Subject index

• adjunct 53–57, 59–61, 117, 238, 241
  • comment56

• adverb 5, 10, 47–84, 189
  • attitudinal 48, 52–53, 57, 66
  • hearsay5
  • illocutionary 47–84
  • interpersonal 47–84
  • manner 50, 53, 62, 70–79
  • modal 135–138

• adverbial 49, 56–57, 73, 78, 216, 241–242

• affectedness 90, 99–106, 110–113, 119–121, 123, 126

• Affix 6, 227, 248–250, 253, 262, 266, 268

• affixation 217, 219–220, 242, 234, 244–245, 264
  • derivational 250–252
  • lexical 240–243, 248–249, 268

• agglutinating language 241, 246

• agreement 8, 32, 91, 118, 208–209, 222–224, 237–238, 246, 249, 254
  • person 93–94, 215, 217, 222, 224, 228
  • syntactic228

• alethic modalitysee modality

• alignment 222, 224, 226–227, 233, 261–265

• analytic language 234, 240, 267

• A-negationsee negation, Discourse Act

• animacy 89, 91–93, 97, 103, 107–109, 112–113, 214, 262, 265

• anisomorphism 233, 253–254, 257–258, 264 ; see also isomorphism

• antonymy 32, 35, 40, 43

• apersonal polysynthesissee polysynthesis

• apposition 118, 238, 246

• Ascriptive Subactsee Subact of Ascription

• Ascriptive Subact negationsee negation

• Aside 66–67, 78, 82

• aspect 3, 147, 237, 251

• attitudinal adverbsee adverb

• auxiliary 24, 29
  • modal 131–165

• Background27

• beliefs 134, 150

• binominal intensifier (BI) 187–191

• binominal noun phrase, evaluative (EBNP) 169–202

• bleaching 28, 75, 172–173, 176, 198, 253

• body part noun 99–100, 103, 104, 107, 238, 259, 263

• bound morphemesee morpheme

• cartographic approach21

• causative 252, 267

• certainty 132–133, 141, 143, 150, 156, 158, 165 ; see also necessity

• circumfix246

• classifier 170, 172–173, 175, 193, 199

• clausal position 48, 62, 71, 72–73, 77, 84 ; see also word order

• clause incorporationsee incorporation

• clefting 53–55, 56, 62, 71–72, 83–84

• clinesee also continuum
  • affectedness 111, 113
  • affixal – compositional244
  • configurationality 116, 119
  • topicality107
  • participant91
  • possibility – necessity 132–133

• clitic 122, 209, 211, 220, 229, 237

• C-negationsee negation

• Communicated Content 5, 27, 34, 38–39, 41, 48–50, 64, 66, 73, 79, 82, 124–125, 257–258, 265

• Communicated Content negationsee negation

• compositional 244–245, 260

• compounding 29, 31, 173, 264
  • lexical249
  • synthetic246

• concessive conditional 154–155

• concord 19, 41, 146, 179, 246

• conditional clause 42 ; see also if-clause, modality

• Co–negationsee negation

• Configurational Property 6, 28, 42, 79, 257, 260, 266

• Configurational Propertysee negation

• Construction Grammar 169–170, 201, 250

• contextual component 3, 121, 125, 199

• continuumsee also cline
  • polysynthetic – analytic 255–256
  • subjective – objective description173

• contrast 22, 34–35, 65, 212–213, 217, 221

• coordination 25, 33, 54, 62, 75, 84, 180, 182, 186, 188

• cross reference 207, 222–226, 228–229, 237, 246

• cumulation246

• degree modifier 76, 173–175, 193, 201

• Denial 38–39, 41, 43

• deontic modalitysee modality

• derivation 32, 35, 234, 236, 240

• descriptive modificationsee modification

• determiner 33–34, 111, 114, 116, 179, 184, 186, 189–190, 194

• Disagreement 32, 35, 43

• discontinuity 9, 222, 246

• Discourse Act 2–3, 5, 7, 11, 19–20, 36, 38, 48, 61–84, 120

• Discourse Act negationsee negation

• dishortativesee Illocution

• disjunct 53–54, 57, 61, 66, 71

• Distributed Morphology250

• double negationsee negation

• dynamic modalitysee modality

• embedding 50, 52–53, 62, 70, 74, 180

• empathy 90, 97, 99, 102–107, 110, 119, 124, 126

• emphasis 65, 199, 212–213

• Encoding 2–4, 6, 8–9, 17–18, 61, 195, 197, 200, 222, 225, 241, 245–246, 248, 252, 257–260

• e-negationsee negation, State-of-Affairs

• Episode 6, 12, 18–19, 23–26, 41–42, 79, 131, 143, 158, 164–165, 252

• Episode negationsee negation

• epistemic modalitysee modality

• ep-negationsee negation, Episode

• evaluative binominal noun phrasesee binominal noun phrase

• event serializationsee serialization

• evidentiality 10, 18, 49–50, 52, 66, 69, 71, 250 see also modification, evidential
  • inferential 133–134, 159–165
  • lexical expression of160

• expletive subjectsee subject

• external negationsee negation

• External Possession Construction 89–126

• extraction 180, 186, 188

• extraposition246

• facultative modalitysee modality

• Failure 35, 43

• fc-negationsee negation, Configurational Property

• first person singularsee person morphology

• fl-negationsee negation, Lexical Property

• F-negationsee negation, Illocutionary

• Focus 5, 24, 27, 34–35, 65, 112, 174, 176, 197, 199, 213, 236, 250–251

• focus marker 22, 174, 184, 201

• Formulation 2–4, 6–8, 17–19, 61, 66, 121, 222, 248, 257

• frame 3–4, 10, 28, 120, 126

• free word ordersee also non-configurationalitysee word order

• function 2–3, 9–10, 18, 64, 67–68, 79, 263
  • pragmatic 5, 18, 22, 27, 81, 125, 176, 197, 199
  • rhetorical 18, 64, 67–68, 79, 82–83
  • semantic 6, 18, 197, 263
  • syntactic 7, 18, 262–263

• Fund 247, 250, 258

• fusional246

• Generative Grammar 22, 56–58, 170, 221, 237

• grammatical morphemesee morpheme

• grammatical Wordsee Word

• grammaticalization 10, 18, 29, 114, 171–172, 176, 178–179, 189–191, 193, 196, 198, 201, 214, 217–218, 234, 253, 266–267

• Grammaticon250

• head marking 234, 238, 242–243

• head-qualifier 177, 181–185, 192–197, 200–201

• holophrasis 234, 237, 239–242, 248

• hypothetical modalitysee also conditional clause, if-clausesee modality

• idiomatic expression246

• identifiability 3, 123–124, 262

• if-clause 56, 70 ; see also conditional clause

• Illocution 5, 7, 37, 48–50, 64, 68–69, 79, 81–83, 151
  • dishortative37
  • interrogative 38–142, 151 ; see also questioning
  • prohibitive37

• illocutionary adverbsee adverb

• Illocutionary negationsee negation

• impersonal construction 136, 149–150, 153

• implicational hierarchy 9, 255, 266

• inalienable possession 99–101, 110, 259, 263

• incorporation 120, 234–235, 238–239, 241–245, 247–249, 258–259, 261, 263, 266–267 see also serialization
  • clause254
  • Property 259
  • noun 120, 234, 238, 241–245, 247–248, 258, 263, 267
  • verb 238–239, 259

• Individual 6–7, 120, 174–175, 195–197, 226–227, 253–254, 257–258, 261, 265–266

• inferentialitysee evidentiality, inferential

• infix246

• intensifier 172, 177, 187, 189, 191–194, 199–200
  • adjective- 172–173, 176, 200
  • noun- 192–194

• interface 11, 222–223

• Internal Possession Construction 98, 105–106, 121–122

• interpersonal adverbsee adverb

• intersubjectivity132

• intonation 50, 54, 56–58, 60, 65

• Intonational Phrase 7, 54, 63, 65, 67–68

• isolating language 240, 246

• isomorphism 8, 248, 253 ; see also anisomorphism

• L2 speaker 266–257

• language contact 266–267

• layering20
  • word-internal 253, 258, 260–261, 264

• learnability 266–267

• lexeme 10, 20, 176, 197, 236–237, 245–246, 250, 252–253

• Lexeme negationsee negation

• lexical content 6, 189, 248–250, 252, 255

• lexical density 233, 235, 248–253, 255–256, 264, 266

• lexical expression of modalitysee modality

• lexical expression of truth-commitmentsee truth-commitment

• lexical expression of evidentialitysee evidentiality

• lexical morphemesee morpheme

• lexical operator 176–177, 199–200

• Lexical Property 19, 23, 28, 30, 42, 69, 195, 252, 254, 257

• Lexical Property negationsee negation, Lexical Property

• lexicalization 10, 176, 190–191, 249, 260

• lexicon9
  • vs. grammar 249–250, 253

• Linguistic Expression 6, 247, 261

• litotes 21, 32

• Local negationsee negation

• manner adverbsee adverb

• many-to-one relation222

• Metalinguistic negationsee negation

• mismatch 8–9, 195–197, 200, 222, 226

• modal adverbsee adverb

• modal challenge139

• modalitysee also certainty, necessity, possibility, probability
  • alethic 132, 159
  • deontic 140–145, 147, 164
  • dynamic 143, 148, 164
  • epistemic 12, 17, 131–165
  • facultativesee dynamic
  • hypothetical 142, 151
  • lexical expression of132
  • objective 132–158
  • source of 133, 135, 138, 148–149, 152
  • subjective 12, 131–159

• modification 6, 11–12, 18, 31, 47–84, 113, 118–120, 124, 169–202
  • descriptive 170, 173, 175, 193–194, 197, 199–200
  • hierarchical vs. zone-based approach 170–171, 200–202
  • objective vs. subjective 170, 173, 175, 193, 197, 200
  • reference 175, 196

• moment of speaking 145–148, 151

• monopersonal 239, 241–242

• morpheme 3–4, 6
  • bound (non-root) 240–241, 243–244, 252, 255
  • classes of249
  • grammatical 3, 250, 251
  • lexical 248–249, 256
  • relational 92–93, 122
  • zero237

• morphological complexity 234, 248, 267

• morphological typology 233, 235, 246, 267

• morphology 207–229, 233–268

• Move 5, 64, 73, 80, 125

• multiple negationsee negation

• necessity 132–133, 138, 143, 152, 159, 164–165 ; see also certainty

• negation 17–43, 49, 54, 62, 71–72, 75, 77, 84, 94, 135, 143–145
  • Ascriptive Subact 39–40
  • Communicated Content 38–39
  • Co-negation 35, 43
  • Configurational Property 23, 28–30, 32
  • Discourse Act36
  • double 19, 25, 29, 38, 41–42
  • Episode 23–26
  • external 143, 145
  • Illocutionary 20–21, 30, 36–37
  • Lexeme 32–33
  • Lexical Property 23, 30–33
  • Local 35, 43
  • Metalinguistic 39–41, 43
  • multiple 19–20, 42
  • Predicate 20–21
  • Predicational 20–21
  • Propositional 20–21, 23, 25–27, 38–39
  • Referential Subact40
  • State-of-Affairs 20, 23, 25–28, 30
  • Term21

• Negative Polarity Item (NPI) 7, 25, 34–35, 194–197, 199, 226–227

• Nominal Stemsee Stem

• non-configurationality 113, 116–119, 126, 238 ; see also word order, free

• non-core argument241

• Non-occurrence 35, 43

• non-root bound morphemessee morpheme

• non-sentential polysynthesissee polysynthesis

• noun incorporationsee incorporation

• Noun Phrase 6, 64, 94, 97, 113–116, 118–119, 169–202

• null subject 208, 212, 215 ; see also pro–drop language

• objective descriptive modifiersee modification

• objective modalitysee modality

• of-binominal 169–201

• opacity 8, 208, 221–224, 226, 246, 248, 266–267 ; see also transparency

• overt subjectsee subject

• parenthetical 53, 57–59, 61–62, 66, 71, 78–79, 84

• performativity145

• person agreementsee agreement

• person morphology 207, 218, 221
  • first person 74, 90, 137, 207, 209, 218–220, 225–226, 228–229
  • third person 90–92, 96, 107–108, 122, 124, 209, 211, 218–220, 227–229

• phonetic reduction 177, 219–220, 253

• p-negationsee negation, Propositional

• polarity 22, 25–26, 241, 251 ; see also negation, Negative Polarity Item

• polypersonalism 234, 237–238, 240–243, 248, 268

• polysynthesis 90, 119, 233–268
  • apersonal 241–242
  • non-sentential242

• possessor raisingsee raising

• possibility 132–133, 135–136, 138, 141, 143, 145, 152–153, 155, 158–159, 164–165

• pragmatic functionsee function

• Predicate negationsee negation

• Predicational negationsee negation

• premodificationsee modification

• Principles & Parameters21

• probability 132, 134, 136–138, 152, 156, 158–159, 164–165
  • degrees of 136, 138

• pro-drop language 207 see also null–subject
  • non-pro-drop223
  • partial pro-drop 208, 221

• Prohibition 36, 41, 43

• pronominal argument hypothesis 117, 237

• pronominal subjectsee subject

• Property 5–6, 64, 69, 173–175, 177, 185, 195–199, 258–259, 266 see also Lexical Property, Configurational Property
  • complex 249, 259
  • nominal6
  • verbal 6, 10, 49, 247

• Property incorporationsee incorporation

• Propositional Content 6–7
  • and incorporation270
  • and negationsee negation
  • and truth commitment 133–135, 138–141, 148, 156, 159, 163–165
  • and truth-conditionality 49–50, 53, 66, 73, 79

• Propositional negationsee negation

• prosodic integration 48, 50–51, 53–54, 59–63, 66, 73, 76–79, 81, 83–84

• pseudo-partitive178

• qualitative typology 233, 264

• quantitative typology 255, 264, 268

• questioning 54, 56, 62, 71–72, 83–84, 138–141, 151, 156, 158
  • content question 139, 141

• raising 9, 147, 246
  • possessor 101, 259

• redundancy 8–9, 222, 246

• reference modificationsee modification

• Referential Subactsee Subact of Reference

• Referential Subact negationsee negation, Referential Subact

• referentiality 17, 56, 188, 190–191, 195, 197, 201, 207, 210, 212, 216–217, 220, 223, 229, 258–259

• Rejection 36, 41, 106

• relational inflection 12, 89–97, 99, 102–107, 109–110, 113–119, 123–125

• relative past 146–147

• restrictiveness 51, 54–55, 58–60, 67, 77, 114

• rhetorical functionsee function

• R-negationsee negation, Referential Subact

• Role & Reference Grammar22

• Root 6, 234, 240–241, 243–245, 248–250, 252–253, 268
  • Verbal 249, 255–256

• scope-ordered language 244–245, 255

• secondary lexeme176

• secondary operatorsee operator, lexical

• semantic functionsee function

• semantic integration 53, 58–59, 61–62, 76–79 ; see also truth-conditionality

• serialization 234, 238–239, 248–249, 259–260, 268 see also incorporation
  • event 252, 260
  • verb 239, 244, 259
  • verb root 234, 245, 248

• single reference 225–226, 228

• sort-of 174–176, 191

• source180

• source of modal evaluationsee modality

• space and time 139, 141

• State-of-Affairs negationsee negation

• Stem 6, 91, 94, 238, 240, 247–249, 252–253, 265–267
  • Nominal248
  • Verbal 248–249, 253

• stem alternation247

• Structicon250

• Subact 5, 27, 83, 120–124, 248–249
  • of Ascription 5, 39–40, 42, 64, 79, 174–175, 194–199, 247, 254, 259
  • of Reference 5, 40, 120–121, 123, 174–175, 196–197, 223, 226–227, 247, 252–254, 257–259, 261

• subject 12, 207–208, 213–214, 224–225, 228–229, 262
  • expletive 209, 211
  • overt 208, 214, 216–217, 221, 229
  • post-positioned211
  • pronominal 212–213, 217, 224

• subjective descriptive modificationsee modification

• subjective modalitysee modality

• supplement 54–55, 58–60

• switch-reference 213, 221

• syntactic agreementsee agreement

• syntactic distribution 48, 62, 72, 77, 84

• syntactic functionsee function

• syntactic integration 48, 53–55, 57, 59–62, 66, 71, 73, 76–84

• synthesis 233, 235–236, 24, 248, 250, 254, 267

• synthetic compoundsee compounding

• Systemic Functional Grammar 55, 170, 172

• tag question 27, 30, 32, 163–164

• TAM 224, 241

• template 91, 94, 192, 197–198, 250, 254, 260

• templatic language 244–245, 264

• tense 3, 6, 8, 10, 24, 91, 137, 145–148, 155, 210, 237

• tense concord 146–147

• Term negationsee negation

• third person singularsee person morphology

• T-negationsee negation, Ascriptive Subact

• topicality 90–91, 107–110, 125–126, 262

• transparency 1, 8–9, 64–65, 195, 200, 207–208, 222–224, 227–229, 233, 235, 246, 248, 266–267 see also opacity
  • degrees of 221–222, 224, 229
  • semantic246

• truth-commitment 131–165
  • absence of 139, 141
  • lexical expression of149

• truth-conditional 49, 52–53, 56, 60–63, 66, 68, 70, 72, 75–79, 84 ; see also semantic integration

• Undergoer 6, 18, 89, 117, 119–120, 247–248, 252, 263

• valency 90, 92–94, 98–99, 113, 119, 126, 239, 250–252, 260, 267

• verb incorporationsee incorporation

• Verb Phrase 21, 247

• verb root serializationsee serialization

• verb serializationsee serialization

• verba dicendi258

• verbal morphology 207–229

• Verbal Rootsee Root

• Verbal Stemsee Stem

• Verbal Wordsee Word

• voice 111, 185, 251

• Word 6–7, 195, 245–250, 253–258, 261–262, 264–265
  • grammatical 7, 246
  • verbal 247–248, 253–258, 261–262

• word order 57, 116–117, 119, 234, 238 see also clausal position
  • free 116, 119, 234, 238

• word-internal layeringsee layering

• word-internal subordination254

• yes and nosee Rejection

• zero anaphora 117–118

• zero morphemesee morpheme

• zero-quantification 21–23, 33

• zero verbal form 218, 224, 227–228