Subject concordance

• -(i)p converb187, 202

• -(I)ptI-based narratives144, 145

• {bar} type of predicate126

• {bol} type of predicate126

• absolute existence128
  • abstract comparison213, 222

• accessible 155–156

• activated 160–162 , 165–166 , 276

• activated in discourse162, 165–166

• activation states155

• active concept155

• adjectival attributive possession149, 154

• adjectives38, 69, 149, 151, 156–166 , 206–208 , 212, 214, 218–219 , 222, 224–226 , 231, 368, 383
  • adjectival construction152, 157–158 , 166
  • adjectives derived from common masculine nouns164
  • adjectives derived from common nouns157, 162, 164–165
  • adjectives derived from feminines160, 162
  • adjectives derived from given names 160–161
  • adjectives derived from masculines151, 160, 164–166
  • adjectives derived from proper names156, 160, 162, 165
  • possessive adjective62

• alienability4, 6, 49, 173, 186, 239, 242, 244, 263–264 , 267, 269–271 , 286, 288, 291–293 , 295–296 , 298–299 , 363, 389

• alienable5, 11–12 , 19–22 , 61, 91, 133, 187, 239–245 , 247–258 , 260, 262–274 , 280–281 , 284–285 , 287, 289, 291, 293, 295–296 , 299, 304, 308, 321, 324, 357, 366, 389
  • alienability split267, 389

• anaphoricity 155–156

• animacy4, 119, 151, 154–155 , 172, 239, 241, 252, 255, 263, 282, 292–293 , 298, 324, 365, 372, 379, 387–388 , 390
  • animacy hierarchy154
  • animate possessor241, 252, 254

• archaism66

• article7, 18, 23, 25, 48, 51, 53, 55–56 , 58–62 , 68, 70–79 , 81–83 , 92, 104–105 , 109, 120, 125, 149, 151, 187, 205, 207, 211, 214–215 , 221, 230, 239–241 , 244, 259, 262, 272–273 , 277–278 , 280, 283–285 , 292, 307, 311

• association2, 7–8 , 10, 16–18 , 21–22 , 101, 153, 160, 205, 300–302 , 307, 318, 342, 363

• attribution2, 153, 169–170 , 173, 176–177 , 182, 188, 334

• belong-construction40, 118, 315–316 , 320–321 , 326, 328–332 , 334, 336–339 , 341–342 , 344–347 , 352, 354, 357

• belong-verb326, 332, 347–348 , 350–355

• be-possession316, 319–320 , 323, 339, 341–345 , 347–348 , 350, 353, 357See {bar} type of predicate{bol} type of predicate

• body part8, 10, 12, 20, 24, 61, 110, 112, 193, 200, 203, 241, 248–249 , 256, 269, 273, 280–282 , 286, 322, 329

• bridging 299–301 , 303, 305–308

• canonical possessive 14–16 , 19, 85–86 , 91, 93–94 , 96, 99, 187–188 , 205, 215
  • non-canonical possessive constructions14, 16, 19, 187, 205
  • canonical possessive construction14, 16, 215

• case2, 13, 16, 53–55 , 57–60 , 62–63 , 66–73 , 75–76 , 78–82 , 104, 106–109 , 114, 117, 119-120 , 127–129 , 173, 179, 181-182 , 189, 195, 199, 202, 205–207 , 209–211 , 221, 225, 232, 242–246 , 258–262 , 272, 293, 295–296 , 298-299 , 301, 308, 363, 366–367 , 372,374, 379–382 , 388–389
  • adessive119, 173, 182, 243, 250, 260
  • elative19, 106, 108, 111, 121, 205, 213, 216–217 , 219–227 , 231, 244, 250–251 , 259–260 , 296, 309
  • genitive5, 10, 13–14 , 16–18 , 23, 53–55 , 57–63 , 66, 68–83 , 85, 87–88 , 90, 95–96 , 98, 100, 103, 106, 109, 112, 118–121 , 128–129 , 131, 138, 145–146 , 149–153 , 171, 187–191 , 194–198 , 202, 204–207 , 221, 224–226 , 233–234 , 239, 241–260 , 262–265 , 285, 293, 296–298 , 305, 309, 314, 316, 327–328 , 331–332 , 334, 337–339 , 354, 357, 363, 365–367 , 369–370 , 372, 376–385 , 388, 390–391
  • illative23, 108, 121, 296, 309
  • inessive 108–109 , 114–116 , 119, 121, 173, 182, 243, 264
  • local19, 93, 104, 106–109 , 114, 116–117 , 119, 182, 243, 367
  • nominative16, 54, 59–60 , 63, 69–72 , 74–75 , 77–81 , 83, 104, 121, 173, 179, 202, 272, 285, 293, 298, 309, 357, 374
  • vocative17, 69–70 , 72, 83, 190, 294, 304–306 , 308

• center-embedding55

• Circum-Baltic area 181–182 , 185

• classifier11, 23, 245, 357

• clitic53, 55, 327–328

• cohesion164, 166

• collocational character281, 285

• comment115

• common nouns53, 56, 59, 68, 73, 79, 157, 159, 161–165 , 379

• comparison205, 208-7 –209, 211–213 , 215, 218–222 , 231
  • comparative construction 209–210 , 214
  • compared object 208–209 , 211–213 , 218–222
  • comparandum208

• compound61, 63, 73, 79, 81, 85, 196, 221

• conceptual distance7, 11, 196, 270

• concrete objects 268–269

• condensation164

• connotation4, 40, 97

• constituent order 52–60 , 64, 66–67 , 70–71 , 75, 78, 153

• construct60, 83

• contact phenomena125, 136, 145-146 , 275, 278, 284–285

• context generalization 277–278 , 280

• contrastive topic 304–308

• converb clauses188

• copula38, 41, 83, 105, 112, 146–147 , 201, 225, 265, 319, 323, 326, 331, 341, 351, 357
  • copular clause 127–128
  • copular marker130, 141, 144

• corpus 27–28 , 36, 39–40 , 42–43 , 86, 109, 114–115 , 136, 149, 151, 154, 156–157 , 163–164 , 166–167 , 170, 179, 183–184 , 224, 233, 239, 242–244 , 256, 261, 267–269 , 280, 283, 286, 289, 291–292 , 295–299 , 325, 328–329 , 337, 342–344 , 352, 354–356 , 359, 365, 373–374

• corpus of spoken language151

• dative complement281

• default 53–54 , 60, 69, 71–72 , 272–275 , 318, 339, 387

• definiteness 513, 18, 23–24 , 92, 101, 155, 159, 161, 280–281 , 287, 291–292 , 294, 298, 300–301 , 303, 305–308 , 310, 318
  • definite article18, 25, 53, 55–56 , 58–60 , 68, 70–79 , 81–82 , 214, 272–273 , 277–278 , 280, 283–285 , 307, 311

• degree operators214, 233

• demonstrative41, 99, 190, 196, 245, 247, 257, 265, 307, 309, 357

• dependent marking55

• diachronic analysis166, 269, 271, 274, 281, 285, 310

• diffusion268, 276, 278, 385

• discourse294

• discourse categories294
  • discourse level 144–145
  • discourse status281, 284, 305
  • discourse-related distribution125

• dominant language259, 275

• donor language 275–276

• double-marking57

• dynamic possession138, 141

• eclipsis73, 76

• economic motivation7, 10, 14, 16, 22, 24, 196, 204, 287

• economy (of language means)16, 230, 232, 302

• emergence of linguistic structure154

• emphasis294, 304

• ethical meaning294

• European linguistic area 149–150 , 185, 287

• evaluative modality212

• evidential (marker)130, 142, 146

• evolution of splits284

• existence
  • existence clause125, 127, 129, 132
  • existential predicate127

• experience 169–170 , 173, 176–179 , 181–183

• experiencer 178–179 , 183

• extension8, 176, 277–278 , 283, 285, 309, 379–380 , 384–385

• external change278

• external possession1, 149, 167–168

• familiarity4, 14–15 , 17–19 , 22–23 , 85, 87, 92–94 , 97, 100
  • • intimacy188

• feature evaluation214, 231

• first person possessor 1720

• focus3, 25, 27, 125–129 , 146, 149, 155, 175, 177, 198, 214, 234, 240, 258, 265, 272, 288, 314–317 , 321, 325, 331, 338, 340, 347, 354–355 , 365, 390

• frequency10, 14, 28, 45, 149, 151, 154, 157–158 , 160–162 , 164–167 , 230, 267, 270–271 , 275, 277, 279, 281–282 , 285, 289, 292, 297–298 , 342, 348, 353, 365, 371–372 , 380, 384, 387
  • frequency distributions149, 151, 154, 161, 167
  • frequency-based approach270
  • functional explanations149, 166

• -GAn-based narratives144

• gender55, 62, 71, 73, 79, 160–161 , 189, 256, 272, 285, 374

• genericity298

• genitive construction150, 152, 196, 249

• genitive possessive construction151, 187, 194

• genitive possessor85, 96, 98, 100, 145

• genitive suffix57, 66, 120, 131, 138, 190, 242, 244–245 , 248, 251, 255, 257

• given names156, 160–162 , 165

• gradation3, 104, 205, 212
  • gradability214, 234

• grammaticalization5, 24–25 , 49, 123, 147, 171, 182–183 , 185, 267–268 , 271, 277–278 , 283, 285–287 , 291–292 , 294, 297, 305, 307–310 , 356, 362, 384–385 , 391
  • grammaticalization process277, 283, 385

• hapax legomena164

• have-verb 149–150 , 322, 327, 329–332 , 334–336 , 339, 355
  • have-construction103, 109, 116, 120, 321, 326–327 , 330, 332, 335–339 , 345, 353, 357
  • have-possession319, 324

• head marking58, 82, 293

• head-final73, 82

• hesitation 305–306 , 308–309

• hierarchical structure51

• hyperlative205, 213, 215–216 , 218–219 , 222–223 , 226, 231

• Icelandic Parsed Historical Corpus (IcePaHC)268, 276, 281, 286, 289

• economic motivation7, 10, 14, 16, 22, 24, 196, 204, 287

• iconicity3, 7, 11, 16, 22, 24, 270
  • iconicity model270
  • iconic motivation7, 10–11 , 16, 22, 264

• idiomatic expressions201, 204

• implicit possessum160

• inalienability24, 91, 173, 187, 239, 241–242 , 263, 265, 286, 288, 296, 389

• indexing55, 57, 63–64 , 66–67 , 145

• information structure127, 146, 151, 155, 168, 292, 294

• intermediate possessum56

• intermediate possessa52, 54, 66

• internal change278, 284

• interrogative9, 147, 243, 248, 315

• interrupted language transmission27, 29, 48

• Intraterminal 141–142 , 144

• juxtaposition2, 10–13 , 15, 264, 270, 293, 380–382 , 388

• kin (term)10, 17, 20, 240, 246, 256, 268, 280, 283–285 , 321, 333–334 , 345, 366, 389

• kinship2, 5, 8, 10–12 , 14, 17, 20–23 , 61, 88–91 , 133, 146, 152–153 , 155, 162, 165–166 , 172, 185, 190, 192–193 , 200, 205, 226, 229, 240–242 , 255, 268–269 , 271, 273–274 , 278–281 , 283–284 , 286–287 , 292, 296, 299, 322, 346, 365, 380–383 , 385–388 , 390
  • kinship relations2, 8, 10, 17, 22, 91, 153, 172, 229, 240–241 , 278, 386
  • kinship term20, 133, 155, 162, 166, 193, 242, 273, 279

• language contact8, 19, 29, 47, 267–268 , 276–278 , 284–285 , 287, 356

• language policy283

• language purism280

• lenition 68–69 , 71, 73–75 , 77–81

• lexical borrowing272

• linguistic pressure271

• location8, 14, 21, 29, 38, 45–48 , 88–90 , 127–128 , 130, 132, 153, 169, 171–173 , 176–177 , 182, 259, 281, 358

• locative possessor145

• major use pattern279

• markedness322

• medieval 271–272 , 274–275 , 278, 284, 365, 374, 385, 390

• micro-variation313, 317, 325, 340, 346, 348, 355–356

• minor use pattern276

• -mIş-based narratives144

• model language281

• morphology53, 57, 59–60 , 65, 69, 83–84 , 88, 104-105 , 108, 123, 153, 194, 204, 240, 264, 271, 298, 311, 374, 380, 388, 391

• morphosyntactic similarity129

• multifunctional verb125, 137, 146

• mutation (Celtic)69, 74, 76–77

• narrative discourse (type) 141–142

• nasalization73, 76

• negative verb107

• New Speakers27, 29, 48–49

• nominalization191, 253

• non-canonical possessive 14–16 , 19, 91, 94, 96, 187, 205, 215

• Nondeictic nunc narrative142

• non-verbal predicate127, 140, 146

• object position293

• orientation2, 8, 21, 153, 240, 265, 344, 355

• ownership 1–2 , 5, 8, 10–11 , 14, 21–22 , 24, 37, 48, 88–90 , 147, 153, 167, 169–170 , 172, 174–175 , 177, 179–181 , 184, 187, 191, 197–198 , 203–205 , 233, 240, 265, 280, 286, 292, 309, 318, 322, 324, 338, 346, 354, 361–362 , 365, 378, 380–383 , 385–388 , 390

• own-construction 338–339 , 345, 347, 352–353 , 355, 357

• parallel literary corpus325, 343, 355

• parameter of comparison 208–209 , 211, 220, 222

• partitive206, 226, 244, 250, 294, 301, 306, 369, 372, 376, 392

• part-whole relationships2, 10–11 , 14, 19, 21, 88-90 , 110, 113–114 , 119, 152–153 , 171, 175, 178, 182, 191, 195, 205, 222, 240–241 , 249, 286, 292, 342, 347, 361, 369, 371–372 , 376, 384, 387

• past copular marker130

• person reference 157–158

• plot-advancing viewpoint marker144

• possessed 10–13 , 17, 19–22 , 24, 40, 52, 132, 134, 136, 171, 190, 205–207 , 211–212 , 218, 227, 231, 240, 256, 268–269 , 271–274 , 277–278 , 281, 284–285 , 294, 310, 328–329 , 331–332 , 334, 339–340 , 351

• possessee2, 4, 7, 11–19 , 21, 34, 85, 88–91 , 96, 98–99 , 108, 110, 112, 114, 117–120 , 125, 128–131 , 133, 136, 138, 145–146 , 170, 172–173 , 178, 188–190 , 193, 196, 198, 202–204 , 239–242 , 244, 251, 254–256 , 263–264 , 306, 315, 318, 322, 326–327 , 329, 331, 334, 336, 338, 346, 354, 357, 365, 378, 386–388

• possession
  • adnominal possession 4–5 , 7, 112, 172, 267, 287, 310, 316, 365–366 , 373, 378, 385–388 , 390–391
  • alienable possession 11–12 , 19–22 , 91, 187, 241, 269, 271–274 , 280
  • inalienable possession 10–11 , 171, 177, 188, 200, 240–241 , 266–267 , 269–270 , 273–274 , 278, 281, 284, 287, 291, 324, 366, 371, 387, 389
  • predicative possession2, 4, 6, 27–30 , 36, 40–41 , 47–49 , 86, 101, 103, 119–120 , 123, 125, 134–135 , 148–150 , 168–170 , 172–173 , 181–182 , 185, 198, 203, 313, 316, 319–322 , 325, 332, 334, 337–338 , 340, 355, 363, 386, 392
  • unlimited possession199
  • substantival possession316, 334, 363
  • abstract possession29, 171–172 , 174–176
  • attributive possession129, 149, 151, 154, 163, 189, 197, 240, 267, 281, 365, 388–389
  • attributive pronominal possession268, 271–272
  • temporary possession27, 29, 39–40 , 117, 119, 133, 146, 171–172 , 174, 199–200
  • current possession199

• Possession Schemas 28–30 , 32, 36–41 , 43–48 , 171–173 , 182–183 , 281, 326–328 , 331–332 , 334–342 , 351, 354–355
  • Action Schema171, 183, 326, 335–336 , 338–340 , 354
  • Companion Schema30, 39–40 , 47, 351, 354
  • Genitive Schema327, 331–332 , 337–339
  • Goal Schema32, 37–40 , 43, 45, 47, 327, 332, 336, 341
  • Equation Schema326, 328, 332, 334–335 , 337, 340–342 , 354–355
  • Location Schema 45–48 , 171–173 , 182, 281
  • Topic Schema338

• possession marker9, 125, 127, 138–140 , 144, 271

• possession split 2–3 , 27, 40, 170, 274

• possessive chain16, 64, 66, 72, 79, 82

• possessive clause 105–112 , 114–120 , 125, 128–129 , 202

• possessive construction 8–9 , 11–12 , 14–16 , 18, 21, 41, 44, 51–53 , 56, 58, 61–63 , 66, 68, 72–73 , 76, 81, 87, 151, 158, 170, 172, 176, 179, 187, 191, 194, 198, 207, 215, 219, 227, 232, 242, 280, 282, 328, 341, 345–346 , 348, 350–351 , 353–354 , 356, 381
  • meanings of s 7–9 , 18–19 , 176, 292, 366, 372–373 , 381, 385–387 , 389
  • prenominal possessive construction158
  • de-locative possessive constructions 171–172

• possessive notions2, 169, 171–176 , 181–182 , 318, 322

• possessive pronoun9, 17–18 , 40, 71, 74, 77, 80, 156, 272, 274–275 , 278–279 , 282–284 , 316, 326, 334, 357, 383
  • postposed possessive pronoun272, 274, 278
  • postnominal possessive pronoun275, 282
  • preceding possessive pronoun80
  • prenominal possessive pronoun275, 279, 283–284

• possessive suffix12, 14, 17, 57, 63–64 , 66–67 , 85–86 , 91, 95, 98, 120, 128, 131, 134, 188–190 , 192, 197, 202–203 , 291, 295, 301, 303

• Possessor Camouflage3, 16, 51, 62–65 , 67, 71, 75, 81–83

• postterminal142, 147

• pragmatic3, 5, 154, 191, 203, 205, 222, 272, 298, 305, 307–308 , 321, 347

• pragmaticization291, 307

• possessor
  • prenominal possessors151, 154–155
  • prepositional possessor151
  • possessor marking126, 131, 145
  • intermediate possessor16, 51, 56–58 , 60, 63, 65–67 , 71–72 , 75, 77–80 , 82–83

• prepositional phrase5, 89, 273, 282–283 , 357, 366–367 , 369–373 , 375–376 , 383–385 , 388–389

• presumption130, 145

• processing constraints55

• productivity 164–165

• prominence149, 151, 154–157 , 160, 166, 331, 347
  • prominence hierarchies149, 154, 156–157 , 166
  • prominence scales155

• pronominal
  • pronominal and adjectival possessive constructions 150–151 , 154
  • pronominal attributive possession149
  • pronominal construction152
  • pronominal possession 268–269 , 271–273 , 288, 326
  • prenominal attributive possession151

• proper name 73–76 , 78, 80, 154, 158–159 , 163, 166, 194, 204, 378

• proper noun155, 158, 383, 388–389

• protagonism299

• prototypical105, 131, 146, 153–154 , 160–164 , 166, 169–172 , 175–178 , 181, 183, 205–209 , 211, 213, 232, 269, 281, 284–285 , 386–390

• quantifier 209–210 , 294

• recursion51, 84

• recursive16, 51, 53

• referentiality155, 158, 195, 222, 274, 280
  • referential distance299
  • referential properties88, 90, 96, 160, 292–293 , 298

• relational nouns162, 270, 280, 294, 296, 298–299 , 329

• relative frequency154, 162, 297

• relator nouns298, 309, 311

• replica language276

• replication276, 278–279 , 284

• reversible process278

• self-embedding55, 84

• semantic basis270, 285, 296

• semantic category192, 203

• semi-active concept155

• societal practices20

• specificity 11–13 , 18, 23, 101, 155, 264, 294, 298, 300–301 , 303, 306, 308

• speech act participants16, 22

• spontaneous data151, 166

• Sprachbund185, 340

• standard of comparison19, 208–209 , 211–213 , 231

• static marker125, 138, 142, 144–145

• static possession marker125, 139–140

• subject position179, 281, 284, 374

• superlativity211
  • superlative degree207, 213, 221

• syntactic properties4, 85, 98

• textual cohesion164

• thematicity155, 157

• token154, 157–158 , 164, 342

• token frequency154, 157–158 , 342

• topic3, 15, 17–18 , 92, 95, 126–129 , 147, 170–171 , 183, 188, 195, 198, 203, 294, 299, 301–308 , 318, 327, 330, 335, 338

• topic persistence299

• totality evaluation214, 231

• translation13, 35, 37–38 , 40–41 , 44–45 , 75, 78, 117, 120, 170, 179, 198, 204, 229, 276, 287, 331, 334, 341–342 , 346, 348, 350

• translation-induced language change276, 287

• type frequency154, 275, 277, 279, 282

• typology5, 24–25 , 47, 49, 51, 82, 101, 147, 167, 170, 184–185 , 204, 233, 240, 265, 286–287 , 309–310 , 313, 323–324 , 356, 361–363 , 391–392
  • typological 2–4 , 7, 11, 24, 47, 53, 82, 84, 105, 126, 150–151 , 154, 167, 170, 172, 182, 184–185 , 214, 241, 286, 293–294 , 310, 316–318 , 321, 324, 344

• ultimate possessor52, 58, 62, 65, 71–72 , 77, 79–83

• ultimate possessum52, 54, 56, 60, 81–82

• unmarked14, 16–17 , 22, 66, 85, 96, 158, 161, 179, 245, 257, 261, 264, 271, 273–274 , 278, 280, 283, 316, 322

• usage-based approach149, 151

• use pattern276, 278–279 , 283–284

• verbal predicate127, 130, 137, 140, 146, 329

• vocabulary growth curve164

• word order98, 101, 105, 118, 150, 275–276 , 278, 285, 287

• word order change276, 287

• written/spoken language distinction156