Chapter published in:
Usage-Based Studies in Modern Hebrew: Background, Morpho-lexicon, and Syntax
Edited by Ruth A. Berman
[Studies in Language Companion Series 210] 2020
► pp. 265–330

Parts of speech categories in the lexicon of Modern Hebrew

| University of Massachusetts at Amherst
| Tel Aviv University
Parts of speech in Modern Hebrew are analyzed in relation to three categories: Open Class items (Nouns, Verbs, Adjectives), Closed Class paradigmatically organized grammatical items (e.g., Pronouns, Case-Markers, Conjunctions), and Intermediate elements lying between the two (e.g., Prepositions, Adverbs, Floating Operators). The chapter considers what is meant by “a word” in Hebrew, taking into account the contrast between older and more current items as well as between conventional dictionaries and the mental lexicon, and the critical role of morphology in the Hebrew lexicon. The verb lexicon is characterized by types of consonantal roots (full versus defective) and the binyan conjugation patterns or prosodic templates. Nouns and adjectives are described as morphologically less restricted than verbs, including loan words that are partially integrated into the Hebrew phonological system, generally not constructed by the nominal morphological patterns (miškalim ‘weights’). So-called “function words”, traditionally grouped together under the label particles and analyzed here as members of either closed or intermediate classes of items, are also typically morphologically non-derived. The chapter concludes by summarizing current trends in lexical innovation in relation to productivity in the MH lexicon.
Published online: 18 March 2020
https://doi.org/10.1075/slcs.210.10bol
References

References

Abney, Steven
1987 The English Noun Phrase in Its Sentential Aspect. PhD dissertation, MIT.Google Scholar
Aitchison, Jean
2003a Words in the Mind: An Introduction to the Mental Lexicon. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
2003b Psycholinguistic perspectives on language change. In The Handbook of Historical Linguistics, Brian D. Joseph & Richard D. Janda (eds), 736–743. Oxford: Blackwell. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Amikam, Gai
1995 The category “adjective” in Semitic languages. Journal of Semitic Studies 1: 1–9.Google Scholar
Anderson, Stephen R.
1985 Typological distinctions in word formation. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 4–56. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Anshen, Frank & Aronoff, Mark
1999 Using dictionaries to study the mental lexicon. Brain and Language 68: 16–26. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Anward, Jan
2000 A dynamic model of part-of-speech differentiation. In Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes, Petra M. Vogel & Bernard Comrie (eds), 3–46. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Anward, Jan, Moravcsik, Edith & Stassen, Leon
1997 Parts of speech: A challenge for typology. Linguistic Typology 1(2): 167–184. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ariel, Mira
1978 That’s a Problem in Hebrew. MA thesis, University of Pennsylvania.Google Scholar
1998 The linguistic status of the “here and now.” Cognitive Linguistics 9: 189–238. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016 What’s a distinct or alternative? Journal of Pragmatics 103: 1–14. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Arnon, Inbal & Clark, Eve V.
2011 Children’s word production is facilitated in familiar sentence frames. Language Learning and Development 7: 107–129. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Aronoff, Mark
1976 Word Formation in Generative Grammar. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Avinery, Isaac
1962 toʔar hapoʕal bʕivrit (The adverb in Hebrew). Leshonenu La’am 13: 97–123.Google Scholar
Baayen, R. Harald & Renouf, Antoinette
1996 Chronicling the times: Productive lexical innovations in an English newspaper. Language 72(1): 69–96. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Baker, Mark C.
2003 Lexical Categories: Verbs, Nouns, and Adjectives. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Barkema, Henk
1996 Idiomaticity and terminology: A multidimensional model. Studia Linguistica 50(2): 125–160. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bat-El, Outi
1996 Phonologically-based word formation: Modern Hebrew blends. In Interfaces in Phonology, Ursula Kleinhenz (ed.), 231–250. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.Google Scholar
2004 Parsing forms with identical consonants: Hebrew reduplication. In Perspectives on Language and Language Development, Dorit Ravid & Hava Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot (eds), 25–34. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
2006a Consonant identity and consonantal copy: The segmental and prosodic structure of Hebrew reduplication. Linguistic Inquiry 37(2): 179–210. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006b Selecting the best of the worst: The grammar of Hebrew blends. Phonology 13: 293–328.Google Scholar
2013 Blends. In Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 371–373. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Beard, Robert
1976 Once more on the analysis of the ed-adjectives. Journal of Linguistics 12: 155–157. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1993 Simultaneous dual derivational origin. Language 69: 716–741. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Amotz, Dan & Ben-Yehuda, Netiva
1972 milon ʕolami lʕivrit mduberet (World Dictionary of Spoken Hebrew). Jerusalem: Levin-Epstein.Google Scholar
1982 milon ʔaħul manyuqi lʕivrit mduberet (The World Dictionary of Hebrew Slang), Vol. 2. Tel Aviv: Zmora Bitan.Google Scholar
Ben-Asher, Mordechai
1969 hitgabšut hadiqduq hanormativi baʕivrit haħadašah (Consolidation of the Normative Grammar of Modern Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.Google Scholar
1972 ʕiyunim btaħbir haʕivrit haħadašah (Essays on the Syntax of Modern Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.Google Scholar
Ben-David, Avivit & Bat-El, Outi
2016 Paths and stages in acquisition of the phonological word in Hebrew. In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew: From Infancy to Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research Series 19], Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 39–68. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ben-Zvi, Galit & Levie, Ronit
2016 Development of Hebrew derivational morphology from preschool to adolescence. In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew: From Infancy to Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research Series 19], Ruth A. Berman (ed.) 135–174. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Ruth A.
1978 Modern Hebrew Structure. Tel Aviv: University Publishing Projects.Google Scholar
1981 On the role of prepositions in Modern Hebrew syntax. In Hebrew Teaching and Applied Linguistics, Moshe Nahir (ed.), 253–276. Lanham MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
1985 The acquisition of Hebrew. In The Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition Dan I. Slobin (ed.) 255–371. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
1987a ʕal habaʕayatiyut bħeqer haʕivrit haħadašah uvhoraʔatah (Issues and Problems in Modern Hebrew Research). Praqim 7: 84–96.Google Scholar
1987b A developmental route: Learning about the form and use of complex nominals. Linguistics 27: 1057–1085.Google Scholar
1988a Productivity in the lexicon: New-word formation in Modern Hebrew. Folia Linguistica 21(2–4): 425–461.Google Scholar
1988b Word-class distinctions in developing grammars. In Categories and Processes in Language Acquisition, Yonata Levy, Itzhak M. Schlesinger & Martin D. S. Braine (eds), 45–72. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
1989 The role of blends in Modern Hebrew word-formation. In Studia Linguistica et Orientalia Memoriae Haim Blanc Dedicata, Paul Wexler, Alexander Borg & Sasson Somekh (eds), 45–61. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.Google Scholar
1993a Marking of verb transitivity by Hebrew-speaking children. Journal of Child Language 20: 641–669. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1993b Developmental perspectives on transitivity: A confluence of cues. In Other Children, Other Languages: Issues in the Theory of Acquisition, Yonata Levy (ed.), 189–241. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
1994 Formal, lexical, and semantic factors in acquisition of Hebrew resultative participles. Berkeley Linguistic Society 20: 82–92. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1996 Form and function in developing narrative abilities: The case of ‘and’. In Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp, Dan I. Slobin, Julie Gerhardt, Amy Kyratzis & Jiansheng Guo (eds), 343–367. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
1999 Children’s innovative verbs vs. nouns: Structured elicitations and spontaneous coinages. In Methods for Studying Language Production, Lise Menn & Nan Bernstein Ratner (eds), 69–93. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
2002 Crosslinguistic comparisons in later language development. In The Diversity of Languages and Language Learning, Sven Strömqvist (ed.), 25–44. Lund: Center for Languages and Literature.Google Scholar
2003 Children’s lexical innovations: Developmental perspectives on Hebrew verb structure. In Language Processing and Acquisition in Languages of Semitic, Root-Based, Morphology [Language Acquisition & Language Disorders 28], Joseph Shimron (ed.), 243–292. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Between emergence and mastery: The long developmental route of language acquisition. In Language Development across Childhood and Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research Series 3], Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 9–34. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2008 The psycholinguistics of developing text construction. Journal of Child Language 35(4): 735–771. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2009 Children’s acquisition of compound constructions. In The Oxford Handbook of Compounding, Rochelle Lieber & Pavol Stekauer (eds), 298–322. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
2011 Revisiting impersonal constructions in Hebrew: Corpus-based perspectives. In The Typology of Impersonal Constructions [Studies in Language Companion Series 124], Andrej Malchukov & Anna Siewierska (eds), 323–355. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Revisiting roots in Hebrew: A multi-faceted view. In Studies on Modern Hebrew and Jewish Languages in Honor of Ora (Rodriguez) Schwarzwald, Malka Muchnik & Zvi Sadan (eds), 132–158. Jerusalem: Carmel Press.Google Scholar
2016 Typology, acquisition, and development: The view from Israeli Hebrew. In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew: From Infancy to Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research Series 19], Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 1–38. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2017 Word class distinctiveness versus polycategoriality in Modern Hebrew: Psycholinguistic perspectives. In Lexical Polycategoriality: Cross-Linguistic, Cross-Theoretical, and Language Acquisition Approaches [Studies in Language Companion Series 182], Valentina Vapnarsky & Edy Veneziano (eds), 343–376. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Armon-Lotem, Sharon
1996 How grammatical are early verbs? In Annales Littéraires de l’Université de Franche-Comté: Actes Du Colloque International Sur l’Acquisition de La Syntaxe, Claire Martinot (ed.), 17–60. Besançon: Presses Universitaires Franche-Comté.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Neeman, Yoni
1994 Development of linguistic forms: Hebrew. In Relating Events in Narrative: A Crosslinguistic Developmental Study, Ruth A. Berman & Dan I. Slobin (eds), 285–328. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Nir, Bracha
2011 tiʔurey haʔofen baʕivrit haħadašah: reʔayot menituaħ teqstim (Manner adverbs in Modern Hebrew: Text-based evidence). Helkat Lashon 43–44: 178–200.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Ravid, Dorit
1986 ʕal dargat hamilun šel cerufey smixut (Lexicalization of noun compounds). Hebrew Linguistics 24: 5–22.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Seroussi, Batia
2011 Derived nouns in Modern Hebrew: Structural and psycholinguistic perspectives. Rivista Di Linguistica 23(1): 105–125.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Slobin, Dan I.
1994 Relating Events in Narrative: A Crosslinguistic Developmental Study. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Berman, Ruth A. & Verhoeven, Ludo
2002 Developing text production abilities in speech and writing: Aims and methodology. Written Languages and Literacy 5(1): 1–44. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Biber, Douglas, Johansson, Stig, Leech, Geoffrey, Conrad, Susan & Finegan, Edward
1999 Grammar of Spoken and Written English. London: Longman.Google Scholar
Bisang, Walter
2011 Word classes. In The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology, Jae Jung Song (ed.), 280–302. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Bloom, Paul
2000 How Children Learn the Meanings of Words. Learning, Development, and Conceptual Change. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Bolinger, Dwight
1968 Aspects of Language. New York NY: Harcourt, Brace & World.Google Scholar
Bolozky, Shmuel
In preparation. luaħ hašemot (Hebrew Noun and Adjective Tables). Jerusalem: Reuven Mass Publishing House.
1978a Some aspects of Modern Hebrew phonology. In Modern Hebrew Structure, Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 11–67. Tel Aviv: Universities Publishing Projects.Google Scholar
1978b Word formation strategies in the Hebrew verb system: Denominative verbs. Afroasiatic Linguistics 5(3): 111–136.Google Scholar
1982 Strategies of Modern Hebrew verb formation. Hebrew Annual Review 6: 69–79.Google Scholar
1994 On the formation of diminutives in Modern Hebrew morphology. Hebrew Studies 35: 47–63. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999 Measuring Productivity in Word Formation: The Case of Israeli Hebrew [Studies in Semitic Languages and Linguistics 27]. Leiden: Brill. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2003 The ‘roots’ of denominative Hebrew verbs. In Languae Processing and Acquisition in Languages of Semitic, Root-Based Morphology [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 28], Joseph Shimron (ed.), 131–146. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Linear first-time derivation of verbs and consonant cluster preservation in Israeli Hebrew. In Perspectives on Language and Language Development: Essays in Honor of Ruth A. Berman, Dorit Ravid & Hava Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot (eds), 35–43. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
2009 šxiħut uforiyut bmaʕarexet hapoʕal šel haʕivrit hayisraʔelit (Frequency and productivity in the verb system of Israeli Hebrew). Lešonenu 71(1–2): 345–367.Google Scholar
Bolozky, Shmuel & Schwarzwald Rodrigue, Ora
1992 On the derivation of Hebrew forms with the +ut suffix. Hebrew Studies 33: 51–69. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Borer, Hagit
2009 Hebrew compounds. In The Oxford Handbook of Compounding , Rochelle Lieber & Pavol Stekauer (eds), 491–511. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
Brandes, Gilad & Ravid, Dorit
2016 A developmental study of prepositional phrases in Hebrew written text construction. First Language 37(1): 1–23.Google Scholar
Bybee, Joan
2007 Frequency of Use and the Organization of Language. Oxford: OUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan & Hopper, Paul
2001 Frequency and the Emergence of Linguistic Structure [Typological Studies in Language 45]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Bybee, Joan & Slobin, Dan I.
1982 Rules and schemas in the development and use of the English past tense. Language 58: 265–289. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cahana-Amitay, Dalia & Ravid, Dorit
2000 Optional bound morphology in the development of text production. In BUCLD 24: Proceedings of the 24th Annual Boston University Conference on Language Development, S. Catherine Howell, Sarah A. Fish & Thea Keith-Lucas (eds), 176–184. Somerville MA: Cascadilla Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Eve V.
1993 The Lexicon in Acquisition. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Resultant states in early language acquisition. In Perspectives on Language and Language Development, Dorit Ravid & Hava Bat-Zeev Shyldkrot (eds), 170–190. Dordrecht: Kluwer.Google Scholar
Clark, Eve V. & Berman, Ruth A.
1984 Structure and use in acquisition of word-formation. Language 60: 542–590. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1987 Types of linguistic knowledge: Interpreting and producing compound nouns. Journal of Child Language 14: 547–568. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Coffin, Edna Amir & Bolozky, Shmuel
2005 A Reference Grammar of Modern Hebrew. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Cohen-Gross, Dalia
1995 hahavaratiyut baʕivrit haħadašah (Syllabicity in Modern Hebrew). In Hadassah Kantor Book: An Anthology, Ora Schwarzwald Rodrigue & Yitzchak Shlesinger (eds), 102–110. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press.Google Scholar
Corver, Norbert & van Riemsdijk, Henk
2001 Semi-Lexical Categories: The Function of Content Words and the Content of Function Words. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Croft, William
1990 A conceptual framework for grammatical categories (or, a taxonomy of propositional acts). Journal of Semantics 7: 245–279. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2000 Lexical and grammatical meaning. In Morphology: A Handbook on Inflection and Word Formation, Gert Booij, Christian Lehmann & Joachim Mugdan (eds) 257–263. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Google Scholar
2001 Radical Construction Grammar: Syntactic Theory in Typological Perspective. Oxford: OUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Davies, Mark
2009 The 385 + million word corpus of Contemporary American English (1990-present). International Journal of Corpus Linguistics 14: 159–190. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
de Jong, Nivja H., Schreuder, Robert & Baayen, R. Harald
2000 The morphological family size effect and morphology. Language and Cognitive Processes 15(4–5): 329–365. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Di Sciullo, Anna-Maria & Williams, Edwin
1987 On the Definition of Word. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dromi, Esther & Berman, Ruth A.
1986 Language-general and language-specific in developing syntax. Journal of Child Language 14: 371–387.Google Scholar
Evans, Nicholas & Osada, Toshiki
2005 Mundari: The myth of a language without word classes. Linguistic Typology 9(3): 351–390.Google Scholar
Even Shoshan, Avraham
1983 ha-milon he-xadaʃ (The New Dictionary), Vol. 1–5. Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer.Google Scholar
Fisherman, Haya
1986 milim zarot bʕvrit bat zmanenu: heybetim curaniyim hitpatħutiyim weħevratiyim (Foreign Words in Contemporary Hebrew: Structural, Developmental, and Social Perspectives). PhD dissertation, Hebrew University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar
Fries, Charles C.
1952 The Structure of English. New York NY: Harcourt Brace.Google Scholar
Fromkin, Victoria & Rodman, Robert
1993 An Introduction to Language. New York NY: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.Google Scholar
Fruchtman, Maya
1982 hayaduʕ wehasatum: qategoriyot šel yiduʕ wetiħum beʕivrit hayisraʔelit (Definite and Indefinite: Categories of Definiteness and Bounding in Israel Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Papyrus.Google Scholar
Gadish, Ronit
2007 darxey hahabaʕah šel hatoʔar lciyun haʔefšarut: ʕiyun bmaʔagar hamunaħim šel haʔaqademiyah uvemilonot haʕivrit (Adjectives expressing possibility: An analysis of the data-base of terms from the Hebrew language academy and Hebrew lexicons). In Sha’arei Lashon: Studies in Hebrew, Aaramaic, and Jewish Languages Presented to Moshe Bar-Asher, Aharon Maman, Steven E. Fassberg & Yochanan Breuer (eds), 71–85. Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.Google Scholar
Gentner, Dedre
1981 Some interesting differences between nouns and verbs. Cognition and Brain Theory 4: 161–177.Google Scholar
Gentner, Dedre & Boroditsky, Leah
2001 Individuation, relativity, and early word learning. In Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development, Melissa Bowerman & Stephen C. Levinson (eds) 215–256. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Gesenius, Wilhelm
1910 Hebrew Grammar, Emil Kautzsch (ed.), Arthur Ernest Cowley (trans.). Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Goldberg, Dina & Kantor, Hadassa
2004 zeh zeh? loʔ, zeh loʔ zeh, zeh zeh! ʕal hakinuy zeh bʕivrit šel yameynu (On the uses of “ze” in Contemporary Hebrew). Hebrew Linguistics 53: 43–55.Google Scholar
Gonen, Einat
2015 qviʕat diqduq normativi lalašon haʕivrit haħayah. Ha’Ivrit 62(3–4): 119–128.Google Scholar
Guenther, Franz & Blanco, Xavier
2004 Multi-lexemic expressions: An overview. In Lexique, Syntaxe et Lexique-Grammaire: Papers in Honour of Maurice Gross [Lingvisticæ Investigationes Supplementa 24], Christian Leclère, Éric Laporte, Mireille Piot & Max Silberztein (eds), 239–252. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Halevy, Rivka
1992 tʔarim ħofšiyim utʔarim bilti ħofšiyim baʕivrit haħadašah (Free and restricted adjectives in Contemporary Hebrew). In Language Studies, Moshe Bar-Asher (ed.), 521–536. Jerusalem: Magnes.Google Scholar
1998 beyn taħbir lleqsiqon: hahictarfut hamugbelet bʕivrit bat yameynu (Between Syntax and Lexicon: Restricted Collocations in Contemporary Hebrew). Jerusalem: Magnes.Google Scholar
2006 tifqudah šel “zeh” habilti leqsiqalit bʕivrit bat yameynu (The function of nonlexical “ze” in Contemporary Hebrew). Lešonenu 68: 283–308.Google Scholar
2013 Syntax of Modern Hebrew. In Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 3, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 707–722. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin
2004 Pre-established categories don’t exist – consequences for language description and typology. Linguistic Typology 11: 119–132.Google Scholar
2010 Comparative concepts and descriptive categories in crosslinguistic studies. Language 86: 663–687. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 How to compare major word-classes across the world’s languages. Theories of Everything, UCLA Working Papers in Linguistics 17: 109–130.Google Scholar
Hazout, Ilan
1994 The Hebrew pronoun ze and the syntax of sentential subjects. Lingua 93(4): 265–282. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hengeveld, Kees
1992 Non-Verbal Predication: Theory, Typology, Diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1997 Adverbs in functional grammar. In Toward a Functional Lexicology, Gerd Wotjak (ed.), 121–136. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.Google Scholar
Hopper, Paul J. & Traugott, Elizabeth C.
2003 Grammaticalization. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Hora, Anat, Ben-Zvi, Galit, Levie, Ronit & Ravid, Dorit
2006 Acquiring diminutive structures and meanings in Hebrew: An experimental study. In The Acquisition of Diminutives [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 43], Ineta Savickiene & Wolfgang U. Dressler (eds) 295–317. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Horvath, Julia & Siloni, Tal
2008 Active lexicon: Adjectival and verbal passives. In Current Issues in Generative Hebrew Linguistics [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 134], Sharon Armon-Lotem, Gabi Danon & Susan Rothstein (eds) 105–134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Jisa, Harriet, Reilly, Judy, Verhoeven, Ludo, Baruch, Elisheva & Rosado, Elisa
2002 Passive voice constructions in written texts: A cross-linguistic developmental study. Written Language & Literacy 5(2): 163–181. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Joüon, Paul & Muraoka, Takamitsu
2011 A Grammar of Biblical Hebrew. Rome: Gregorian & Biblical Press.Google Scholar
Kail, Michèle & Weissenborn, Jürgen
1984 A developmental cross-linguistic study of adversative connectives: French ‘mais’ and German ‘aber/sondern.’ Journal of Child Language 11(1): 143–158. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Kaplan, Dafna & Berman, Ruth A.
2015 Developing linguistic flexibility across the school years. First Language 35(1): 27–53. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Laks, Lior
2010 poʕal eħad, šney binyanim: ʕal hitgawnut morfologit bmaʕarexet hapoʕal (One verb, two binyanim: On morphological variation in the Hebrew verbal system). In Hebrew as a Living Language, Rina Ben-Shahar, Gideon Toury & Nitsa Ben-Ari (eds) 293–312. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad and The Porter Institute for Poetics and Semiotics, Tel-Aviv University.Google Scholar
2013a Morpho-thematic mismatches in Hebrew: What happens when morphological and thematic criteria collide? Lingua 138: 107–127. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2013b Why and how do Hebrew verbs change their form? A morpho-thematic account. Morphology 23(3): 351–383. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Landau, Barbara & Gleitman, Lila
1994 The Acquisition of the Lexicon. Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.Google Scholar
Leow, Ronald P., Campos, Héctor & Lardiere, Donna
2009 Little Words: Their History, Phonology, Syntax, Semantics, Pragmatics, and Acquisition. Washington DC: Georgetown University Press.Google Scholar
Levie, Ronit, Ben-Zvi, Galit & Ravid, Dorit
2017 Morpho-lexical development in language impaired and typically developing Hebrew-speaking children from two ses backgrounds. Reading and Writing 30(5): 1035–1064. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Linzen, Tal
2009 Corpus of Blog Postings Collected from the Israblog Website. http://​tallinzen​.net​/resources/Google Scholar
Livnat, Zohar & Yatsiv, Ilil
2003 Causality and justification: The causal marker ki in spoken Hebrew. Revue de Sémantique et Pragmatique 13: 99–119.Google Scholar
Lustigman, Lyle
2012 Non-finiteness in early Hebrew verbs. Brill’s Journal of Afroasiatic Languages and Linguistics [BAAL] 4(1): 213–231. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2016 Interfaces between linguistic systems: Evidence from child language. Linguistics 54(2): 273–303. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Lyons, John
1995 Linguistic Semantics. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Malvern, David D., Richards, Brian J., Chipere, Ngoni & Durán, Pilar
2004 Lexical Diversity and Language Development: Quantification and Assessment. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Martinet, André
1960 Elements de Linguistique Générale. Paris: Armand Colin.Google Scholar
Maschler, Yael
2009 Metalanguage in Interaction: Hebrew Discourse Markers [Pragmatics & Beyond New Series 181]. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
McMichael, Andrew
2006 The A’s and BE’s of English prepositions. In Syntax and Semantics of Prepositions, Paul Saint-, Dizier (ed.), 43–56. Dordrecht: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Mirkin, Reuven
1962 mišqal mǝfuʕal (mǝfuʕal forms). Lešonenu 22: 140–152.Google Scholar
Mor, Galila
1996 mah mtaʔer šem toʔar gazur šem ʕecem +y (The function of noun + iy derived adjectives in Modern Hebrew). Proceedings of the Israeli Branch of the European Linguistic Society 11–12, 75–82.Google Scholar
2013a Adverb. In Encyclopedia of Hebrew Language and Linguistics, Vol. 1, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), 44–50. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
2013b keycad metaʔarim: ʕiyuney taħbir umašmaʕut bʕivrit bat yameynu (Adverbs: Syntax and Meaning Studies in Contemporary Hebrew). Jerusalem: Bialik Institute.Google Scholar
Morfix – Free Dictionary
N.d. http://​www​.morfix​.co​.il (15 March 2018).
Muchnik, Malka
1997 sofit qtanah šehigdilah laʕasot (A little suffix growing up). Helkat Lashon 23: 13–22.Google Scholar
2015 qviʕat normot bʕivrit uvilšonot ʔaħerot (Norms determination in Hebrew and other languages). Ha’Ivrit 62(2–3): 129–138.Google Scholar
Nir, Bracha & Berman, Ruth A.
2010 Parts of speech as constructions: The case of Hebrew ‘adverbs.’ Constructions and Frames 2(2): 242–274.Google Scholar
Submitted. Word-length in developing text construction: Cross-language, cross-modal, and cross-genre analyses.
Nir, Raphael
1993 darxey haycirah hamilonit bʕivrit bat zmanenu (Lexical Formation Strategies in Modern Hebrew). Tel Aviv: The Open University Press.Google Scholar
1998 tqinut politit, lašon nqiyah whaznayat hasafah (Political correctness, euphemisms, and debasement of the language). Panim 7: 19–26.Google Scholar
Ornan, Uzzi
1998 ʕal mivneh hamilon wʕal mqomo šel hatoʔar bo (On the structure of the dictionary and the place of the adjective in the lexicon). Helkat Lashon 25: 13–33.Google Scholar
Ouhalla, Jamal
1999 Functional Categories and Parametric Variation. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pak, Maria, Sprott, Richard & Escalera, Elena
1996 Little words, big deal: The development of discourse and syntax in child language. In Social Interaction, Social Context, and Language: Essays in Honor of Susan Ervin-Tripp, Dan I. Slobin, Julie Gerhardt, Amy Kyratzis & Jiansheng Guo (eds) 287–308. Hillsdale NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Polak-Yitzhaki, Hilla
2007 tafqideyhem šel kinuyey haguf haprudim, haħavurim whaproqlitiyim btafqid noseʔ taħbiri basiaħ haʕivri hadavur (Subject pronouns: Attached, overt and proclitic in Israeli Hebrew spoken discourse). Haivrit Weahyoteha 6–7: 163–192.Google Scholar
Polak-Yitzhaki, Hilla & Maschler, Yael
2016 Disclaiming understanding? Hebrew ˈani lo mevin/a (‘I don’t understand’) in everyday conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 106: 163–183. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Radford, Andrew, Atkinson, Martin, Britain, David, Clahsen, Harald & Spencer, Andrew
1999 Linguistics: An Introduction. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
Ramat, Paolo
2009 How universal are linguistic categories? Studies in Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 76: 1–11. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit
1978 Word Formation Processes in Comprehension and Construction of Hebrew Nouns and Adjectives. Master’s thesis, Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
1990 Internal structure constraints on new-word formation devices in Modern Hebrew. Folia Linguistica 24(3–4): 289–348.Google Scholar
1995 Language Change in Child and Adult Hebrew: Psycholinguistic Perspectives. Oxford: OUP.Google Scholar
1996 Accessing the mental lexicon: Evidence from incompatibility between representation of spoken and written morphology. Linguistics 34: 1219–1246. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2003 A developmental perspective on root perception in Hebrew and Palestinian Arabic. In Language Processing and Acquisition in Languages of Semitic, Root-Based Morphology [Language Acquisition and Language Disorders 28], Joseph Shimron (ed.), 293–319. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2004 Later lexical development in Hebrew: Derivational morphology revisited. In Language Development across Childhood and Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research Series 3], Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 53–82. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006a Word-level morphology: A psycholinguistic perspective on linear formation in Hebrew nominals. Morphology 16: 127–148. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2006b Semantic development in textual contexts during the school years: Noun scale analyses. Journal of Child Language 33: 791–821. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2012 Spelling Morphology: The Psycholinguistics of Hebrew Spelling. New York NY: Springer. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Avidor, Avraham
1998 Acquisition of derived nominals in Hebrew: Developmental and linguistic principles. Journal of Child Language 25(2): 229–266. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Levie, Ronit
2010 Adjectives in the development of text production: Lexical, morphological and syntactic analyses. First Language 30(1): 27–55. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Malenky, Adina
2001 Awareness of linear and nonlinear morphology in Hebrew: A developmental study. First Language 21(61): 25–56. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Nir, Michal
2000 On the development of the category of adjective in Hebrew. In From Sound to Sentence: Studies on First Language Acquisition, Mieke Beers, Beppie van den Bogaerde, Gerard Bol, Jan de Jong & Carola Rooijmans (eds), 113–124. Groningen: Center for Language and Cognition.Google Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Shlesinger, Yitzchak
1987 ʕal miyunam wʕal darxey gziratam šel šmot hatoʔar baʕaley sofit -y baʕivrit haħadašah (On the classification and structure of –i suffixed adjectives). Hebrew Linguistics 25: 59–70.Google Scholar
2000 Modern Hebrew adverbials: Between syntactic class and lexical category. In Between Grammar and Lexicon [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 183], Ellen Contini-Morava & Yishai Tobin (eds), 333–351. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit & Zilberbuch, Shoshana
2003 The development of complex nominals in expert and non-expert writing: A comparative study. Pragmatics & Cognition 11(2): 267–296. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit, Ashkenazi, Orit, Levie, Ronit, Ben Zadok, Galit, Grunwald, Tehila, Bratslavsky, Ron & Gillis, Steven
2016a Foundations of the early root category: Analyses of linguistic input to Hebrew-speaking children. In Acquisition and Development of Hebrew: From Infancy to Adolescence [Trends in Language Acquisition Research 19], Ruth A. Berman (ed.), 95–134. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Ravid, Dorit, Bar-On, Amalia, Levie, Ronit & Douani, Odelia
2016b Hebrew adjective lexicons in developmental perspective. The Mental Lexicon 11(3): 401–428. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rom, Anita & Dgani, Revital
1985 Acquiring case-marked pronouns in Hebrew: The interaction of linguistic factors. Journal of Child Language 12(1): 61–77. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Rosén, Haiim B.
1956 mǝfuʕal baʕivrit hayisraʔelit (mǝfuʕal in Israeli Hebrew). Lešonenu 20: 139–148.Google Scholar
Rosenthal, Ruvik
2005  milon hasleng hamaqif (Dictionary of Israeli Slang). Jerusalem: Keter.Google Scholar
2014 hištaqfut hahirarxiyah hacvaʔit bisfat hacavʔ hayisraʔelit (The Reflection of the Military Hierarchy in the Language of the Israeli Army). PhD dissertation, Bar Ilan University.Google Scholar
Rubinstein, Eliezer
1968 hamišpat hašemani: ʕiyunum btaħbir yameynu (The Nominal Sentence: A Study in the Syntax of Contemporary Hebrew). Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuchad.Google Scholar
Sappan, Raphael
1971 milon hasleng hayisraʔeli (Dictionary of Israeli Slang). Jerusalem: Kiryat Sefer.Google Scholar
Schachter, Paul & Shopen, Timothy
2007 Parts-of-speech systems. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 1–60. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schilperoord, Joost & Verhagen, Arie
2006 Grammar and language production: Where do function words come from? In Cognitive Linguistics Investigations: Across Languages, Fields, and Philosophical Boundaries [Human Cognitive Processing 15], June Luchjenbroers (ed.), Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schlesinger, Izchak M.
1989 Instruments as agents: On the nature of semantic relations. Journal of Linguistics 25(1): 189–210. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Schwarzwald Rodrigue, Ora
1977 pʕalim ʕalulim baʕivrit haħadašah (The weak verb representation in the Modern Hebrew lexicon). Hebrew Computational Linguistics 12: 25–36.Google Scholar
1982 Feminine formation in Modern Hebrew. Hebrew Annual Review 6: 153–178.Google Scholar
1983 šxiħut usdirut balašon: ʕiyunim whašlaxot (Frequency and regularity in language). Studies in Education 35: 163–174.Google Scholar
1989 klal hayoceʔ min haklal (The regularity of irregular forms). Am VaSefer 5: 20–34.Google Scholar
1996 Syllable structure, alternations and verb complexity: The Modern Hebrew verb patterns reexamined. Israel Oriental Studies 16: 99–112.Google Scholar
1998a mišqalan šel hašpaʕot zarot bʕivrit (The weight of foreign influence in Hebrew). Am VaSefer 10: 42–55.Google Scholar
1998b Word foreignness in Modern Hebrew. Hebrew Studies: 115–142.Google Scholar
1998c ʕal ycirat šmot toʔar wʕal tahalixey gzirah untiyah (Adjective format, derivation and inflection). Helkat Lashon 27: 9–19.Google Scholar
1999 normot šel horaʔah wnormot šel lašon (Teaching norms and language norms). In Studies in Ancient and Modern Hebrew in Honor of M.Z. Kaddari, Shimon Sharvit (ed.), 383–394. Ramat Gan: Bar Ilan University Press.Google Scholar
2000 šoreš hapoʕal wziqat hašem lapoʕal (Verbal roots and their links to nouns). In Raphael Nir Jubilee Book: Studies in Communication, Linguistics, and Language Teaching, Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald, Shoshana Blum-Kulka & Elite Olshtain (eds), 426–438. Jerusalem: Carmel Press.Google Scholar
2001 draxey tacurah wħidušey milim bʕivrit bhebet kamuti (Derivation and innovation in Hebrew: Quantitative aspect). In Studies in Hebrew and Language Teaching in Honor of Ben Zion Fischler, Ora (Rodrigue) Schwarzwald & Raphael Nir (eds), 265–275. Even Yehuda: Reches.Google Scholar
2002a praqim bmorfologiyah ʕibrit (Studies in Hebrew Morphology). Tel Aviv: The Open University Press.Google Scholar
2002b goney lašon bʕivrit bat-zmanenu (Language varieties in Contemporary Hebrew). Te’uda 18: 141–175.Google Scholar
2006 From discontinuous to linear word formation in Modern Hebrew. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 3(3): 1–11.Google Scholar
2008 The special status of nif'al in Hebrew. In Current Issues in Generative Hebrew Linguistics [Linguistik Aktuell/Linguistics Today 134], Sharon Armon-Lotem, Gabi Danon & Susan Rothstein (eds), 61–75. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
2009 Three related analyses in Modern Hebrew morphology. In Egyptian, Semitic and General Grammar: Studies in Memory of H. J. Polotsky, Gideon Goldenberg & Ariel Shisha-Halevy (eds) 277–301. Jerusalem: Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities.Google Scholar
2013 The typology of nonintegrated words in Hebrew. SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics 10(1): 41–53.Google Scholar
2016 mivħar tofaʕot morfologiyot bqorpus haʕivrit hamduberet (Selected morphological phenomena in the Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew). Te’uda 27: 251–274.Google Scholar
2016 Innovative elements in newly formed Hebrew four-consonantal verbal roots. In Word-Formation across Languages, Lívia Körtvélyessy, Pavol Štekauer & Salvador Valera (eds), 311–336. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.Google Scholar
Schwarzwald Rodrigue, Ora & Cohen-Gross, Dalia
2000 hamišqalim hašxiħim bʕivrit (The productive noun patterns in Hebrew). In The Language of Contemporary Press: Mina Efron’s Memorial Volume, Miri Horvits (ed.) 148–161. Even Yehuda: Mofet Institute.Google Scholar
Seroussi, Batia
2004 Hebrew derived nouns in context: A developmental perspective. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica 56(5): 273–290. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
2011 The Morphology-Semantics Interface in the Mental Lexicon: The Case of Hebrew. PhD dissertation, Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
2014 Root transparency and the morphology/ meaning interface. In Morphology and Meaning [Current Issues in Linguistic Theory 327], Franz Rainer, Franceso Gardani, Hans Christian Luschützky & Wolfgang U. Dressler (eds), 289–301. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Shatil, Nimrod
2016 smixuyot ħavurot meyudaʕot bheʔ haydiʕah bqorpus CoSIH (Construct States in the Corpus of Spoken Israeli Hebrew (CoSIH)). Te’uda 27: 341–368.Google Scholar
Slobin, Dan I.
1997 The origins of grammaticizable notions: Beyond the individual mind. In Crosslinguistic Study of Language Acquisition, Dan I. Slobin (ed.), 265–324. Mahwah NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
2001 Form-function relations: How do children find out what they are? In Language Acquisition and Conceptual Development, Melissa Bowerman & Stephen C. Levinson (eds), 406–449. Cambridge: CUP. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Strömqvist, Sven, Johansson, Victoria, Kriz, Sarah, Ragnarsdóttir, Hrafnhildur, Aisenman, Ravid & Ravid, Dorit
2002 Toward a cross-linguistic comparison of lexical quanta in speech and writing. Written Language & Literacy 5(1): 45–68. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Talmy, Leonard
1985 Lexicalization oatterns: Semantic structure in lexical form. In Language Typology and Syntactic Description, Timothy Shopen (ed.), 36–149. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2000 Towards a Cognitive Semantics. Cambridge: CUP.Google Scholar
2006 The relation of grammar to cognition. In Cognitive Linguistics: Basic Readings, Dirk Geeraerts (ed.), 69–108. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Taube, Dana
1990 ʕal cerufey šem ʕecem + šem toʔar gzur-šem baʕal sofit -y bʕivrit bat yameynu (The noun phrase construction noun + denominal –iy suffixed adjective in Contemporary Hebrew). In Hommage to Chaim Rabin: Anthology of Linguistic Research on His Attaining the Age of 75, Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, Shelomo Morag & Simcha Kogut (eds), 117–132. Jerusalem: Akademon.Google Scholar
Ussishkin, Adam
1999a The inadequacy of the consonantal root: Modern Hebrew denominal verbs and output–output correspondence. Phonology 16(3): 401–442. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
1999b Root-and pattern morphology without roots and patterns. Proceedings of the Northeastern Linguistic Society (NELS) 29: 655–670.Google Scholar
Vogel, Petra M. & Comrie, Bernard
2000 Approaches to the Typology of Word Classes. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. CrossrefGoogle Scholar
Waltke, Bruce K. & O’Connor, Michael
1990 An Introduction to Biblical Hebrew Syntax. Winona Lake IN: Eisenbrauns.Google Scholar
Whitaker, Harry A. & Stemmer, Brigitte
1998 Handbook of Neurolinguistics. New York NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Wulff, Stefanie
2008 Rethinking Idiomaticity: A Usage-Based Approach. London: Continuum.Google Scholar
Yannay, Igal
1974 pʕalim merubey-ʕicurim balašon haʕivrit (Multiradical verbs in Hebrew). Lešonenu 38: 118–130, 183–194.Google Scholar
Zeidner, Moshe
1978 ʔespeqtim psixolingwistiyim šel mišlav sfat hatinoqot bʕivrit (Psycholinguistics aspects of the “baby talk” register in Hebrew). Studies in Education 20: 105–120.Google Scholar
Zur, Batya
1983 rexišat hayiduʕ bqerev yladim dovrey-ʕivrit (Acquisition of Definiteness by Hebrew-Speaking Children). MA thesis, Tel Aviv University.Google Scholar
Zwicky, Arnold M.
1985 Clitics and particles. Language 61: 283–305. CrossrefGoogle Scholar