • exhortative 119, 148 ; see also hortative

F

  • face 17, 36, 160, 178, 314
    • negative, negative face
    • positive, positive face
    • threat 173, 296
    • threatening act 160, 164
  • felicity condition 29, 40, 82, 84, 98–100, 106, 244, 269, 273, 286 ; see also preparatory precondition
  • Finnish 2, 4, 7, 24, 27–29, 33, 35, 37
  • French 54, 67, 100, 186, 201, 267, 294–296, 298–300, 302–303, 305–309, 311–312
  • French Sign Language 113, 136 ; see also LSF
  • force exertion 9–10, 12, 16, 266, 292, 295, 297, 305–306, 314
  • formal imperative 246, 248, 258, 261, 307
  • formality 39, 165, 245–246, 249, 251, 255, 257–258, 260–262, 300
  • frequency 9–10, 18, 20, 38, 159, 164, 166–167, 172, 197, 241, 243, 257–259, 269, 275, 282, 291–292, 294, 299, 314
  • future 6, 19–21, 39, 55–56, 58, 61, 64, 66, 68, 83–84, 159, 164, 168–170, 172, 174, 200–201, 204, 215, 244, 270, 273, 284, 296, 306
    • imperative 67, 69, 75 ; see also delayed imperative
    • tense 24, 79, 175, 189

G

  • Gascon 304, 310, 313
  • genericity 79, 86–88, 98, 102–103, 106
  • German 15, 23–28, 31–34, 39, 209–210, 212–216, 220–225, 228–229, 233–234, 236, 267
  • Germanic 24–25, 39–40, 209, 213, 233, 235–236
  • gesture 1, 24, 139, 152, 304, 311
  • Gilyak 7
  • grammaticalization 61, 79, 90, 92, 98–100, 105–106, 111, 115, 123, 125, 138, 144, 150-151, 259, 269, 312–314

H

  • Hawaiian 182, 188–189, 194, 196, 200
  • hearer-interested directive 160–161, 169
  • Hebrew 4, 26, 36
  • hint 2, 36, 162
  • honorific 40, 241, 246–247, 253–255, 257–259, 261
  • hortative 2, 25, 311 ; see also exhortative
  • hypotheticality 9, 220, 295, 306

I

  • Icelandic 39, 209, 212, 214, 216–217, 229, 233–234, 236
  • illocutionary 18, 30, 32–34, 82, 241, 266–269, 297
    • force 29–30, 82, 121, 248, 258, 272, 293–297, 311
  • immediate imperative 64, 66
  • imperativesee also prohibitive
  • absential, absential imperative
  • bald, bald imperative
  • canonical, canonical imperative
  • conditional, conditional imperative
  • delayed, delayed imperative
  • direct, direct imperative
  • directive, directive imperative
  • distal, distal imperative
  • dramatic, dramatic imperative
  • elided, elided imperative
  • embedded, embedded imperative
  • formal, formal imperative
  • future, future imperative
  • honorific-oriented 241, 261
  • immediate, immediate imperative
  • impersonal, impersonal imperative
  • incorporated, incorporated imperative
  • indirect, indirect imperative
  • informal, informal imperative
  • meaning 30, 295
  • modified, modified imperative
  • negative, negative imperative
  • non-canonical, non-canonical imperative
  • non-directive, non-directive imperative
  • paradigm 4, 25, 35, 53, 68, 76, 83
  • particle-marked, particle-marked imperative
  • past, past imperative
  • proximal, proximal imperative
  • reported, reported imperative
  • rhetorical, rhetorical imperative
  • second-hand, second-hand imperative
  • semantics 13–15
  • semi-formal, semi-formal imperative
  • subject 3–4, 65–66, 70, 68–88, 93, 98, 100, 103, 105–106, 118, 133–134, 148-149, 151, 184–190
    • third person, third person imperative
  • imperfective 20, 187–188, 201, 204 ; see also perfective
  • impersonal 28–30, 37, 87, 103, 105
    • imperative 37
  • impolite 17, 67 ; see also politeness
  • imposition 31, 35, 252, 260
  • inchoative 33, 90, 123, 186
  • incorporated imperative 164, 168–172
  • independent order 58, 60, 68
  • indicative 4, 24–25, 29, 56–60, 65, 67–68, 73–75, 107, 198, 224, 253, 266–267, 275, 294, 298–300, 303–304
  • indirect
    • directive 7, 159–160, 175, 281
    • imperative 53, 68–69, 71–73, 75
    • mood 56–60, 68, 73–75
    • speech act 24, 117
  • inference 60, 100, 103, 106, 117
  • infinitive 5, 26–28, 30, 35, 79, 116–117, 121–122, 295, 298, 300
    • directive, directive infinitive
  • informal imperative 245–246, 252, 258–260
  • Innu 20, 22–23, 41, 53–68, 71–75
  • instruction 17–19, 38, 83–84, 97–100, 117, 127–128, 130, 132, 139–141, 162, 169, 173–174, 241, 295
  • instructional discourse 159–161, 164, 173, 176–177
  • insubordination 14–15, 22, 35, 39–40, 57, 61, 100, 209, 211–214, 216, 220, 225, 229–233, 235–236, 266–267, 271
    • complement, complement insubordination
    • conditional, conditional insubordination
    • directive, directive insubordination
  • intensification 165–167, 197–198, 204 ; see also boosting, reinforcement
  • intention 9, 82–85, 103, 105–106, 161, 245, 249, 253, 293, 295, 297
  • intentionality 84, 89, 91, 98, 102, 106
  • interjection 24, 27, 34, 40, 62, 64, 291–292, 297–314
  • interrogative 4, 15, 24–25, 29, 35–37, 40, 57, 74, 79, 81, 111, 249, 292, 294, 296, 301
  • invitation 7, 30–31, 33, 117, 128, 131, 133
  • irrealis 21–22, 58–59, 61, 83–84, 117, 189, 197, 292 ; see also realis
  • Italian 5, 25–26, 36, 116, 119–121, 186, 230, 294, 298–300, 302, 304, 308
  • Italian Sign Language 6, 113, 128 ; see also LIS

J

  • Japanese 39–40, 241–243, 247, 251–262
  • jussive 2

K

  • Korean 28, 39–40, 122, 241–243, 245–251, 254, 256–262

L

  • lexicalization 32, 91, 269, 311
  • LIS 113, 124, 127–136, 139, 141–142, 144, 146, 148, 150–153 ; see also Italian Sign Language
  • LSC 113, 125, 127–128, 142, 144–152 ; see also Catalan Sign Language
  • LSF 113, 127–128, 136–144, 146, 148, 150–152 ; see also French Sign Language
  • Luangiua 39, 182–184, 194

M

  • main/matrix clause 5, 11, 23, 25, 30, 57, 61, 143, 209, 215, 224, 231, 266, 309
  • manual marker 23, 115, 125, 128, 131, 135–136, 139, 144, 146, 150 ; see also NMM, non-manual marker
  • Maori 39, 182, 187–190, 192, 194, 196, 199, 203, 205
  • Marquesan 39, 182, 186–187, 190–191, 194–195, 205
  • mitigation 160, 164–165, 171, 173–174, 176, 178 ; see also attenuation, downtoning
  • mobilization signal 292, 304–306, 309–312, 314
  • modal 10, 14, 24, 29, 37, 58, 60, 75, 80, 82, 84–85, 95–96, 99–103, 116, 122, 128, 146, 164, 168–169, 216, 219, 223, 226, 267, 272, 296
    • base 100–102
    • particle 31, 202
  • modality 7, 30, 55, 58, 68, 99, 101–102, 126–127, 243
    • circumstantial, circumstantial modality
    • deontic, deontic modality
    • epistemic, epistemic modality
  • modification 17–18, 28, 39, 159, 164–168, 168, 170–172, 174–175, 177–178, 181–182, 197, 199, 204
  • modified imperative 39, 165
  • mood 36, 39, 53, 55–60, 65, 68, 73–75, 80, 135, 168, 181, 186, 202, 265, 267, 294, 296, 292, 301
    • indirect, indirect mood
  • movimp 130–139, 141–144
  • multidimensionality 124–126
  • multivocalic 176

N

  • necessity 7, 29, 37, 58, 196
  • negation 1, 3, 5, 16, 21, 23, 28, 31–32, 38, 81, 96, 104, 106, 115, 120–121, 125, 128, 133, 148, 151, 228, 262, 267, 277, 286
  • negative face 35, 173
  • negative
    • imperative 57, 93, 120–121, 133, 151, 275 ; see also imperative, prohibitive
    • polarity item 79, 92 ; see also NPI
  • Niuean 39, 182–185, 194, 198, 200, 202–203
  • NMM 125, 127–128, 131–133, 135–136, 139–140, 141–144, 146–147, 149–151 ; see also manual marker, non-manual marker
  • non-actualization 21 ; see also actualization
  • non-canonical imperative 2, 39, 66, 181–182, 189, 195–197, 204 ; see also canonical imperative
  • non-compliance 248, 260 ; see also compliance
  • non-controllable 218, 224 ; see also control
  • non-directive 8–9, 16, 22, 33, 63, 99, 159, 202, 235–236 ; see also directive
  • imperative 12, 79, 95
  • use 8, 10–13, 15, 19, 33, 295
  • non-finite 23–24, 26, 32, 37
  • non-manual marker 23, 115, 125, 131, 139, 146 ; see also manual marker, NMM
  • non-parametric test 269, 285
  • non-past 9, 20, 187, 191, 295–296, 306, 314 ; see also past tense
  • NPI 92–93, 104–105 ; see also negative polarity item
  • Nunggubuyu 3–4, 7

O

  • obligation 9, 29, 31, 35, 85, 146, 202, 242, 258, 266, 270, 272–274, 283, 297
  • optative 5, 39, 201, 203–204, 234, 265, 267, 271, 285
  • optionality 115, 211, 229, 244–245, 248–250, 252, 260–261
  • order 7, 10, 12, 18, 30–32, 39, 54, 67–68, 71, 73, 97, 114, 116–117, 121–123, 128, 132, 137, 151, 199, 201, 209, 211–212, 222–225, 227–229, 232–233, 235, 266, 269, 273, 275, 283, 286, 297
  • overlap model 291–292, 312–314

P

  • paradigm 2, 4, 22, 53, 55–57, 61, 64–66, 73, 75, 119, 133, 195, 252, 298, 300, 303, 309–310
    • imperative, imperative paradigm
  • particle 31–32, 39, 122, 142, 144, 150, 181–183, 186-192, 194–205, 215–216, 219–220, 224, 226, 228, 231, 301
    • -marked imperative 39, 183, 186–188
    • modal, modal particle
  • passive 28–30, 182, 193–195, 202, 204
  • past
    • imperative 14
    • participle 26–28, 31–32, 34
      • directive, directive past participle
    • tense 14 ; see also non-past
  • perfective 14, 20 ; see also imperfective
  • performative 10, 29, 36, 214–215, 293
  • permission 6–7, 11–12, 30, 32–33, 39, 117, 122–123, 128, 130, 132, 140, 146, 151, 161, 209, 211–212, 214–216, 219–220, 225–229, 232–235, 266, 269, 297
  • phonological augment 190–191, 194, 204
  • plea 30
  • politeness 2, 17, 19–20, 23–24, 35–37, 39, 67, 71, 113, 116, 122, 137, 139, 144, 152, 160, 165, 169, 173–174, 188, 194, 198–199, 201, 204, 242, 244, 248–251, 253, 256, 260–262, 271, 274, 279, 284, 286, 296, 300, 314 see also impolite
    • theory 2, 169
  • Polynesian 18, 39–41, 181–183, 185–186, 193, 195–202, 204–205
  • Portuguese 294, 296–297, 299–300, 302–305, 307, 311
  • positive face 36, 173
  • possibility 7, 29, 58, 84–85, 105, 146
  • potentiality 11–12, 21, 30, 58, 217, 219, 229–230, 255–256, 295, 306
  • power 9–10, 35, 122, 244–245, 249–250, 253, 266, 274–275, 277, 286, 295, 297
  • preparatory precondition 35, 216, 219, 230, 273 ; see also felicity condition
  • prohibition 32, 39, 209, 211–212, 220, 222–225, 227–229, 232–233, 235
  • prohibitive 21–22, 28, 57, 189, 267, 280 ; see also imperative, negative imperative
  • propositional content 95, 99, 103, 212, 219, 228, 232, 244, 270, 273, 293, 296, 304
  • prosodic deixis 304, 314
  • prosody 81, 122, 125, 127, 164, 187, 292, 300, 304, 307
  • protasis 8, 14, 22, 219, 231 ; see also apodosis, conditional clause
  • prototype 6, 9–10, 12, 265
  • proximal imperative 19, 71 see also distal imperative
    • Pukapukan 39, 182–186, 194, 198

Q

  • questionnaire 40–41, 265, 268–269, 274–277, 281–282, 284–286

R

  • Rapanui 39, 181–182, 189–190, 194, 196–197, 199–201
  • realis 20–21, 58–59, 68, 197 ; see also irrealis
  • recommendations 18, 128, 130, 132, 151, 160
  • register 115, 183, 188, 268
  • reinforcement 20, 40, 166, 272, 280, 285–286 ; see also boosting, intensification
  • repetition 171, 173, 232, 265, 268, 272–275, 280–281, 283–284, 286
  • reported imperative 72, 267 ; see also second-hand imperative
  • reproach 14
  • request 1, 7, 10, 12, 17, 25, 29–33, 36–37, 39, 97, 113, 130, 140, 144, 160, 209, 211, 213–217, 219–220, 225, 229–235, 241–245, 247, 250–251, 254–262, 266, 269, 273, 285–286, 293, 296–297, 305–306
    • -oriented 241, 262
  • rhetorical
    • exclamative 81, 105–106
    • imperative 12, 22, 79–80, 81–82, 269
    • question 81–82, 98, 104–106
  • Romance 24, 40–41, 291–292, 294–304, 306, 309, 311, 313–314
  • Romanian 294, 298–300, 303, 305, 307, 310, 313
  • Russian 13–14, 16, 20, 24, 26, 82, 98, 100

S

  • Samoan 39, 182–186, 194, 198
  • schema 9–10, 295, 297–298, 306, 314
  • second-hand imperative 53 ; see also reported imperative
  • semantic role 271, 293
  • semi-formal imperative 246–247, 249, 260–261
  • sentence type 11, 19, 23–24, 85, 111, 118, 151
  • sign language 6, 22–23, 41, 111–116, 118, 123–128, 133, 136, 142–144, 151–152
  • SignGram 112
  • social distance 35, 260, 275
  • Spanish 5, 8, 22–23, 25–26, 28, 35, 40–41, 79–83, 88, 93–94, 96–97, 121, 265–269, 271, 274–275, 282, 285–286, 294–296, 298–305, 307, 311, 313,
  • speech act 2, 6–8, 10, 17, 24, 29–31, 33–36, 73–74, 79–82, 84, 95, 97, 102, 105–106, 116–117, 161, 214–216, 241, 243–244, 265, 269, 272–273, 280–281, 286, 292–293, 295, 297
    • directive, directive speech act
    • indirect, indirect speech act
    • theory 6, 8, 10, 161, 243
  • speech style 245, 251
  • stative 18, 123, 132, 188, 201, 203
  • subjunctive 5, 26, 39, 56, 58, 73, 83, 93, 117, 119, 121–122, 202–204, 224, 265–268, 270, 275, 282, 292, 294–295, 299–300, 303, 307, 311
  • subordinate 5, 15, 23, 25, 27, 30, 33, 57, 117, 175, 209, 211–212, 214, 229, 231, 235–236, 267, 311
  • suggestion 7, 10, 17–18, 30, 67, 128, 130–131, 133, 201, 218, 244, 252, 297
  • Swedish 39, 209–213, 216, 218, 229, 233–236, 267

T

  • Tahitian 39, 182, 190–192, 194, 199–204
  • tense 3, 14, 19, 30, 39, 55–58, 66, 168, 181, 199, 243, 296
    • future, future tense
    • past, past tense
  • third person
    • addressee 196–197, 204, 216, 218, 224–225, 227
    • directive 234
    • imperative 15, 196, 266, 270
  • threat 10, 30, 39, 97, 117, 209, 211, 213, 216–220, 229–231, 233–235, 297
  • Tokelauan 39, 182–185, 194–196, 198–200, 202–203
  • Tongan 183–185, 189, 194–195
  • transcategorization 40, 291–292, 297–298, 303, 306–310, 312–314
  • truth conditionality 11, 13, 30, 84, 293
  • Tukang Besi 21
  • Tuvaluan 39, 182–186, 194–196, 198–203

U

  • undesirable 16, 149, 217, 219, 227–228, 230 ; see also desirable
  • urgency 17, 25, 146, 277, 286
  • usage-based 8, 13

V

  • Vaeakau-Taumako 39, 182–184, 194
  • ventriloquizing 176
  • vocative 26, 88, 93, 134, 192, 231, 302
  • volition 29, 123, 132, 135, 141, 143, 151, 216, 311

W

  • warning 7, 10, 17, 30–31, 72, 79, 160, 217, 269, 295, 297, 311
  • wish 8, 26, 31–32, 34, 80, 117, 235, 265, 284, 293, 302
  • word order 3, 79, 114, 120, 147, 151–152