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Agreement in Language Contact: Gender development in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
Florian Dolberg
[Studies in Language Companion Series 208] 2019
► pp. ix–xiv

List of figures

Figure 1.Hierarchy of Individuation with cut-off-points for Standard Modern English (dashed line), South-West Midland ME (continuous line), and West Somerset English (dotted line). Adapted from Sasse (1993: 659), Siemund (2008: 140), and Stenroos (2008: 468)57
Figure 2.Distribution of Scandinavian settlement names ending in -by, and those that form Grimston-hybrids, adapted from Richards (1991: 34)82
Figure 3.Hierarchy of Individuation with cut-off-points for Standard Modern English (dashed line), South-West Midland Middle English (continuous line), and West Somerset English (dottted line). Adapted from Sasse (1993: 659), Siemund (2008: 140), and Stenroos (2008: 468)138
Figure 4.Overview of noun phrases contained in the 196-NP Orosius sample164
Figure 5.Traditional OE gender assignment (orange) and deviations from it (black) in the Orosius sample165
Figure 6.Distribution of number in the Orosius sample. The green slivers atop the first two columns represent five data points each. The final four columns show the number distribution in the four classes, aggregated in the third column166
Figure 7.Distribution of case in the entire Orosius sample (N = 196)168
Figure 8.Distribution of case among gendered NPs in the Orosius sample (N = 79)169
Figure 9.Distribution of animate referents in the Orosius sample169
Figure 10.Distribution of abstract and concrete referents in the entire Orosius sample (outer ring) and among gendered noun phrases (inner ring)170
Figure 11.Distribution of referents according to their degree of countability in the entire sample (outer ring) and among gender-marked noun phrases (inner ring). The Orosius sample does not contain mass nouns172
Figure 12.Distribution of referents according to their definiteness of reference in the entire sample (outer ring) and among gender-marked noun phrases (inner ring)173
Figure 13.Distribution of noun phrases in the early southern Chronicle sample, comprising annals 892–921 from the Parker MS174
Figure 14.Traditional OE gender assignment (orange) and deviations from it (black) in the early southern Chronicle sample175
Figure 15.Distribution of number among gendered noun phrases in the early southern Chronicle sample. The first column provides an overview of number among all gendered NPs, sorted according to class and exponent in the final four columns181
Figure 16.Distribution of gender-marked plural NPs in the early southern Chronicle sample. The outer ring displays all gendered noun phrases, the inner one deviations from sWS gender181
Figure 17.Distribution of case among gendered noun phrases in the early southern Chronicle sample. The left pie chart shows the distribution of structural case as indicated by the syntax, the right one morphological case as indicated by inflectional markings on case exponents182
Figure 18.Distribution of animacy among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early southern Chronicle sample184
Figure 19.Distribution of abstractness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early southern Chronicle sample184
Figure 20.Distribution of countability among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early southern Chronicle sample185
Figure 21.Distribution of definiteness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early southern Chronicle sample186
Figure 22.Distribution of noun phrases in the late southern Chronicle sample, comprising annals 1045–1066 from MS C (upper charts) annals 694, 796, 870, and 995 from MS.F (middle charts). The lower charts combine the two188
Figure 23.Traditional OE gender assignment (orange) and deviations from it (black) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The leftmost chart depicts the annals taken from MS. C, the middle one the ones from MS.F, and the rightmost chart combines the two190
Figure 24.Distribution of number among gendered noun phrases in the late southern Chronicle sample. Singular is depicted in dark, plural in light. The left-hand chart depicts the number ratio obtained from MS. C, the middle one for MS.F, and the right one for the entire sample. In each chart the first column provides an overview of number among all gendered NPs, sorted according to class and exponent in the following four columns199
Figure 25.Distribution of gender-marked plural NPs (dark) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two. In all three charts plural is depicted in dark, and singular in light. The outer rings display all gendered noun phrases, the inner one visualises departures from sWS gender199
Figure 26.Percentage of plurals abiding by sWS gender (dark) and plurals deviating from it in the late southern Chronicle material200
Figure 27.Distribution of structural case among gendered noun phrases in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two201
Figure 28.Distribution of structural case among gendered (left column) and gender-reassigned noun phrases (right column) in the late southern Chronicle sample202
Figure 29.Distribution of case markings among gendered noun phrases in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two202
Figure 30.Distribution of morphological case among gendered (left column) and gender-reassigned noun phrases (right column) in the late southern Chronicle sample203
Figure 31.Distribution of animacy among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two204
Figure 32.Distribution of abstractness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two205
Figure 33.Distribution of countability among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two206
Figure 34.Distribution of definiteness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from MS. C, the middle one displays the data from MS. F, while the chart on the right combines the two206
Figure 35.Distribution of noun phrases in the early northern Chronicle sample208
Figure 36.Traditional OE gender assignment (orange) and deviations from it (black) in the early northern Chronicle sample209
Figure 37.Distribution of number among gendered noun phrases in the early northern Chronicle sample. The first column provides an overview of number among all gendered NPs, sorted according to class and exponent in the final four columns. Singular is depicted in dark, plural in light214
Figure 38.Distribution of gender-marked plural NPs (dark) in the early northern Chronicle sample. Plural is depicted in dark, and singular in light. The outer ring displays all gendered noun phrases, the inner one visualises departures from sWS gender214
Figure 39.Distribution of case among gendered noun phrases in the early northern Chronicle sample. The left pie charts show the distribution of structural case as indicated by the syntax, the ones on the right morphological case as indicated by inflectional markings on case exponents. The upper two charts represent the entire sample, the lower two the deviations from sWS gender215
Figure 40.Distribution of animacy among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early northern Chronicle sample216
Figure 41.Distribution of abstractness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early northern Chronicle sample217
Figure 42.Distribution of countability among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early northern Chronicle sample218
Figure 43.Distribution of definiteness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the early northern Chronicle sample218
Figure 44.Distribution of noun phrases in the late northern Chronicle sample, divided into the First Continuation material (upper charts) and the Second Continuation (middle charts). The lower charts combine the two220
Figure 45.Traditional OE gender assignment (orange) and deviations from it (black) in the late northern Chronicle sample. The leftmost chart depicts the First Continuation material, the middle one the Second Continuation, and the rightmost chart combines the two222
Figure 46.Distribution of number among gendered noun phrases in the late northern Chronicle sample. Singular is depicted in dark, plural in light. The left-hand chart depicts the number ratio obtained from the First Continuation material, the middle one for the Second Continuation, and the right one for the entire sample. In each chart the first column provides an overview of number among all gendered NPs, sorted according to class and exponent in the following four columns233
Figure 47.Distribution of gender-marked plural NPs (dark) in the late northern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two. In all three charts plural is depicted in dark, and singular in light. The outer rings display all gendered noun phrases, the inner one visualises departures from sWS gender234
Figure 48.Distribution of structural case among gendered noun phrases in the late northern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two235
Figure 49.Distribution of structural case among gendered (left column) and gender-reassigned noun phrases (right column) in the late northern Chronicle sample236
Figure 50.Distribution of case markings among gendered noun phrases in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two236
Figure 51.Distribution of morphological case among gendered (left column) and gender-reassigned noun phrases (right column) in the late northern Chronicle sample238
Figure 52.Distribution of animacy among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late northern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two239
Figure 53.Distribution of abstractness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two239
Figure 54.Distribution of countability among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two240
Figure 55.Distribution of definiteness among gendered noun phrases (outer ring) and among gender-reassigned ones (inner ring) in the late southern Chronicle sample. The chart on the left shows the data from the First Continuation, the middle one displays the data from the Second Continuation, while the chart on the right combines the two241
Figure 56.Hierarchy of Gender Exponent Expendability (HoGEE)318